Chapter IV.—Concerning the devil and demons.

He who from among these angelic powers was set over265    πρωτοστάτης. Cf. Chrysost., Epist. ad Ephes., hom. 4, &c.    Leont., Resp. ad argum. Sever. the earthly realm, and into whose hands God committed the guardianship of the earth, was not made wicked in nature but was good, and made for good ends, and received from his Creator no trace whatever of evil in himself. But he did not sustain the brightness and the honour which the Creator had bestowed266    Text, ἐδωρήσατο. R. 1986, ἐχαρίσατο.    For καὶ τῇ αἰτιατῇ καὶ ὑ& 187·κῇ, καὶ τῇ αἰτιατῇ καὶ ἐκπορευτῇ we get καὶ τῇ αἰτιατικῇ, καὶ ὑ& 187·κῃ, καὶ πορευτῇ in Cod. Colb. 1, Cod. Reg. 3, and so Faber also. on him, and of his free choice was changed from what was in harmony to what was at variance with his nature, and became roused against God Who created him, and determined to rise in rebellion against Him267    See Iren., bk. iv. c. 48, &c.    οἰκονομίας, incarnation.: and he was the first to depart from good and become evil268    Greg. Nyss., Orat. Catech., cp. 6.    Leont., Resp. ad argum. Sever.. For evil is nothing else than absence of goodness, just as darkness also is absence of light. For goodness is the light of the mind, and, similarly, evil is the darkness of the mind. Light, therefore, being the work of the Creator and being made good (for God saw all that He made, and behold they were exceeding good269    Gen. i. 31.    See Leont., Act. 7. De Sect., with reference to one of the arguments of the Nestorians; also Greg. Naz., Orat. 36; Max., Ep. 1 ad Joan. Cubic.) produced darkness at His free-will. But along with him an innumerable host of angels subject to him were torn away and followed him and shared in his fall. Wherefore, being of the same nature270    See Greg. Naz., Orat. 19, 38; Chrysost., In S. Babyl. Or. 2; Basil, in Jesaiam, ch. 1, &c.    Infr. ch. vii.: Basil, Epist. 40 and Bk. De Spir. Sanct. ch. 17. as the angels, they became wicked, turning away at their own free choice from good to evil271    Quæst. ad Antioch. 10..

Hence they have no power or strength against any one except what God in His dispensation hath conceded to them, as for instance, against Job272    Job i. 12. and those swine that are mentioned in the Gospels273    St. Mark v. 13.. But when God has made the concession they do prevail, and are changed and transformed into any form whatever in which they wish to appear.

Of the future both the angels of God and the demons are alike ignorant: yet they make predictions. God reveals the future to the angels and commands them to prophesy, and so what they say comes to pass. But the demons also make predictions, sometimes because they see what is happening at a distance, and sometimes merely making guesses: hence much that they say is false and they should not be believed, even although they do often, in the way we have said, tell what is true. Besides they know the Scriptures.

All wickedness, then, and all impure passions are the work of their mind. But while the liberty to attack man has been granted to them, they have not the strength to over-master any one: for we have it in our power to receive or not to receive the attack274    VideIambl., De Myst., ch. 11, sect. 4.. Wherefore there has been prepared for the devil and his demons, and those who follow him, fire unquenchable and everlasting punishment275    St. Matt. xxv. 41..

Note, further, that what in the case of man is death is a fall in the case of angels. For after the fall there is no possibility of repentance for them, just as after death there is for men no repentance276    Nemes., De Nat. Hom., ch. 1..

Περὶ διαβόλου καὶ δαιμόνων

Ἐκ τούτων τῶν ἀγγελικῶν δυνάμεων πρωτοστάτης τῆς περιγείου τάξεως καὶ τῆς γῆς τὴν φυλακὴν ἐγχειρισθεὶς παρὰ θεοῦ οὐ φύσει πονηρὸς γεγονώς, ἀλλ' ἀγαθὸς ὢν καὶ ἐπ' ἀγαθῷ γενόμενος καὶ μηδ' ὅλως ἐν ἑαυτῷ παρὰ τοῦ δημιουργοῦ κακίας ἐσχηκὼς ἴχνος, μὴ ἐνέγκας τόν τε φωτισμὸν τήν τε τιμήν, ἣν αὐτῷ ὁ δημιουργὸς ἐδωρήσατο, αὐτεξουσίῳ προαιρέσει ἐτράπη ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν εἰς τὸ παρὰ φύσιν καὶ ἐπήρθη κατὰ τοῦ πεποιηκότος αὐτὸν θεοῦ ἀντᾶραι αὐτῷ βουληθεὶς καὶ πρῶτος ἀποστὰς τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἐν τῷ κακῷ ἐγένετο: οὐδὲν γὰρ ἕτερόν ἐστι τὸ κακὸν εἰ μὴ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ στέρησις, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ σκότος φωτός ἐστι στέρησις. Τὸ γὰρ ἀγαθὸν φῶς ἐστι νοητόν, ὁμοίως καὶ τὸ κακὸν σκότος ἐστὶ νοητόν. Φῶς οὖν κτισθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ δημιουργοῦ καὶ ἀγαθὸς γεγονώς _«καὶ γὰρ εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς πάντα, ὅσα ἐποίησε, καὶ ἰδοὺ καλὰ λίαν»_ αὐτεξουσίῳ θελήματι σκότος ἐγένετο. Συναπεσπάσθη δὲ καὶ ἠκολούθησεν αὐτῷ καὶ συνέπεσε πλῆθος ἄπειρον τῶν ὑπ' αὐτῷ τεταγμένων ἀγγέλων. Τῆς αὐτῆς τοιγαροῦν φύσεως τοῖς ἀγγέλοις ὑπάρχοντες κακοὶ γεγόνασι τὴν προαίρεσιν ἑκουσίως ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ πρὸς τὸ κακὸν ἐκκλίναντες.

Οὐκ ἔχουσι τοίνυν ἐξουσίαν κατά τινος οὐδὲ ἰσχὺν εἰ μὴ ἐκ θεοῦ οἰκονομικῶς συγχωρούμενοι, ὡς ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἰώβ, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν χοίρων ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ γέγραπται. Παραχωρήσεως δὲ θεοῦ γινομένης καὶ ἰσχύουσι καὶ μεταβάλλονται καὶ μετασχηματίζονται, εἰς οἷον θέλουσι σχῆμα κατὰ φαντασίαν.

Καὶ τὰ μὲν μέλλοντα οὐδὲ οἱ ἄγγελοι οὐδὲ οἱ δαίμονες οἴδασιν, ὅμως προλέγουσιν, οἱ μὲν ἄγγελοι τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτοῖς ἀποκαλύπτοντος καὶ προλέγειν κελεύοντος: ὅθεν, ὅσα λέγουσι, γίνονται. Προλέγουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ δαίμονες, ποτὲ μὲν τὰ μακρὰν γινόμενα βλέποντες, ποτὲ δὲ στοχαζόμενοι, ὅθεν καὶ τὰ πολλὰ ψεύδονται: οἷς οὐ δεῖ πιστεύειν, κἂν ἀληθεύωσι πολλάκις, οἵῳ τρόπῳ εἰρήκαμεν. Οἴδασι δὲ καὶ τὰς γραφάς.

Πᾶσα οὖν κακία ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐπενοήθη καὶ τὰ ἀκάθαρτα πάθη. Καὶ προσβάλλειν μὲν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ συνεχωρήθησαν, βιάζεσθαι δέ τινα οὐκ ἰσχύουσιν: ἐν ἡμῖν γάρ ἐστι δέξασθαι τὴν προσβολὴν ἢ μὴ δέξασθαι. Διὸ τῷ διαβόλῳ καὶ τοῖς δαίμοσιν αὐτοῦ ἡτοίμασται τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἄσβεστον, ἡ κόλασις ἡ αἰώνιος, καὶ τοῖς ἑπομένοις αὐτῷ.

Χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὅτι, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ὁ θάνατος, τοῦτο τοῖς ἀγγέλοις ἡ ἔκπτωσις: μετὰ γὰρ τὴν ἔκπτωσιν οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς μετάνοια, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις μετὰ τὸν θάνατον.