αʹ Ὅτι ἀκατάληπτον τὸ θεῖον καὶ ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ζητεῖν

 Τοῦ ὁσίου ἀββᾶ Ἰωάννου πρεσβυτέρου Δαμασκηνοῦ ἔκδοσις ἀκριβὴς τῆς ὀρθοδόξου πίστεως Ὅτι ἀκατάληπτον τὸ θεῖον καὶ ὅτι οὐ δεῖ ζητεῖν καὶ περιεργάζεσθαι

 Χρὴ οὖν τὸν περὶ θεοῦ λέγειν ἢ ἀκούειν βουλόμενον σαφῶς εἰδέναι, ὡς οὐδὲ πάντα ἄρρητα οὐδὲ πάντα ῥητά, τά τε τῆς θεολογίας τά τε τῆς οἰκονομίας, οὔτε

 Ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἔστι θεός, τοῖς μὲν τὰς ἁγίας γραφὰς δεχομένοις, τήν τε παλαιὰν καὶ καινὴν διαθήκην φημί, οὐκ ἀμφιβάλλεται, οὔτε δὲ τοῖς τῶν Ἑλλήνων πλείσ

 Ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἔστι θεός, δῆλον: τί δέ ἐστι κατ' οὐσίαν καὶ φύσιν, ἀκατάληπτον τοῦτο παντελῶς καὶ ἄγνωστον. Ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἀσώματον, δῆλον. Πῶς γὰρ σῶμα τὸ

 Ὅτι μέν ἐστι θεός, ἱκανῶς ἀποδέδεικται, καὶ ὅτι ἀκατάληπτός ἐστιν ἡ αὐτοῦ οὐσία. Ὅτι δὲ εἷς ἐστι καὶ οὐ πολλοί, τοῖς μὲν τῇ θείᾳ πειθομένοις γραφῇ οὐκ

 Οὗτος τοίνυν ὁ εἷς καὶ μόνος θεὸς οὐκ ἄλογός ἐστι. Λόγον δὲ ἔχων οὐκ ἀνυπόστατον ἕξει, οὐκ ἀρξάμενον τοῦ εἶναι οὐδὲ παυσόμενον: οὐ γὰρ ἦν, ὅτε ἦν ποτε

 Δεῖ δὲ τὸν λόγον καὶ πνεῦμα ἔχειν: καὶ γὰρ καὶ ὁ ἡμέτερος λόγος οὐκ ἄμοιρός ἐστι πνεύματος. Ἀλλ' ἐφ' ἡμῶν μὲν τὸ πνεῦμα ἀλλότριον τῆς ἡμετέρας ἐστὶν ο

 Πιστεύομεν τοιγαροῦν εἰς ἕνα θεόν, μίαν ἀρχὴν ἄναρχον, ἄκτιστον, ἀγέννητον ἀνόλεθρόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον, αἰώνιον, ἄπειρον, ἀπερίγραπτον, ἀπεριόριστον, ἀπ

 Τὸ θεῖον ἁπλοῦν ἐστι καὶ ἀσύνθετον. Τὸ δὲ ἐκ πολλῶν καὶ διαφόρων συγκείμενον σύνθετόν ἐστιν. Εἰ οὖν τὸ ἄκτιστον καὶ ἄναρχον καὶ ἀσώματον καὶ ἀθάνατον

 Πάντα μὲν οὖν ταῦτα κοινῶς ἐπὶ πάσης τῆς θεότητος ἐκληπτέον καὶ ταυτῶς καὶ ἁπλῶς καὶ ἀμερῶς καὶ ἡνωμένως, διακεκριμένως δὲ τὸ πατὴρ καὶ τὸ υἱὸς καὶ τὸ

 Ἐπεὶ δὲ πλεῖστα περὶ θεοῦ σωματικώτερον ἐν τῇ θείᾳ γραφῇ συμβολικῶς εἰρημένα εὑρίσκομεν, εἰδέναι χρή, ὡς ἀνθρώπους ὄντας ἡμᾶς καὶ τὸ παχὺ τοῦτο σαρκίο

 «Ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἐκ τῶν ἱερῶν μεμυήμεθα λογίων», ὡς ὁ θεῖος ἔφη Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης, «ὅτι ὁ θεὸς πάντων ἐστὶν αἰτία καὶ ἀρχή, τῶν ὄντων οὐσία, τῶν ζ

 Τὸ θεῖον ἀκατάληπτον ὂν πάντως καὶ ἀνώνυμον ἔσται. Ἀγνοοῦντες οὖν τὴν οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ τῆς οὐσίας αὐτοῦ μὴ ἐκζητήσωμεν ὄνομα: δηλωτικὰ γὰρ τῶν πραγμάτων ἐ

 Τόπος ἐστὶ σωματικὸς πέρας τοῦ περιέχοντος, καθ' ὃ περιέχεται τὸ περιεχόμενον, οἷον ὁ ἀὴρ περιέχει τόδε τὸ σῶμα. Οὐχ ὅλος ὁ περιέχων ἀὴρ τόπος ἐστὶ το

 Τὸ ἄκτιστον, τὸ ἄναρχον, τὸ ἀθάνατον καὶ ἀπέραντον καὶ αἰώνιον, τὸ ἄυλον, τὸ ἀγαθόν, τὸ δημιουργικόν, τὸ δίκαιον, τὸ φωτιστικόν, τὸ ἄτρεπτον, τὸ ἀπαθέ

 Αὐτὸς τοὺς αἰῶνας ἐποίησεν, ὁ ὑπάρχων πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων, πρὸς ὅν φησιν ὁ θεῖος Δαυίδ: «Ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰῶνος σὺ εἶ», καὶ ὁ θεῖος ἀπόστολος: «Δι' οὗ καὶ τοὺς αἰῶ

 Ἐπεὶ οὖν ὁ ἀγαθὸς καὶ ὑπεράγαθος θεὸς οὐκ ἠρκέσθη τῇ ἑαυτοῦ θεωρίᾳ, ἀλλ' ὑπερβολῇ ἀγαθότητος εὐδόκησε γενέσθαι τινὰ τὰ εὐεργετηθησόμενα καὶ μεθέξοντα

 Αὐτὸς τῶν ἀγγέλων ἐστὶ ποιητὴς καὶ δημιουργὸς ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγὼν αὐτούς, κατ' οἰκείαν εἰκόνα κτίσας αὐτοὺς φύσιν ἀσώματον, οἷόν τι

 Ἐκ τούτων τῶν ἀγγελικῶν δυνάμεων πρωτοστάτης τῆς περιγείου τάξεως καὶ τῆς γῆς τὴν φυλακὴν ἐγχειρισθεὶς παρὰ θεοῦ οὐ φύσει πονηρὸς γεγονώς, ἀλλ' ἀγαθὸς

 Αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τριάδι καὶ ἐν μονάδι δοξολογούμενος ἐποίησε τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραγαγ

 Οὐρανός ἐστι περιοχὴ ὁρατῶν τε καὶ ἀοράτων κτισμάτων: ἐντὸς γὰρ αὐτοῦ αἵ τε νοεραὶ τῶν ἀγγέλων δυνάμεις καὶ πάντα τὰ αἰσθητὰ περικλείονται καὶ περιορί

 Τὸ πῦρ ἓν τῶν τεσσάρων στοιχείων ἐστί, κοῦφόν τε καὶ ἀνωφερέστερον τῶν λοιπῶν καυστικόν τε καὶ φωτιστικόν, τῇ πρώτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ὑπὸ τοῦ δημιουργοῦ κτισθέν:

 Ἀήρ ἐστι στοιχεῖον λεπτότατον ὑγρόν τε καὶ θερμόν, τοῦ μὲν πυρὸς βαρύτερον, τῆς δὲ γῆς καὶ τῶν ὑδάτων κουφότερον, ἀναπνοῆς καὶ ἐκφωνήσεως αἴτιον, ἀχρω

 Ἄνεμός ἐστι πλῆθος θερμῆς καὶ ξηρᾶς ἀναθυμιάσεως κινούμενον περὶ γῆν. Ἄνεμοι πνέουσιν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς θερινῆς καικίας, μέσης, ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς ἰσημερινῆς ἀπη

 Καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ δὲ ἓν τῶν στοιχείων τῶν τεσσάρων ἐστί, ποίημα θεοῦ κάλλιστον. Ὕδωρ ἐστὶ στοιχεῖον ὑγρόν τε καὶ ψυχρὸν βαρύ τε καὶ κατωφερές, εὐδιάχυτον. Τ

 Διαδέχεται τὸ Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος Ἑλλήσποντος λῆγον εἰς Ἄβυδον καὶ Σηστόν: εἶτα ἡ Προποντὶς λήγουσα εἰς Χαλκηδόνα καὶ Βυζάντιον: ἔνθα τὰ στενά, ἀφ' ὧν ὁ Π

 Ἡ γῆ ἓν τῶν τεσσάρων στοιχείων ἐστὶ ξηρόν τε καὶ ψυχρὸν καὶ βαρὺ καὶ ἀκίνητον, ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι τῇ πρώτῃ ἡμέρᾳ παρηγμένον. «Ἐ

 Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἔμελλεν ὁ θεὸς ἐξ ὁρατῆς τε καὶ ἀοράτου κτίσεως πλαστουργεῖν τὸν ἄνθρωπον κατ' οἰκείαν εἰκόνα τε καὶ ὁμοίωσιν ὥσπερ τινὰ βασιλέα καὶ ἄρχοντα

 Οὕτω μὲν οὖν τὴν νοητὴν οὐσίαν ὑπεστήσατο ὁ θεός, ἀγγέλους φημὶ καὶ πάντα τὰ κατ' οὐρανὸν τάγματα, _ταῦτα γὰρ ἀριδήλως νοερᾶς ἐστι καὶ ἀσωμάτου φύσεως

 Τῶν ἡδονῶν αἱ μέν εἰσι ψυχικαί, αἱ δὲ σωματικαί. Καὶ ψυχικαὶ μέν, ὅσαι μόνης εἰσὶ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς καθ' αὑτὴν ὡς αἱ περὶ τὰ μαθήματα καὶ τὴν θεωρίαν. Σ

 Τῆς δὲ λύπης εἴδη τέσσαρα: ἄχος, ἄχθος, φθόνος, ἔλεος. Ἄχος μὲν οὖν ἐστι λύπη ἀφωνίαν ἐμποιοῦσα, ἄχθος δὲ λύπη βαρύνουσα, φθόνος δὲ λύπη ἐπὶ ἀλλοτρίοι

 Διαιρεῖται δὲ καὶ ὁ φόβος εἰς ἕξ: εἰς ὄκνον, εἰς αἰδῶ, εἰς αἰσχύνην, εἰς κατάπληξιν, εἰς ἔκπληξιν, εἰς ἀγωνίαν. Ὄκνος μὲν οὖν ἐστι φόβος μελλούσης ἐνε

 Θυμὸς δέ ἐστι ζέσις τοῦ περὶ καρδίαν αἵματος ἐξ ἀναθυμιάσεως τῆς χολῆς ἢ ἀναθολώσεως γινομένη. Διὸ καὶ χολὴ λέγεται καὶ χόλος. Ἔστι δέ, ὅτε ὁ θυμὸς κα

 Φανταστικόν ἐστι δύναμις τῆς ἀλόγου ψυχῆς διὰ τῶν αἰσθητηρίων ἐνεργοῦσα, ἥτις λέγεται αἴσθησις. Φανταστὸν δὲ καὶ αἰσθητὸν τὸ τῇ φαντασίᾳ καὶ τῇ αἰσθήσ

 Αἴσθησίς ἐστι δύναμις τῆς ψυχῆς ἀντιληπτικὴ τῶν ὑλῶν ἤγουν διαγνωστική: αἰσθητήρια δὲ τὰ ὄργανα ἤγουν τὰ μέλη, δι' ὧν αἰσθανόμεθα: αἰσθητὰ δὲ τὰ τῇ αἰ

 Τοῦ δὲ διανοητικοῦ εἰσιν αἵ τε κρίσεις καὶ αἱ συγκαταθέσεις καὶ αἱ ὁρμαὶ πρὸς τὴν πρᾶξιν καὶ αἱ ἀφορμαὶ καὶ αἱ ἀποφυγαὶ τῆς πράξεως, ἰδικῶς δὲ αἵ τε ν

 Τὸ δὲ μνημονευτικόν ἐστι μνήμης καὶ ἀναμνήσεως αἴτιόν τε καὶ ταμιεῖον: μνήμη γάρ ἐστι φαντασία ἐγκαταλελειμμένη ἀπό τινος αἰσθήσεως τῆς κατ' ἐνέργειαν

 Πάλιν δὲ διαιρεῖται τὸ λογικὸν τῆς ψυχῆς εἴς τε τὸν ἐνδιάθετον λόγον καὶ εἰς τὸν προφορικόν. Ἔστι δὲ ἐνδιάθετος μὲν λόγος κίνημα ψυχῆς ἐν τῷ διαλογιστ

 Τὸ πάθος ὁμωνύμως λέγεται: λέγεται γὰρ πάθος καὶ τὸ σωματικὸν ὡς τὰ νοσήματα καὶ τὰ ἕλκη, λέγεται πάλιν πάθος καὶ τὸ ψυχικόν, ἥ τε ἐπιθυμία καὶ ὁ θυμό

 Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὡς πᾶσαι αἱ δυνάμεις αἱ προειρημέναι, αἵ τε γνωστικαὶ αἵ τε ζωτικαὶ καὶ αἱ φυσικαὶ καὶ αἱ τεχνικαί, ἐνέργειαι λέγονται: ἐνέργεια γάρ ἐσ

 Ἐπειδὴ τὸ ἑκούσιον ἐν πράξει τινί ἐστι καὶ τὸ νομιζόμενον δὲ ἀκούσιον ἐν πράξει τινί ἐστι, πολλοὶ δέ τινες καὶ τὸ ὄντως ἀκούσιον οὐ μόνον ἐν τῷ πάσχει

 Ὁ περὶ τοῦ αὐτεξουσίου λόγος τουτέστι τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν πρώτην μὲν ἔχει ζήτησιν, εἰ ἔστι ἐφ' ἡμῖν: πολλοὶ γὰρ οἱ πρὸς τοῦτο ἀντιβαίνοντες. Δευτέραν δέ, τίν

 Τῶν γινομένων τὰ μέν εἰσιν ἐφ' ἡμῖν, τὰ δὲ οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν. Ἐφ' ἡμῖν μὲν οὖν εἰσιν, ὧν ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν αὐτεξούσιοι ποιεῖν τε καὶ μὴ ποιεῖν, τουτέστι πάντα τὰ

 Φαμὲν τοίνυν εὐθέως τῷ λογικῷ συνεισέρχεσθαι τὸ αὐτεξούσιον. Πᾶν γὰρ γεννητὸν καὶ τρεπτόν ἐστιν. Ὧν γὰρ ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς γενέσεως ἀπὸ τροπῆς ἤρξατο, ἀνάγκῃ

 Τῶν δὲ οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν τὰ μὲν ἐκ τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἔχει τὰς ἀρχὰς ἤτοι τὰς αἰτίας, τουτέστιν αἱ ἀμοιβαὶ τῶν πράξεων ἡμῶν ἔν τε τῷ παρόντι καὶ ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι α

 Πρόνοια τοίνυν ἐστὶν ἐκ θεοῦ εἰς τὰ ὄντα γινομένη ἐπιμέλεια. Καὶ πάλιν: Πρόνοιά ἐστι βούλησις θεοῦ, δι' ἣν πάντα τὰ ὄντα τὴν πρόσφορον διεξαγωγὴν λαμβ

 Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὡς πάντα μὲν προγινώσκει ὁ θεός, οὐ πάντα δὲ προορίζει: προγινώσκει γὰρ καὶ τὰ ἐφ' ἡμῖν, οὐ προορίζει δὲ αὐτά: οὐ γὰρ θέλει τὴν κακίαν

 [Book III] Περὶ τῆς θείας οἰκονομίας καὶ περὶ τῆς δι' ἡμᾶς κηδεμονίας καὶ τῆς ἡμῶν σωτηρίας

 Ἄγγελος γὰρ κυρίου ἀπεστάλη πρὸς τὴν ἁγίαν παρθένον ἐκ δαυιτικοῦ φύλου καταγομένην: «πρόδηλον γὰρ ὡς ἐξ Ἰούδα ἀνατέταλκεν ὁ κύριος», «ἐξ ἧς φυλῆς οὐδε

 Ἀτρέπτως γὰρ καὶ ἀναλλοιώτως ἡνώθησαν ἀλλήλαις αἱ φύσεις μήτε τῆς θείας φύσεως ἐκστάσης τῆς οἰκείας ἁπλότητος μήτε μὴν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἢ τραπείσης εἰς

 Ὅτι μὲν οὖν ἕτερόν ἐστιν οὐσία καὶ ἕτερον ὑπόστασις, πλειστάκις εἰρήκαμεν, καὶ ὅτι ἡ μὲν οὐσία τὸ κοινὸν καὶ περιεκτικὸν εἶδος τῶν ὁμοειδῶν ὑποστάσεων

 Ὥσπερ δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς θεότητος μίαν φύσιν ὁμολογοῦμεν, τρεῖς δὲ ὑποστάσεις κατὰ ἀλήθειαν οὔσας φαμὲν καὶ πάντα μὲν τὰ φυσικὰ καὶ οὐσιώδη ἁπλᾶ φαμεν, τὴν δὲ

 Τὰ κοινὰ καὶ καθολικὰ κατηγοροῦνται τῶν αὐτοῖς ὑποκειμένων μερικῶν. Κοινὸν τοίνυν ἡ οὐσία, μερικὸν δὲ ἡ ὑπόστασις. Μερικὸν δέ, οὐχ ὅτι μέρος τῆς φύσεω

 Προεῖναι μὲν οὖν ἀχρόνως καὶ ἀιδίως φαμὲν τὴν θείαν τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου ὑπόστασιν ἁπλῆν καὶ ἀσύνθετον, ἄκτιστον, ἀσώματον, ἀόρατον, ἀναφῆ, ἀπερίγραπτον, πά

 Εἰ δέ τις ἐρωτῶν περὶ τῶν τοῦ κυρίου φύσεων, εἰ ὑπὸ τὸ συνεχὲς ποσὸν ἀναφέροιντο ἢ ὑπὸ τὸ διωρισμένον, ἐροῦμεν, ὅτι αἱ τοῦ κυρίου φύσεις οὔτε ἓν σῶμά

 Εἰ γὰρ καὶ μή ἐστι φύσις ἀνυπόστατος ἢ οὐσία ἀπρόσωπος (ἐν ὑποστάσεσι γὰρ καὶ προσώποις ἥ τε οὐσία καὶ ἡ φύσις θεωρεῖται), ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀνάγκη τὰς ἀλλήλαι

 Ἐντεῦθεν καὶ τὴν ἐν τῷ τρισαγίῳ προσθήκην ὑπὸ τοῦ ματαιόφρονος Πέτρου τοῦ κναφέως γεγενημένην βλάσφημον ὁριζόμεθα ὡς τέταρτον παρεισάγουσαν πρόσωπον κ

 Ἡ φύσις ἢ ψιλῇ θεωρίᾳ κατανοεῖται (καθ' αὑτὴν γὰρ οὐχ ὑφέστηκεν), ἢ κοινῶς ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὁμοειδέσιν ὑποστάσεσι ταύτας συνάπτουσα καὶ λέγεται ἐν τῷ εἴ

 Θεοτόκον δὲ κυρίως καὶ ἀληθῶς τὴν ἁγίαν παρθένον κηρύττομεν: ὡς γὰρ θεὸς ἀληθὴς ὁ ἐξ αὐτῆς γεννηθείς, ἀληθὴς θεοτόκος ἡ τὸν ἀληθινὸν θεὸν ἐξ αὐτῆς σεσ

 Τέλειον δὲ θεὸν ὁμολογοῦντες τὸν αὐτὸν καὶ τέλειον ἄνθρωπόν φαμεν τὸν αὐτὸν πάντα ἔχειν, ὅσα ὁ πατήρ, πλὴν τῆς ἀγεννησίας, καὶ πάντα ἔχειν, ὅσα ὁ Ἀδὰμ

 Ἐπειδὴ μὲν οὖν δύο φύσεις τοῦ Χριστοῦ, δύο αὐτοῦ καὶ τὰ φυσικὰ θελήματα καὶ τὰς φυσικὰς ἐνεργείας φαμέν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ μία τῶν δύο αὐτοῦ φύσεων ἡ ὑπόστασι

 Δύο δὲ καὶ τὰς ἐνεργείας φαμὲν ἐπὶ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ: εἶχε γὰρ ὡς μὲν θεὸς καὶ τῷ πατρὶ ὁμοούσιος τὴν θείαν ἐνέργειαν καὶ ὡς ἄνθρωπος γενό

 Ὁ μὲν καθ' ἕκαστα ἄνθρωπος ἐκ δύο συγκείμενος φύσεων, ψυχῆς τε καὶ σώματος, καὶ ταύτας ἀμεταβλήτους ἔχων ἐν ἑαυτῷ δύο φύσεις εἰκότως λεχθήσεται: σῴζει

 Χρὴ εἰδέναι, ὡς οὐ κατὰ μεταβολὴν φύσεως ἢ τροπὴν ἢ ἀλλοίωσιν ἢ σύγχυσιν ἡ σὰρξ τοῦ κυρίου τεθεῶσθαι λέγεται καὶ ὁμόθεος καὶ θεὸς γενέσθαι, ὥς φησιν ὁ

 Θεὸν τέλειον καὶ ἄνθρωπον τέλειον λέγοντες τὸν Χριστὸν πάντως πάντα δώσομεν τά τε τοῦ πατρὸς φυσικὰ τά τε τῆς μητρός: γέγονε γὰρ ἄνθρωπος, ἵνα τὸ νικη

 Ὁ μακάριος Διονύσιος «καινήν τινα θεανδρικὴν ἐνέργειαν» φήσας τὸν Χριστὸν «ἡμῖν πεπολιτευμένον», οὐκ ἀναιρῶν τὰς φυσικὰς ἐνεργείας μίαν ἐνέργειαν ἔκ τ

 Ὁμολογοῦμεν δέ, ὅτι πάντα τὰ φυσικὰ καὶ ἀδιάβλητα πάθη τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀνέλαβεν. Ὅλον γὰρ τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ πάντα τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀνέλαβε πλὴν τῆς ἁμαρτία

 Δεῖ γινώσκειν, ὅτι τὴν μὲν ἀγνοοῦσαν καὶ δούλην ἀνέλαβεν φύσιν: καὶ γὰρ δούλη ἐστὶν ἡ ἀνθρώπου φύσις τοῦ ποιήσαντος αὐτὴν θεοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἔχει τὴν τῶν με

 Προκόπτειν δὲ λέγεται «σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι», τῇ μὲν ἡλικίᾳ αὔξων, διὰ δὲ τῆς αὐξήσεως τῆς ἡλικίας τὴν ἐνυπάρχουσαν αὐτῷ σοφίαν εἰς φανέρωσιν ἄ

 Τὸ τῆς δειλίας ὄνομα διπλῆν ἔχει τὴν ἔννοιαν. Ἔστι γὰρ δειλία φυσικὴ μὴ θελούσης τῆς ψυχῆς διαιρεθῆναι τοῦ σώματος διὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑπὸ τοῦ δημιουργοῦ

 Προσευχή ἐστιν ἀνάβασις νοῦ πρὸς θεὸν ἢ αἴτησις τῶν προσηκόντων παρὰ θεοῦ. Πῶς οὖν ὁ κύριος ἐπὶ Λαζάρου καὶ τῷ καιρῷ τοῦ πάθους προσηύχετο Οὔτε γὰρ ἀ

 Χρὴ εἰδέναι, ὡς δύο οἰκειώσεις: μία φυσικὴ καὶ οὐσιώδης, καὶ μία προσωπικὴ καὶ σχετική. Φυσικὴ μὲν οὖν καὶ οὐσιώδης, καθ' ἣν διὰ φιλανθρωπίαν ὁ κύριος

 Αὐτὸς οὖν ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ λόγος πάντα ὑπέμεινε σαρκὶ τῆς θείας καὶ μόνης ἀπαθοῦς αὐτοῦ φύσεως ἀπαθοῦς μενούσης. Τοῦ γὰρ ἑνὸς Χριστοῦ τοῦ ἐκ θεότητός τε καὶ

 Ἀναμάρτητος ὢν ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστός_«ἁμαρτίαν γὰρ οὐκ ἐποίησεν» «ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου» «οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ»_οὐχ

 Τὸ τῆς φθορᾶς ὄνομα δύο σημαίνει. Σημαίνει γὰρ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα ταῦτα πάθη: πεῖναν, δίψαν, κόπον, τὴν τῶν ἥλων διάτρησιν, θάνατον ἤτοι χωρισμὸν τῆς ψυχῆς

 Κάτεισιν εἰς ᾅδην ψυχὴ τεθεωμένη, ἵνα, ὥσπερ τοῖς ἐν γῇ ὁ τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἀνέτειλεν ἥλιος, οὕτω καὶ τοῖς ὑπὸ γῆν ἐν σκότει καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου καθημένοις

 [Book IV] Περὶ τῶν μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν

 Ἐκ δεξιῶν δὲ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ πατρὸς κεκαθικέναι φαμὲν τὸν Χριστὸν σωματικῶς, οὐ τοπικὴν δὲ δεξιὰν τοῦ πατρὸς λέγομεν. Πῶς γὰρ ὁ ἀπερίγραπτος τοπικὴν σχοί

 Τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ σὺν τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τῷ ἁγίῳ πνεύματι προσκυνοῦμεν, ἀσώματον μὲν πρὸ τῆς ἐνανθρωπήσεως καὶ νῦν τὸν αὐτὸν σεσαρκωμένον καὶ γενόμενον ἄνθρ

 Πατὴρ ὁ πατὴρ καὶ οὐχ υἱός, υἱὸς ὁ υἱὸς καὶ οὐ πατήρ, πνεῦμα ἅγιον τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ οὐ πατὴρ οὐδὲ υἱός: ἡ γὰρ ἰδιότης ἀκίνητος. Ἢ πῶς ἂν ἰδιότης εἴη κινο

 Ἡ ὑπόστασις τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου πρὸ τῆς σαρκώσεως ἁπλῆ ἦν καὶ ἀσύνθετος καὶ ἀσώματος καὶ ἄκτιστος, σαρκωθεῖσα δὲ αὕτη γέγονε καὶ τῇ σαρκὶ ὑπόστασις καὶ γέγ

 Οὐχ, ὥς τινες ψευδηγοροῦσι, πρὸ τῆς ἐκ παρθένου σαρκώσεως ὁ νοῦς ἡνώθη τῷ θεῷ λόγῳ καὶ ἐκ τότε ἐκλήθη Χριστός: τοῦτο τῶν Ὠριγένους ληρημάτων τὸ ἀπότημ

 Φύσεως μέν ἐστι τὸ ἀγένητον καὶ τὸ γενητὸν δι' ἑνὸς τοῦ « ν » γραφόμενον, ὅπερ δηλοῖ τὸ ἄκτιστον καὶ κτιστόν: τὸ δὲ ἀγέννητον καὶ γεννητὸν οὐ φύσεως,

 Πρωτότοκός ἐστιν ὁ πρῶτος γεννηθεὶς εἴτε μονογενής, εἴτε καὶ πρὸ ἄλλων ἀδελφῶν. Εἰ μὲν οὖν ἐλέγετο ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ πρωτότοκος, μονογενὴς δὲ οὐκ ἐλέγετ

 Αἱ τοῦ κυρίου φύσεις οὔτε ἓν σῶμά εἰσιν, οὔτε ἐπιφάνεια οὔτε γραμμή, οὐ τόπος, οὐ χρόνος, ἵνα ὑπὸ τὸ συνεχὲς ποσὸν ἀναχθῶσι: ταῦτα γάρ εἰσι τὰ συνεχῶς

 Ὁμολογοῦμεν δὲ ἓν βάπτισμα εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν καὶ εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον: τὸ γὰρ βάπτισμα τὸν τοῦ κυρίου θάνατον δηλοῖ. Συνθαπτόμεθα γοῦν τῷ κυρίῳ διὰ τοῦ

 Ἡ μέντοι πίστις διπλῆ ἐστιν. «Ἔστι γὰρ πίστις ἐξ ἀκοῆς». Ἀκούοντες γὰρ τῶν θείων γραφῶν πιστεύομεν τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τοῦ πνεύματος. Αὕτη δὲ τελειοῦται πᾶσ

 «Ὁ λόγος ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῖς μὲν ἀπολλυμένοις μωρία ἐστί, τοῖς δὲ σῳζομένοις ἡμῖν δύναμις θεοῦ ἐστιν». «Ὁ μὲν γὰρ πνευματικὸς πάντα ἀνακρίνει, ψυχικὸς

 Οὐχ ἁπλῶς οὐδ' ὡς ἔτυχε κατὰ ἀνατολὰς προσκυνοῦμεν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἐξ ὁρατῆς τε καὶ ἀοράτου ἤτοι νοητῆς καὶ αἰσθητῆς συντεθείμεθα φύσεως, διπλῆν καὶ τὴν

 Ὁ ἀγαθὸς καὶ πανάγαθος καὶ ὑπεράγαθος θεός, ὁ ὅλος ὢν ἀγαθότης, διὰ τὸν ὑπερβάλλοντα πλοῦτον τῆς αὐτοῦ ἀγαθότητος οὐκ ἠνέσχετο μόνον εἶναι τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἤ

 Περὶ τῆς ἁγίας ὑπερυμνήτου ἀειπαρθένου καὶ θεοτόκου Μαρίας ἐν τοῖς προλαβοῦσι μετρίως διαλαβόντες καὶ τὸ καιριώτατον παραστήσαντες, ὡς κυρίως καὶ ἀληθ

 Τιμητέον τοὺς ἁγίους ὡς φίλους Χριστοῦ, ὡς τέκνα καὶ κληρονόμους θεοῦ, ὥς φησιν ὁ θεολόγος εὐαγγελιστής: «Ὅσοι δὲ ἔλαβον αὐτόν, ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς ἐξουσίαν

 Ἐπειδὴ δέ τινες ἡμῖν καταμέμφονται προσκυνοῦσί τε καὶ τιμῶσι τήν τε τοῦ σωτῆρος καὶ τῆς δεσποίνης ἡμῶν εἰκόνα, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἁγίων καὶ θεραπόν

 Εἷς ἐστιν ὁ θεὸς ὑπό τε παλαιᾶς διαθήκης καὶ καινῆς κηρυττόμενος, ὁ ἐν τριάδι ὑμνούμενός τε καὶ δοξαζόμενος, τοῦ κυρίου φήσαντος: «Οὐκ ἦλθον καταλῦσαι

 Τῶν ἐπὶ Χριστοῦ λεγομένων τρόποι γενικοί εἰσι τέσσαρες: Αʹ τὰ μὲν γὰρ καὶ πρὸ τῆς ἐνανθρωπήσεως ἁρμόσει αὐτῷ, Βʹ τὰ δὲ ἐν τῇ ἑνώσει, Γʹ τὰ δὲ μετὰ τὴν

 Χρὴ εἰδέναι, ὅτι ἔθος τῇ θείᾳ γραφῇ τὴν παραχώρησιν τοῦ θεοῦ ἐνέργειαν αὐτοῦ καλεῖν, ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ ὁ ἀπόστολος ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους ἐπιστολῇ: «Ἢ οὐκ ἔχε

 Ὅτι οὐ δύο ἀρχαί, μία ἀγαθὴ καὶ μία πονηρά, ἐντεῦθεν εἰσόμεθα: ἐναντία γὰρ ἀλλήλοις τὸ ἀγαθὸν καὶ τὸ πονηρὸν καὶ ἀλλήλων φθαρτικὰ καὶ ἐν ἀλλήλοις ἢ σὺ

 Ὁ θεὸς δι' ἀγαθότητα ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι παράγει τὰ γινόμενα καὶ τῶν ἐσομένων προγνώστης ἐστίν. Εἰ μὲν οὖν μὴ ἔμελλον ἔσεσθαι, οὐδ' ἂν κακοὶ

 Ἀγαθὸν τὸ θεῖον καὶ ὑπεράγαθον, καὶ τὸ τούτου θέλημα: τοῦτο γὰρ ἀγαθόν, ὅπερ ὁ θεὸς βούλεται. Νόμος δέ ἐστιν ἡ τοῦτο διδάσκουσα ἐντολή, ἵν' ἐν αὐτῷ μέ

 Σάββατον ἡ ἑβδόμη ἡμέρα κέκληται, δηλοῖ δὲ τὴν κατάπαυσιν: ἐν αὐτῇ γὰρ κατέπαυσεν ὁ θεὸς ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων αὐτοῦ, ὥς φησιν ἡ γραφή. Διὸ καὶ μέχρις ἑπτὰ ὁ

 Κακίζουσιν οἱ σαρκικοὶ τὴν παρθενίαν, καὶ εἰς μαρτυρίαν προβάλλονται οἱ φιλήδονοι τὸ «ἐπικατάρατος πᾶς, ὃς οὐκ ἐγείρει σπέρμα ἐν τῷ Ἰσραήλ». Ἡμεῖς δέ

 Ἡ περιτομὴ πρὸ νόμου ἐδόθη τῷ Ἀβραὰμ μετὰ τὰς εὐλογίας, μετὰ τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν, σημεῖον ἀποδιαστέλλον αὐτὸν καὶ τοὺς αὐτοῦ οἰκογενεῖς ἐκ τῶν ἐθνῶν, μεθ'

 Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὅτι δεῖ τὸν ἀντίχριστον ἐλθεῖν. Πᾶς μὲν οὖν ὁ μὴ ὁμολογῶν τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ θεὸν ἐν σαρκὶ ἐληλυθέναι καὶ εἶναι θεὸν τέλειον καὶ γεν

 Πιστεύομεν δὲ καὶ εἰς ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν. Ἔσται γάρ, ὄντως ἔσται νεκρῶν ἀνάστασις. Ἀνάστασιν δὲ λέγοντες σωμάτων φαμὲν ἀνάστασιν. Ἀνάστασις γάρ ἐστι δευ

Chapter XXVII.—Concerning the Resurrection.

We believe also in the resurrection of the dead. For there will be in truth, there will be, a resurrection of the dead, and by resurrection we mean resurrection of bodies1321    1 Cor. xv. 35–44.. For resurrection is the second state of that which has fallen. For the souls are immortal, and hence how can they rise again? For if they define death as the separation of soul and body, resurrection surely is the re-union of soul and body, and the second state of the living creature that has suffered dissolution and downfall1322    Epist. in Ancor. n. 89; Method., Contr. Orig.. It is, then, this very body, which is corruptible and liable to dissolution, that will rise again incorruptible. For He, who made it in the beginning of the sand of the earth, does not lack the power to raise it up again after it has been dissolved again and returned to the earth from which it was taken, in accordance with the reversal of the Creator’s judgment.

For if there is no resurrection, let us eat and drink1323    Is. xxii. 13; 1 Cor. xv. 32.: let us pursue a life of pleasure and enjoyment. If there is no resurrection, wherein do we differ from the irrational brutes? If there is no resurrection, let us hold the wild beasts of the field happy who have a life free from sorrow. If there is no resurrection, neither is there any God nor Providence, but all things are driven and borne along of themselves. For observe how we see most righteous men suffering hunger and injustice and receiving no help in the present life, while sinners and unrighteous men abound in riches and every delight. And who in his senses would take this for the work of a righteous judgment or a wise providence? There must be, therefore, there must be, a resurrection. For God is just and is the rewarder of those who submit patiently to Him. Wherefore if it is the soul alone that engages in the contests of virtue, it is also the soul alone that will receive the crown. And if it were the soul alone that revels in pleasures, it would also be the soul alone that would be justly punished. But since the soul does not pursue either virtue or vice separate from the body, both together will obtain that which is their just due.

Nay, the divine Scripture bears witness that there will be a resurrection of the body. God in truth says to Moses after the flood, Even as the green herb have I given you all things. But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall ye not eat. And surely your blood of your lives will I require; at the hand of every beast will I require it, and at the hand of every man’s brother will I require the life of man. Whoso sheddeth man’s blood, for his blood his own shall be shed, for in the image of God made I man1324    Gen. ix. 3, 4, 5, 6.. How will He require the blood of man at the hand of every beast, unless because the bodies of dead men will rise again? For not for man will the beasts die.

And again to Moses, I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob: God is not the God of the dead (that is, those who are dead and will be no more), but of the living1325    Ex. iii. 6; St. Matt. xxii. 32., whose souls indeed live in His hand1326    Wisd. iii. 1., but whose bodies will again come to life through the resurrection. And David, sire of the Divine, says to God, Thou takest away their breath, they die and return to their dust1327    Ps. civ. 29.. See how he speaks about bodies. Then he subjoins this, Thou sendest forth Thy Spirit, they are created: and Thou renewest the face of the earth1328    Ibid. 30..

Further Isaiah says: The dead shall rise again, and they that are in the graves shall awake1329    Is. xxvi. 18.. And it is clear that the souls do not lie in the graves, but the bodies.

And again, the blessed Ezekiel says: And it was as I prophesied, and behold a shaking and the bones came together, bone to his bone, each to its own joint: and when I beheld, lo, the sinews came up upon them and the flesh grew and rose up on them and the skin covered them above1330    Ez. xxxvii. 7.. And later he teaches how the spirits came back when they were bidden.

And divine Daniel also says: And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great prince which standeth for the children of thy people: and there shall be a time of trouble, such trouble as never was since there was a nation on the earth even to that same time. And at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written in the book. And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake: some to everlasting life and some to shame and everlasting contempt. And they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament, and out of the multitude of the just shall shine like stars into the ages and beyond1331    Dan. xii. 1, 2, 3.. The words, many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, clearly shew that there will be a resurrection of bodies. For no one surely would say that the souls sleep in the dust of the earth.

Moreover, even the Lord in the holy Gospels clearly allows that there is a resurrection of the bodies. For they that are in the graves, He says, shall hear His voice and shall come forth: they that have done good unto the resurrection of life, and they that have done evil unto the resurrection of damnation1332    St. John v. 28, 29.. Now no one in his senses would ever say that the souls are in the graves.

But it was not only by word, but also by deed, that the Lord revealed the resurrection of the bodies. First He raised up Lazarus, even after he had been dead four days, and was stinking1333    St. John xi. 39–44.. For He did not raise the soul without the body, but the body along with the soul: and not another body but the very one that was corrupt. For how could the resurrection of the dead man have been known or believed if it had not been established by his characteristic properties? But it was in fact to make the divinity of His own nature manifest and to confirm the belief in His own and our resurrection, that He raised up Lazarus who was destined once more to die. And the Lord became Himself the first-fruits of the perfect resurrection that is no longer subject to death. Wherefore also the divine Apostle Paul said: If the dead rise not, then is not Christ raised. And if Christ be not raised, our faith is vain: we are yet in our sins1334    1 Cor. xv. 16, 17.. And, Now is Christ risen from the dead and become the first-fruits of them that slept1335    Ibid. 20., and the first-born from the dead1336    Col. i. 18.; and again, For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with Him1337    1 Thess. iv. 14.. Even so, he said, as Christ rose again. Moreover, that the resurrection of the Lord was the union of uncorrupted body and soul (for it was these that had been divided) is manifest: for He said, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up1338    St. John ii. 19.. And the holy Gospel is a trustworthy witness that He spoke of His own body. Handle Me and see, the Lord said to His own disciples when they were thinking that they saw a spirit, that it is I Myself, and that I am not changed1339    St. Luke xxiv. 37.: for a spirit hath not flesh or bones, as ye see Me have1340    Ibid. xxiv. 39.. And when He had said this He shewed them His hands and His side, and stretched them forward for Thomas to touch1341    St. John xx. 27.. Is not this sufficient to establish belief in the resurrection of bodies?

Again the divine apostle says, For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality1342    1 Cor. xv. 35.. And again: It is sown in corruption, it is raised in incorruption: it is sown in weakness, it is raised in power: it is sown in dishonour, it is raised in glory: it is sown a natural body (that is to say, crass and mortal), it is raised a spiritual body1343    1 Cor. xv. 42, 44., such as was our Lord’s body after the resurrection which passed through closed doors, was unwearying, had no need of food, or sleep, or drink. For they will be, saith the Lord, as the angels of God1344    St. Mark xii. 25.: there will no longer be marriage nor procreation of children. The divine apostle, in truth, says, For our conversation is in heaven, from whence also we look for the Saviour, the Lord Jesus, Who shall change our vile body that it may be fashioned like unto His glorious body1345    Philip. iii. 20, 21.: not meaning change into another form (God forbid!), but rather the change from corruption into incorruption1346    Nyss., loc. citat.; Epiph., Hæres. vi. 4..

But some one will say, How are the dead raised up? Oh, what disbelief! Oh, what folly! Will He, Who at His solitary will changed earth into body, Who commanded the little drop of seed to grow in the mother’s womb and become in the end this varied and manifold organ of the body, not the rather raise up again at His solitary will that which was and is dissolved? And with what body do they come1347    1 Cor. xv. 35.? Thou fool, if thy hardness will not permit you to believe the words of God, at least believe His works1348    Epiph., Ancor., n. 93.. For that which thou sowest is not quickened except it die1349    1 Cor. xv. 35.. And that which thou sowest, thou sowest not that body that shall be, but bare grain, it may chance of wheat or of some other grain. But God giveth it a body as it hath pleased Him, and to every seed his own body1350    Ibid. 36, 37, 38.. Behold, therefore, how the seed is buried in the furrows as in tombs. Who is it that giveth them roots and stalk and leaves and ears and the most delicate beards? Is it not the Maker of the universe? Is it not at the bidding of Him Who hath contrived all things? Believe, therefore, in this wise, even that the resurrection of the dead will come to pass at the divine will and sign. For He has power that is able to keep pace with His will.

We shall therefore rise again, our souls being once more united with our bodies, now made incorruptible and having put off corruption, and we shall stand beside the awful judgment-seat of Christ: and the devil and his demons and the man that is his, that is the Antichrist and the impious and the sinful, will be given over to everlasting fire: not material fire1351    See Migne’s Preface to John’s Dial., Contr. Manichæos. like our fire, but such fire as God would know. But those who have done good will shine forth as the sun with the angels into life eternal, with our Lord Jesus Christ, ever seeing Him and being in His sight and deriving unceasing joy from Him, praising Him with the Father and the Holy Spirit throughout the limitless ages of ages1352    In R. 2924 is read: ἐν τῷ Κυρί& 251· ἡμῶν, ᾧ πρέπει πάσα δόξα, τιμὴ, καὶ προσκύνησις, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰ& 242·νας τῶν αἰ& 240·νων. ᾽Αμήν. In 2928: ὅτι αὐτῷ πρέπει δόξα, τιμὴ καὶ προσκύνησις, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, &c.. Amen.

Περὶ ἀναστάσεως

Πιστεύομεν δὲ καὶ εἰς ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν. Ἔσται γάρ, ὄντως ἔσται νεκρῶν ἀνάστασις. Ἀνάστασιν δὲ λέγοντες σωμάτων φαμὲν ἀνάστασιν. Ἀνάστασις γάρ ἐστι δευτέρα τοῦ πεπτωκότος στάσις: αἱ γὰρ ψυχαὶ ἀθάνατοι οὖσαι πῶς ἀναστήσονται; Εἰ γὰρ θάνατον ὁρίζονται χωρισμὸν ψυχῆς ἀπὸ σώματος, ἀνάστασίς ἐστι πάντως συνάφεια πάλιν ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ δευτέρα τοῦ διαλυθέντος καὶ πεσόντος ζῴου στάσις. Αὐτὸ οὖν τὸ σῶμα τὸ φθειρόμενον καὶ διαλυόμενον, αὐτὸ ἀναστήσεται ἄφθαρτον: οὐκ ἀδυνατεῖ γὰρ ὁ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐκ τοῦ χοὸς τῆς γῆς αὐτὸ συστησάμενος πάλιν ἀναλυθὲν καὶ ἀποστραφὲν εἰς τὴν γῆν, ἐξ ἧς ἐλήφθη κατὰ τὴν τοῦ δημιουργοῦ ἀπόφασιν, πάλιν ἀναστῆσαι αὐτό.

Εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἔστιν ἀνάστασις, «φάγωμεν καὶ πίωμεν», τὸν ἐνήδονον καὶ ἀπολαυστικὸν βίον μετέλθωμεν. Εἰ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνάστασις, ἐν τίνι τῶν ἀλόγων διαφέρομεν; Εἰ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνάστασις, μακαρίσωμεν τὰ θηρία τοῦ ἀγροῦ τὸν ἄλυπον ἔχοντα βίον. Εἰ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνάστασις, οὐδὲ θεός ἐστιν οὐδὲ πρόνοια, αὐτομάτως δὲ πάντα ἄγονταί τε καὶ φέρονται. Ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁρῶμεν πλείστους δικαίους μὲν πενομένους καὶ ἀδικουμένους καὶ μηδεμιᾶς ἐν τῷ παρόντι βίῳ τυγχάνοντας ἀντιλήψεως, ἁμαρτωλοὺς δὲ καὶ ἀδίκους ἐν πλούτῳ καὶ πάσῃ τρυφῇ εὐθηνοῦντας. Καὶ τίς ἂν τοῦτο δικαιοκρισίας ἢ σοφῆς προνοίας ἔργον εὖ φρονῶν ὑπολάβοι; Ἔσται οὖν, ἔσται ἀνάστασις. Δίκαιος γὰρ ὁ θεὸς καὶ τοῖς ὑπομένουσιν αὐτὸν μισθαποδότης γίνεται. Εἰ μὲν οὖν ἡ ψυχὴ μόνη τοῖς τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀγῶσιν ἐνήθλησε, μόνη καὶ στεφανωθήσεται. Καὶ εἰ μόνη ταῖς ἡδοναῖς ἐνεκυλίσθη, μόνη δικαίως ἂν ἐκολάζετο: ἀλλ' ἐπεὶ μήτε τὴν ὕπαρξιν κεχωρισμένην ἔσχον μήτε τὴν ἀρετὴν μήτε τὴν κακίαν ἡ ψυχὴ μετῆλθε δίχα τοῦ σώματος, δικαίως ἄμφω ἅμα καὶ τῶν ἀμοιβῶν τεύξονται.

Μαρτυρεῖ δὲ καὶ ἡ θεία γραφή, ὅτι ἔσται σωμάτων ἀνάστασις. Φησὶ γοῦν ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Νῶε μετὰ τὸν κατακλυσμόν: «Ὡς λάχανα χόρτου δέδωκα ὑμῖν τὰ πάντα. Πλὴν κρέας ἐν αἵματι ψυχῆς οὐ φάγεσθε: καὶ γὰρ τὸ ὑμέτερον αἷμα τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ἐκζητήσω, ἐκ χειρὸς πάντων τῶν θηρίων ἐκζητήσω αὐτὸ καὶ ἐκ χειρὸς παντὸς ἀνθρώπου ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐκζητήσω τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ. Ὁ ἐκχέων αἷμα ἀνθρώπου, ἀντὶ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ ἐκχυθήσεται, ὅτι ἐν εἰκόνι θεοῦ ἐποίησα τὸν ἄνθρωπον». Πῶς ἐκζητήσει τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκ χειρὸς πάντων τῶν θηρίων, ἢ ὅτι ἀναστήσει τὰ σώματα τῶν ἀνθρώπων τῶν ἀποθνῃσκόντων; Οὐ γὰρ ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἀποθανεῖται τὰ θηρία. _καὶ πάλιν τῷ Μωσεῖ: «Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ θεὸς Ἀβραὰμ καὶ θεὸς Ἰσαὰκ καὶ θεὸς Ἰακώβ. Οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν θεὸς» τῶν ἀποθανόντων καὶ οὐκέτι ἐσομένων, ἀλλὰ ζώντων, ὧν αἱ ψυχαὶ μὲν ἐν χειρὶ αὐτοῦ ζῶσι, τὰ δὲ σώματα πάλιν διὰ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ζήσεται. Καὶ ὁ θεοπάτωρ Δαυίδ φησι πρὸς τὸν θεόν: «Ἀντανελεῖς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐκλείψουσι καὶ εἰς τὸν χοῦν αὐτῶν ἐπιστρέψουσιν». Ἰδοὺ περὶ τῶν σωμάτων ὁ λόγος. Εἶτα ἐπάγει: «Ἐξαποστελεῖς τὸ πνεῦμά σου, καὶ κτισθήσονται, καὶ ἀνακαινιεῖς τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γῆς». _καὶ Ἡσαΐας δέ: «Ἀναστήσονται οἱ νεκροί, καὶ ἐγερθήσονται οἱ ἐν τοῖς μνημείοις». Δῆλον δέ, ὡς οὐχ αἱ ψυχαὶ ἐν τοῖς μνημείοις τίθενται, ἀλλὰ τὰ σώματα. Καὶ ὁ μακάριος δὲ Ἰεζεκιήλ: «Καὶ ἐγένετο», φησίν, «ἐν τῷ με προφητεῦσαι, καὶ ἰδοὺ σεισμός, καὶ προσήγαγε τὰ ὀστᾶ, ὀστέον πρὸς ὀστέον, ἕκαστον πρὸς τὴν ἁρμονίαν αὐτοῦ. Καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐπεγένετο αὐτοῖς νεῦρα, καὶ σάρκες ἀνεφύοντο, καὶ ἀνέβαινεν ἐπ' αὐτὰ καὶ περιετάθη αὐτοῖς δέρματα ἐπάνωθεν». Εἶτα διδάσκει, πῶς κελευσθέντα ἐπανῆλθε τὰ πνεύματα. Καὶ ὁ θεῖος Δανιήλ: «Καὶ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ἀναστήσεται Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἄρχων ὁ μέγας ὁ ἑστηκὼς ἐπὶ τοὺς υἱοὺς τοῦ λαοῦ σου: καὶ ἔσται καιρὸς θλίψεως, θλῖψις, οἵα οὐ γέγονεν, ἀφ' οὗ γεγένηται ἔθνος ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, ἕως τοῦ καιροῦ ἐκείνου. Καὶ ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ σωθήσεται ὁ λαός σου, πᾶς ὁ εὑρεθεὶς γεγραμμένος ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ. Καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν καθευδόντων ἐν γῆς χώματι ἐγερθήσονται, οὗτοι εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον, καὶ οὗτοι εἰς ὀνειδισμὸν καὶ αἰσχύνην αἰώνιον. Καὶ οἱ συνιόντες ἐκλάμψουσιν ὡς ἡ λαμπρότης τοῦ στερεώματος, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν δικαίων τῶν πολλῶν ὡς οἱ ἀστέρες εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας καὶ ἔτι ἐκλάμψουσι». _«Πολλοὶ τῶν καθευδόντων ἐν γῆς χώματι», λέγων, «ἐξεγερθήσονται», δῆλον, ὡς ἀνάστασιν ἐμφαίνει σωμάτων: οὐ γὰρ δήπου τις φήσειε τὰς ψυχὰς ἐν γῆς χώματι καθεύδειν. Ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ ὁ κύριος ἐν τοῖς ἱεροῖς εὐαγγελίοις τὴν τῶν σωμάτων ἀριδήλως ἀνάστασιν παραδέδωκεν. «Ἀκούσονται» γάρ, φησίν, «οἱ ἐν τοῖς μνημείοις τῆς φωνῆς τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ ἐξελεύσονται οἱ τὰ ἀγαθὰ ποιήσαντες εἰς ἀνάστασιν ζωῆς, οἱ δὲ τὰ φαῦλα πράξαντες εἰς ἀνάστασιν κρίσεως». Ἐν τοῖς μνημείοις δὲ τὰς ψυχάς ποτε τῶν εὖ φρονούντων εἴποι τις ἄν;

Οὐ λόγῳ δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔργῳ τὴν τῶν σωμάτων ὁ κύριος ἀνάστασιν ἐφανέρωσε. Πρῶτον μὲν τεταρταῖον καὶ ἤδη φθαρέντα καὶ ὀδωδότα ἐγείρας τὸν Λάζαρον: οὐ ψυχὴν γὰρ ἐστερημένην σώματος, ἀλλὰ καὶ σῶμα σὺν τῇ ψυχῇ, καὶ οὐχ ἕτερον, ἀλλ' αὐτὸ τὸ φθαρὲν ἤγειρε. Πῶς γὰρ ἂν ἐγινώσκετο ἢ ἐπιστεύετο ἡ τοῦ τεθνεῶτος ἀνάστασις μὴ τῶν χαρακτηριστικῶν τῆς ὑποστάσεως ἰδιωμάτων ταύτην συνιστώντων; Ἀλλὰ Λάζαρον μὲν πρὸς ἔνδειξιν τῆς οἰκείας θεότητος καὶ πίστωσιν τῆς αὐτοῦ τε καὶ ἡμῶν ἀναστάσεως ἤγειρε, πάλιν ὑποστρέφειν μέλλοντα εἰς θάνατον. Αὐτὸς δὲ ὁ κύριος ἀπαρχὴ τῆς τελείας καὶ μηκέτι θανάτῳ ὑποπιπτούσης ἀναστάσεως γέγονε. Διὸ δὴ καὶ ὁ θεῖος ἀπόστολος Παῦλος ἔλεγεν: «Εἰ νεκροὶ οὐκ ἐγείρονται, οὐδὲ Χριστὸς ἐγήγερται. Ἄρα οὖν ματαία ἡ πίστις ἡμῶν: ἄρα ἔτι ἐσμὲν ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ἡμῶν», καὶ ὅτι «Χριστὸς ἐγήγερται, ἀπαρχὴ τῶν κεκοιμημένων», καί: «Πρωτότοκος ἐκ νεκρῶν», καὶ πάλιν: «Εἰ γὰρ πιστεύομεν, ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἀπέθανε καὶ ἀνέστη, οὕτως ὁ θεὸς τοὺς κοιμηθέντας διὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἄξει σὺν αὐτῷ». «Οὕτως» ἔφη, ὡς ὁ κύριος ἀνέστη.

Ὅτι δὲ ἡ τοῦ κυρίου ἀνάστασις σώματος ἀφθαρτισθέντος καὶ ψυχῆς ἕνωσις ἦν (ταῦτα γὰρ τὰ διαιρεθέντα), δῆλον: ἔφη γάρ: «Λύσατε τὸν ναόν, καὶ ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις οἰκοδομήσω αὐτόν». Μάρτυς δὲ ἀξιόπιστος τὸ ἱερὸν εὐαγγέλιον, ὡς περὶ τοῦ ἰδίου ἔλεγε σώματος. «Ψηλαφήσατέ με καὶ ἴδετε», φησὶ τοῖς οἰκείοις μαθηταῖς ὁ κύριος πνεῦμα δοκοῦσιν ὁρᾶν, «ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι καὶ οὐκ ἠλλοίωμαι: ὅτι πνεῦμα σάρκα καὶ ὀστέα οὐκ ἔχει, καθὼς ἐμὲ θεωρεῖτε ἔχοντα». «Καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τὴν πλευρὰν» καὶ τῷ Θωμᾷ προτείνει πρὸς ψηλάφησιν. Ἆρα οὐχ ἱκανὰ ταῦτα τὴν τῶν σωμάτων πιστώσασθαι ἀνάστασιν;

Πάλιν φησὶν ὁ θεῖος ἀπόστολος: «Δεῖ γὰρ τὸ φθαρτὸν τοῦτο ἐνδύσασθαι ἀφθαρσίαν, καὶ τὸ θνητὸν τοῦτο ἐνδύσασθαι ἀθανασίαν», καὶ πάλιν: «Σπείρεται ἐν φθορᾷ, ἐγείρεται ἐν ἀφθαρσίᾳ: σπείρεται ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ, ἐγείρεται ἐν δυνάμει: σπείρεται ἐν ἀτιμίᾳ, ἐγείρεται ἐν δόξῃ: σπείρεται σῶμα ψυχικὸν» ἤτοι παχύ τε καὶ θνητόν, «ἐγείρεται σῶμα πνευματικόν», ἄτρεπτον, ἀπαθές, λεπτόν: τοῦτο γὰρ σημαίνει τὸ «πνευματικόν», οἷον τὸ τοῦ κυρίου σῶμα μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν κεκλεισμένων τῶν θυρῶν διερχόμενον, ἀκοπίατον, τροφῆς, ὕπνου καὶ πόσεως ἀνενδεές. Ἔσονται γάρ, φησὶν ὁ κύριος, «ὡς οἱ ἄγγελοι τοῦ θεοῦ», οὐ γάμος ἔτι, οὐ τεκνογονία. Φησὶ γοῦν ὁ θεῖος ἀπόστολος: «Ἡμῶν γὰρ τὸ πολίτευμα ἐν οὐρανοῖς ὑπάρχει, ἐξ οὗ καὶ σωτῆρα ἀπεκδεχόμεθα κύριον Ἰησοῦν, ὃς καὶ μετασχηματίσει τὸ σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶν εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι αὐτὸ σύμμορφον τῷ σώματι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ», οὐ τὴν εἰς ἑτέραν μορφὴν μεταποίησιν λέγων_ἄπαγε_, τὴν ἐκ φθορᾶς δὲ μᾶλλον εἰς ἀφθαρσίαν ἐναλλαγήν.

«Ἀλλ' ἐρεῖ τις: Πῶς ἐγείρονται οἱ νεκροί;» Ὢ τῆς ἀπιστίας. Ὢ τῆς ἀφροσύνης. Ὁ χοῦν εἰς σῶμα βουλήσει μόνῃ μεταβαλών, ὁ μικρὰν ὕλης ῥανίδα τοῦ σπέρματος ἐν μήτρᾳ αὔξειν προστάξας καὶ τὸ πολυειδὲς τοῦτο καὶ πολύμορφον ἀποτελεῖν τοῦ σώματος ὄργανον, οὐχὶ μᾶλλον τὸ γεγονὸς καὶ διαρρυὲν ἀναστήσει πάλιν βουληθείς; «Ποίῳ δὲ σώματι ἔρχονται; Ἄφρον»: εἰ τοῖς τοῦ θεοῦ λόγοις οὐ πιστεύειν ἡ πώρωσις συγχωρεῖ, κἂν τοῖς ἔργοις πίστευε. «Σὺ γάρ, ὃ σπείρεις, οὐ ζωοποιεῖται, ἐὰν μὴ ἀποθάνῃ: καὶ ὃ σπείρεις, οὐ τὸ σῶμα τὸ γενησόμενον σπείρεις, ἀλλὰ γυμνὸν κόκκον, εἰ τύχοι, σίτου ἤ τινος τῶν λοιπῶν. Ὁ δὲ θεὸς αὐτῷ δίδωσι σῶμα, καθὼς ἠθέλησε, καὶ ἑκάστῳ τῶν σπερμάτων τὸ ἴδιον σῶμα». Θέασαι τοίνυν ὡς ἐν τάφοις ταῖς αὔλαξι τὰ σπέρματα καταχωννύμενα. Τίς ὁ τούτοις ῥίζας ἐντιθείς, καλάμην καὶ φύλλα, καὶ ἀστάχυας καὶ τοὺς λεπτοτάτους ἀνθέρικας; Οὐχ ὁ τῶν ὅλων δημιουργός; Οὐ τοῦ τὰ πάντα τεκτηναμένου τὸ πρόσταγμα; Οὕτω τοίνυν πίστευε καὶ τῶν νεκρῶν τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἔσεσθαι θείᾳ βουλήσει καὶ νεύματι: σύνδρομον γὰρ ἔχει τῇ βουλήσει τὴν δύναμιν.

Ἀναστησόμεθα τοιγαροῦν τῶν ψυχῶν πάλιν ἑνουμένων τοῖς σώμασιν ἀφθαρτιζομένοις καὶ ἀποδυομένοις τὴν φθορὰν καὶ παραστησόμεθα τῷ φοβερῷ τοῦ Χριστοῦ βήματι, καὶ παραδοθήσεται ὁ διάβολος καὶ οἱ δαίμονες αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος αὐτοῦ ἤγουν ὁ ἀντίχριστος καὶ οἱ ἀσεβεῖς καὶ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ εἰς τὸ πῦρ τὸ αἰώνιον, οὐχ ὑλικὸν οἷον τὸ παρ' ἡμῖν, ἀλλ' οἷον εἰδείη θεός. Οἱ δὲ τὰ ἀγαθὰ πράξαντες ἐκλάμψουσιν ὡς ὁ ἥλιος σὺν ἀγγέλοις εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον σὺν τῷ κυρίῳ ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ, ὁρῶντες αὐτὸν καὶ ὁρώμενοι καὶ ἄληκτον τὴν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ εὐφροσύνην καρπούμενοι.