Chapter XXII.—Concerning Passion and Energy.

Passion is a word with various meanings. It is used in regard to the body, and refers to diseases and wounds, and again, it is used in reference to the soul, and means desire and anger. But to speak broadly and generally, passion is an animal affection which is succeeded by pleasure and pain. For pain succeeds passion, but is not the same thing as passion. For passion is an affection of things without sense, but not so pain. Pain then is not passion, but the sensation of passion: and it must be considerable, that is to say, it must be great enough to come within the scope of sense.

Again, the definition of passions of the soul is this: Passion is a sensible activity of the appetitive faculty, depending on the presentation to the mind of something good or bad. Or in other words, passion is an irrational activity of the soul, resulting from the notion of something good or bad. For the notion of something good results in desire, and the notion of something bad results in anger. But passion considered as a class, that is, passion in general, is defined as a movement in one thing caused by another. Energy, on the other hand, is a drastic movement, and by “drastic” is meant that which is moved of itself. Thus, anger is the energy manifested by the part of the soul where anger resides, whereas passion involves the two divisions of the soul, and in addition the whole body when it is forcibly impelled to action by anger. For there has been caused movement in one thing caused by another, and this is called passion.

But in another sense energy is spoken of as passion. For energy is a movement in harmony with nature, whereas passion is a movement at variance with nature. According, then, to this view, energy may be spoken of as passion when it does not act in accord with nature, whether its movement is due to itself or to some other thing. Thus, in connection with the heart, its natural pulsation is energy, whereas its palpitation, which is an excessive and unnatural movement, is passion and not energy.

But it is not every activity of the passionate part of the soul that is called passion, but only the more violent ones, and such as are capable of causing sensation: for the minor and unperceived movements are certainly not passions. For to constitute passion there is necessary a considerable degree of force, and thus it is on this account that we add to the definition of passion that it is a sensible activity. For the lesser activities escape the notice of the senses, and do not cause passion.

Observe also that our soul possesses twofold faculties, those of knowledge, and those of life. The faculties of knowledge are mind, thought, notion, presentation, sensation: and the vital or appetitive faculties are will and choice. Now, to make what has been said clearer, let us consider these things more closely, and first let us take the faculties of knowledge.

Presentation and sensation then have already been sufficiently discussed above. It is sensation that causes a passion, which is called presentation, to arise in the soul, and from presentation comes notion. Thereafter thought, weighing the truth or falseness of the notion, determines what is true: and this explains the Greek word for thought, διάνοια, which is derived from διανοεῖν, meaning to think and discriminate. That, however, which is judged441    Cf. 1 Cor. i. 10. and determined to be true, is spoken of as mind.

Or to put it otherwise: The primary activity of the mind, observe, is intelligence, but intelligence applied to any object is called a thought, and when this persists and makes on the mind an impression of the object of thought, it is named reflection, and when reflection dwells on the same object and puts itself to the test, and closely examines the relation of the thought to the soul, it gets the name prudence. Further, prudence, when it extends its area forms the power of reasoning, and is called conception, and this is defined as the fullest activity of the soul, arising in that part where reason resides, and being devoid of outward expression: and from it proceeds the uttered word spoken by the tongue. And now that we have discussed the faculties of knowledge, let us turn to the vital or appetitive faculties.

It should be understood that there is implanted in the soul by nature a faculty of desiring that which is in harmony with its nature, and of maintaining in close union all that belongs essentially to its nature: and this power is called will or θέλησις. For the essence both of existence and of living yearns after activity both as regards mind and sense, and in this it merely longs to realise its own natural and perfect being. And so this definition also is given of this natural will: will is an appetite, both rational and vital, depending only on what is natural. So that will442    Max. ad Marin. et ad Incert. p. 98. is nothing else than the natural and vital and rational appetite of all things that go to constitute nature, that is, just the simple faculty. For the appetite of creatures without reason, since it is irrational, is not called will.

Again βούλησις or wish is a sort of natural will, that is to say, a natural and rational appetite for some definite thing. For there is seated in the soul of man a faculty of rational desire. When, then, this rational desire directs itself naturally to some definite object it is called wish. For wish is rational desire and longing for some definite thing.

Wish, however, is used both in connection with what is within our power, and in connection with what is outside our power, that is, both with regard to the possible and the impossible. For we wish often to indulge lust or to be temperate, or to sleep and the like, and these are within our power to accomplish, and possible. But we wish also to be kings, and this is not within our power, or we wish perchance never to die, and this is an impossibility.

The wish443    τὸ βουλητόν., then, has reference to the end alone, and not to the means by which the end is attained. The end is the object of our wish, for instance, to be a king or to enjoy good health: but the means by which the end is attained, that is to say, the manner in which we ought to enjoy good health, or reach the rank of king, are the objects of deliberation444    Max. Dial. cum Pyrrh. et Epist. 1 ad Marin.. Then after wish follow inquiry and speculation (ζήτησις and σκέψις), and after these, if the object is anything within our power, comes counsel or deliberation (βουλή or βούλευσις): counsel is an appetite for investigating lines of action lying within our own power. For one deliberates, whether one ought to prosecute any matter or not, and next, one decides which is the better, and this is called judgment (κρίσις). Thereafter, one becomes disposed to and forms a liking for that in favour of which deliberation gave judgment, and this is called inclination (γνώμη). For should one form a judgment and not be disposed to or form a liking for the object of that judgment, it is not called inclination. Then, again, after one has become so disposed, choice or selection (προαίρεσις and ἐπιλογή) comes into play. For choice consists in the choosing and selecting of one of two possibilities in preference to the other. Then one is impelled to action, and this is called impulse (ὁρμή): and thereafter it is brought into employment, and this is called use (χρῆσις). The last stage after we have enjoyed the use is cessation from desire.

In the case, however, of creatures without reason, as soon as appetite is roused for anything, straightway arises impulse to action. For the appetite of creatures without reason is irrational, and they are ruled by their natural appetite. Hence, neither the names of will or wish are applicable to the appetite of creatures without reason. For will is rational, free and natural desire, and in the case of man, endowed with reason as he is, the natural appetite is ruled rather than rules. For his actions are free, and depend upon reason, since the faculties of knowledge and life are bound up together in man. He is free in desire, free in wish, free in examination and investigation, free in deliberation, free in judgment, free in inclination, free in choice, free in impulse, and free in action where that is in accordance with nature.

But in the case of God445    Thomas Aquinas (1—2, Quæst. 4, a. 1 and 2) lays down the position in accordance with John of Damascus, that there is no “counsel” in God quatenus est appetitus inquisitivus, but that there is quantum ad certitudinem judicii. Basil (Hexaëm. Hom. 1), arguing against the ancient philosophers who taught that the world was made ἀπροαιρέτως, affirms “counsel” in God in the latter sense., it is to be remembered, we speak of wish, but it is not correct to speak of choice. For God does not deliberate, since that is a mark of ignorance, and no one deliberates about what he knows. But if counsel is a mark of ignorance, surely choice446    Max., Epist. 1 ad Marin. must also be so. God, then, since He has absolute knowledge of everything, does not deliberate447    Text, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς πάντα εἰδὼς ἁπλῶς, οὐ βουλεύεται. Various reading is, ὁ δὲ Θεὸς πάντα αἰδὼς ἁπλῶς βούλεται..

Nor in the case of the soul of the Lord do we speak of counsel or choice, seeing that He had no part in ignorance. For, although He was of a nature that is not cognisant of the future, yet because of His oneness in subsistence with God the Word, He had knowledge of all things, and that not by grace, but, as we have said, because He was one in subsistence448    Max., Dial. cum Pyrrh.. For He Himself was both God and Man, and hence He did not possess the will that acts by opinion449    διὸ οὐδὲ γνωμικὸν εἶχε θέλημα. or disposition. While He did possess the natural and simple will which is to be observed equally in all the personalities of men, His holy soul had not opinion450    γνωμήν. (or, disposition) that is to say, no inclination opposed to His divine will, nor aught else contrary to His divine will. For opinion (or, disposition) differs as persons differ, except in the case of the holy and simple and uncompound and indivisible Godhead451    v. infr., lib. iii. ch. 14.. There, indeed, since the subsistences are in nowise divided or separated, neither is the object of will divided. And there, since there is but one nature, there is also but one natural will. And again, since the subsistences are unseparated, the three subsistences have also one object of will, and one activity. In the case of men, however, seeing that their nature is one, their natural will is also one, but since their subsistences452    Or, personalities. are separated and divided from each other, alike in place and time, and disposition to things, and in many other respects, for this reason their acts of will and their opinions are different. But in the case of our Lord Jesus Christ, since He possesses different natures, His natural wills, that is, His volitional faculties belonging to Him as God and as Man are also different. But since the subsistence is one, and He Who exercises the will is one, the object of the will,453    Text, θελητόν, as given by Faber. Variant, θελητικόν. that is, the gnomic will454    τὸ γνωμικὸν θέλημα, the will of individual opinion, or, the dispositional will., is also one, His human will evidently following His divine will, and willing that which the divine will willed it to will.

Further note, that will (θέλησις) and wish (βούλησις) are two different things: also the object of will (τὸ θελητόν) and the capacity for will (θελητικόν), and the subject that exercises will (ὁ θέλων), are all different. For will is just the simple faculty of willing, whereas wish is will directed to some definite object. Again, the object of will is the matter underlying the will, that is to say, the thing that we will: for instance, when appetite is roused for food. The appetite pure and simple, however, is a rational will. The capacity for will, moreover, means that which possesses the volitional faculty, for example, man. Further, the subject that exercises will is the actual person who makes use of will.

The word τὸ θελήμα, it is well to note, sometimes denotes the will, that is, the volitional faculty, and in this sense we speak of natural will: and sometimes it denotes the object of will, and we speak of will (θέλημα γνωμικόν) depending on inclination455    Or, acting by opinion, or disposition..

Περὶ πάθους καὶ ἐνεργείας

Τὸ πάθος ὁμωνύμως λέγεται: λέγεται γὰρ πάθος καὶ τὸ σωματικὸν ὡς τὰ νοσήματα καὶ τὰ ἕλκη, λέγεται πάλιν πάθος καὶ τὸ ψυχικόν, ἥ τε ἐπιθυμία καὶ ὁ θυμός. Ἔστι δὲ κοινῶς μὲν καὶ γενικῶς πάθος ζῴου, ᾧ ἕπεται ἡδονὴ καὶ λύπη: ἕπεται γὰρ τῷ πάθει λύπη. Καὶ οὐκ αὐτὸ τὸ πάθος ἐστὶ λύπη: τὰ γὰρ ἀναίσθητα πάσχοντα οὐκ ἀλγεῖ. Οὐκ ἄρα τὸ πάθος ἐστὶν ἄλγημα, ἀλλ' ἡ τοῦ πάθους αἴσθησις. Δεῖ δὲ τοῦτο ἀξιόλογον εἶναι ἤγουν μέγα, ἵνα τῇ αἰσθήσει ὑποπέσῃ.

Τῶν δὲ ψυχικῶν παθῶν ὅρος ἐστὶν οὗτος: Πάθος ἐστὶ κίνησις τῆς ὀρεκτικῆς δυνάμεως αἰσθητὴ ἐπὶ φαντασίᾳ ἀγαθοῦ ἢ κακοῦ. Καὶ ἄλλως: Πάθος ἐστὶ κίνησις ἄλογος τῆς ψυχῆς δι' ὑπόληψιν καλοῦ ἢ κακοῦ. Ἡ μὲν ὑπόληψις τοῦ καλοῦ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν κινεῖ, ἡ δὲ τοῦ κακοῦ ὑπόληψις τὸν θυμόν. Τὸ δὲ γενικὸν ἤγουν κοινὸν πάθος οὕτως ὁρίζονται: Πάθος ἐστὶ κίνησις ἐν ἑτέρῳ ἐξ ἑτέρου. Ἐνέργεια δέ ἐστι κίνησις δραστική: δραστικὸν δὲ λέγεται τὸ ἐξ αὑτοῦ κινούμενον. Οὕτως καὶ ὁ θυμὸς ἐνέργεια μέν ἐστι τοῦ θυμοειδοῦς, πάθος δὲ τῶν δύο μερῶν, τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ προσέτι παντὸς τοῦ σώματος, ὅταν ὑπὸ τοῦ θυμοῦ βιαίως ἄγηται πρὸς τὰς πράξεις: ἐξ ἑτέρου γὰρ ἐν ἑτέρῳ γέγονεν ἡ κίνησις, ὅπερ λέγεται πάθος. Καὶ καθ' ἕτερον δὲ τρόπον ἡ ἐνέργεια πάθος λέγεται: ἐνέργεια μὲν γάρ ἐστι κατὰ φύσιν κίνησις, πάθος δὲ παρὰ φύσιν. Κατὰ τοῦτον οὖν τὸν λόγον ἡ ἐνέργεια πάθος λέγεται, ὅταν μὴ κατὰ φύσιν κινῆται, εἴτε ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ, εἴτε ἐξ ἑτέρου. Τῆς οὖν καρδίας ἡ μὲν κατὰ τοὺς σφυγμοὺς κίνησις φυσικὴ οὖσα ἐνέργειά ἐστιν, ἡ δὲ κατὰ τοὺς παλμοὺς ἄμετρος οὖσα καὶ οὐ κατὰ φύσιν πάθος ἐστὶ καὶ οὐκ ἐνέργεια.

Οὐ πᾶσα δὲ κίνησις τοῦ παθητικοῦ πάθος καλεῖται, ἀλλ' αἱ σφοδρότεραι καὶ εἰς αἴσθησιν προβαίνουσαι: αἱ γὰρ μικραὶ καὶ ἀνεπαίσθητοι οὐδέπω πάθη εἰσί: δεῖ γὰρ ἔχειν τὸ πάθος καὶ μέγεθος ἀξιόλογον. Διὸ πρόσκειται τῷ ὅρῳ τοῦ πάθους κίνησις αἰσθητή: αἱ γὰρ μικραὶ κινήσεις λανθάνουσαι τὴν αἴσθησιν οὐ ποιοῦσι πάθος.

Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὅτι ἡ ἡμετέρα ψυχὴ διττὰς ἔχει τὰς δυνάμεις, τὰς μὲν γνωστικάς, τὰς δὲ ζωτικάς. Καὶ γνωστικαὶ μέν εἰσι νοῦς, διάνοια, δόξα, φαντασία, αἴσθησις, ζωτικαὶ δὲ ἤγουν ὀρεκτικαὶ βούλησις καὶ προαίρεσις. Ἵνα δὲ σαφέστερον γένηται τὸ λεγόμενον, λεπτολογήσωμεν τὰ περὶ τούτων. Καὶ πρῶτον περὶ τῶν γνωστικῶν εἴπωμεν.

Περὶ μὲν οὖν φαντασίας καὶ αἰσθήσεως ἱκανῶς ἤδη ἐν τοῖς προλελεγμένοις εἴρηται. Διὰ τῆς αἰσθήσεως τοίνυν ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ συνίσταται πάθος, ὃ καλεῖται φαντασία: ἐκ δὲ τῆς φαντασίας γίνεται δόξα. Εἶτα ἡ διάνοια ἀνακρίνασα τὴν δόξαν, εἴτε ἀληθής ἐστιν εἴτε ψευδής, κρίνει τὸ ἀληθές: ὅθεν καὶ διάνοια λέγεται ἀπὸ τοῦ διανοεῖν καὶ διακρίνειν. Τὸ οὖν κριθὲν καὶ ὁρισθὲν ἀληθὲς νοῦς λέγεται.

Ἄλλως δέ: Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὅτι ἡ μὲν πρώτη τοῦ νοῦ κίνησις νόησις λέγεται. Ἡ δὲ περί τι νόησις ἔννοια λέγεται, ἥτις ἐπιμείνασα καὶ τυπώσασα τὴν ψυχὴν πρὸς τὸ νοούμενον ἐνθύμησις προσαγορεύεται. Ἡ δὲ ἐνθύμησις ἐν ταὐτῷ μείνασα καὶ ἑαυτὴν βασανίσασα καὶ ἀνακρίνασα φρόνησις ὀνομάζεται. Ἡ δὲ φρόνησις πλατυνθεῖσα ποιεῖ τὸν διαλογισμὸν ἐνδιάθετον λόγον ὀνομαζόμενον, ὃν ὁριζόμενοί φασι: κίνημα ψυχῆς πληρέστατον, ἐν τῷ διαλογιστικῷ γινόμενον ἄνευ τινὸς ἐκφωνήσεως, ἐξ οὗ τὸν προφορικὸν λόγον φασὶ προέρχεσθαι διὰ γλώσσης λαλούμενον. Εἰπόντες τοίνυν περὶ τῶν γνωστικῶν δυνάμεων εἴπωμεν καὶ περὶ τῶν ζωτικῶν ἤγουν ὀρεκτικῶν.

Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὅτι τῇ ψυχῇ ἐνέσπαρται φυσικῶς δύναμις ὀρεκτικὴ τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν ὄντος καὶ πάντων τῶν οὐσιωδῶς τῇ φύσει προσόντων συνεκτική, ἥτις λέγεται θέλησις: ἡ μὲν γὰρ οὐσία τοῦ τε εἶναι καὶ ζῆν καὶ κινεῖσθαι κατὰ νοῦν τε καὶ αἴσθησιν ὀρέγεται τῆς οἰκείας ἐφιεμένη φυσικῆς καὶ πλήρους ὀντότητος. Διόπερ καὶ οὕτως ὁρίζονται τοῦτο τὸ φυσικὸν θέλημα: Θέλημά ἐστιν ὄρεξις λογική τε καὶ ζωτικὴ μόνων ἠρτημένη τῶν φυσικῶν. Ὥστε ἡ μὲν θέλησίς ἐστιν αὐτὴ ἡ φυσικὴ καὶ λογικὴ ὄρεξις, ἡ ἁπλῆ δύναμις: ἡ γὰρ τῶν ἀλόγων ὄρεξις μὴ οὖσα λογικὴ οὐ λέγεται θέλησις.

Βούλησις δέ ἐστι ποιὰ φυσικὴ θέλησις ἤγουν φυσικὴ καὶ λογικὴ ὄρεξίς τινος πράγματος. Ἔγκειται μὲν γὰρ τῇ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ψυχῇ δύναμις τοῦ λογικῶς ὀρέγεσθαι. Ὅτε οὖν φυσικῶς κινηθῇ αὕτη ἡ λογικὴ ὄρεξις πρός τι πρᾶγμα, λέγεται βούλησις: βούλησις γάρ ἐστιν ὄρεξις καὶ ἔφεσίς τινος πράγματος λογική.

Λέγεται δὲ βούλησις καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν, τουτέστι καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν δυνατῶν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀδυνάτων. Βουλόμεθα γὰρ πολλάκις πορνεῦσαι ἢ σωφρονῆσαι ἢ ὑπνῶσαι ἤ τι τῶν τοιούτων: καὶ ταῦτα τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν εἰσι καὶ δυνατά. Βουλόμεθα δὲ καὶ βασιλεῦσαι: τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστι τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν. Βουλόμεθα δὲ τυχὸν καὶ μηδέποτε ἀποθανεῖν: τοῦτο τῶν ἀδυνάτων ἐστίν.

Ἔστι δὲ ἡ βούλησις τοῦ τέλους, οὐ τῶν πρὸς τὸ τέλος. Τέλος μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ βουλητὸν ὡς τὸ βασιλεῦσαι, ὡς τὸ ὑγιᾶναι: πρὸς τὸ τέλος δὲ τὸ βουλευτὸν ἤγουν ὁ τρόπος, δι' οὗ ὀφείλομεν ὑγιᾶναι ἢ βασιλεῦσαι: εἶτα μετὰ τὴν βούλησιν ζήτησις καὶ σκέψις. Καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα, εἰ τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἐστι, γίνεται βουλὴ ἤγουν βούλευσις. Βουλὴ δέ ἐστιν ὄρεξις ζητητικὴ περὶ τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν πρακτῶν γινομένη: βουλεύεται γάρ, εἰ ὤφειλε μετελθεῖν τὸ πρᾶγμα ἢ οὔ. Εἶτα κρίνει τὸ κρεῖττον, καὶ λέγεται κρίσις. Εἶτα διατίθεται καὶ ἀγαπᾷ τὸ ἐκ τῆς βουλῆς κριθέν, καὶ λέγεται γνώμη: ἐὰν γὰρ κρίνῃ καὶ μὴ διατεθῇ πρὸς τὸ κριθὲν ἤγουν ἀγαπήσῃ αὐτό, οὐ λέγεται γνώμη. Εἶτα μετὰ τὴν διάθεσιν γίνεται προαίρεσις ἤγουν ἐπιλογή: προαίρεσις γάρ ἐστι δύο προκειμένων τὸ αἱρεῖσθαι καὶ ἐκλέγεσθαι τοῦτο πρὸ τοῦ ἑτέρου. Εἶτα ὁρμᾷ πρὸς τὴν πρᾶξιν, καὶ λέγεται ὁρμή. Εἶτα κέχρηται, καὶ λέγεται χρῆσις. Εἶτα παύεται τῆς ὀρέξεως μετὰ τὴν χρῆσιν.

Ἐπὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἀλόγων ὄρεξις γίνεταί τινος, καὶ εὐθέως ὁρμὴ πρὸς τὴν πρᾶξιν: ἄλογος γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ὄρεξις τῶν ἀλόγων, καὶ ἄγονται ὑπὸ τῆς φυσικῆς ὀρέξεως. Διὸ οὐδὲ θέλησις λέγεται ἡ τῶν ἀλόγων ὄρεξις οὐδὲ βούλησις: θελήσις γάρ ἐστι λογικὴ καὶ αὐτεξούσιος φυσικὴ ὄρεξις. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων λογικῶν ὄντων ἄγεται μᾶλλον ἡ φυσικὴ ὄρεξις ἤπερ ἄγει: αὐτεξουσίως γὰρ καὶ μετὰ λόγου κινεῖται, ἐπειδὴ συνεζευγμέναι εἰσὶν αἱ γνωστικαὶ καὶ ζωτικαὶ δυνάμεις ἐν αὐτῷ. Αὐτεξουσίως οὖν ὀρέγεται καὶ αὐτεξουσίως βούλεται καὶ αὐτεξουσίως ζητεῖ καὶ σκέπτεται καὶ αὐτεξουσίως βουλεύεται καὶ αὐτεξουσίως κρίνει καὶ αὐτεξουσίως διατίθεται καὶ αὐτεξουσίως προαιρεῖται καὶ αὐτεξουσίως ὁρμᾷ καὶ αὐτεξουσίως πράττει ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ φύσιν ὄντων.

Χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὅτι ἐπὶ θεοῦ βούλησιν μὲν λέγομεν, προαίρεσιν δὲ κυρίως οὐ λέγομεν: οὐ γὰρ βουλεύεται ὁ θεός. Ἀγνοίας γάρ ἐστι τὸ βουλεύεσθαι: περὶ γὰρ τοῦ γινωσκομένου οὐδεὶς βουλεύεται. Εἰ δὲ ἡ βουλὴ ἀγνοίας, πάντως καὶ ἡ προαίρεσις. Ὁ δὲ θεὸς πάντα εἰδὼς ἁπλῶς οὐ βουλεύεται.

Οὔτε δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς τοῦ κυρίου ψυχῆς φαμεν βουλὴν ἢ προαίρεσιν: οὐ γὰρ εἶχεν ἄγνοιαν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ τῆς ἀγνοούσης τὰ μέλλοντα φύσεως ἦν, ἀλλ' ὅμως καθ' ὑπόστασιν ἑνωθεῖσα τῷ θεῷ λόγῳ πάντων τὴν γνῶσιν εἶχεν οὐ χάριτι, ἀλλ', ὡς εἴρηται, διὰ τὴν καθ' ὑπόστασιν ἕνωσιν: ὁ αὐτὸς γὰρ ἦν καὶ θεὸς καὶ ἄνθρωπος. Διὸ οὐδὲ γνωμικὸν εἶχε θέλημα. Θέλησιν μὲν γὰρ εἶχε τὴν φυσικὴν, τὴν ἁπλῆν, τὴν ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὑποστάσεσι τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὁμοίως θεωρουμένην, τὴν δὲ γνώμην ἤγουν τὸ θελητὸν οὐκ εἶχεν ἡ ἁγία αὐτοῦ ψυχὴ ἐναντίον τοῦ θείου αὐτοῦ θελήματος οὐδὲ ἄλλο παρὰ τὸ θεῖον αὐτοῦ θέλημα. Ἡ γὰρ γνώμη συνδιαιρεῖται ταῖς ὑποστάσεσι πλὴν τῆς ἁγίας καὶ ἁπλῆς καὶ ἀσυνθέτου καὶ ἀδιαιρέτου θεότητος: ἐκεῖ γὰρ τῶν ὑποστάσεων μὴ εἰς ἅπαν διαιρουμένων καὶ διισταμένων οὐδὲ τὸ θελητὸν διαιρεῖται. Κἀκεῖ μέν, ἐπειδὴ μία ἡ φύσις, μία καὶ ἡ φυσικὴ θέλησις: ἐπειδὴ δὲ καὶ αἱ ὑποστάσεις ἀδιάστατοί εἰσιν, ἓν καὶ τὸ θελητὸν καὶ μία ἡ κίνησις τῶν τριῶν ὑποστάσεων. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐπειδὴ μὲν ἡ φύσις μία, μία καὶ ἡ φυσικὴ θέλησις: ἐπειδὴ δὲ αἱ ὑποστάσεις κεχωρισμέναι εἰσὶ καὶ διεστήκασιν ἀλλήλων κατά τε τόπον καὶ χρόνον καὶ τὴν πρὸς τὰ πράγματα διάθεσιν καὶ ἕτερα πλεῖστα, τούτου ἕνεκα διάφορα τὰ θελήματα καὶ αἱ γνῶμαι. Ἐπὶ δὲ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἐπειδὴ μὲν διάφοροι αἱ φύσεις, διάφοροι καὶ αἱ θελήσεις αἱ φυσικαὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ θεότητος καὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ ἀνθρωπότητος ἤγουν αἱ θελητικαὶ δυνάμεις: ἐπειδὴ δὲ μία ἡ ὑπόστασις καὶ εἷς ὁ θέλων, ἓν καὶ τὸ θελητὸν ἤγουν τὸ γνωμικὸν θέλημα, τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης αὐτοῦ θελήσεως ἑπομένης δηλαδὴ τῇ θείᾳ αὐτοῦ θελήσει καὶ ταῦτα θελούσης, ἃ ἡ θεία αὐτοῦ ἤθελε θέλησις.

Χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὡς ἕτερον μέν ἐστιν ἡ θέλησις, ἕτερον δὲ βούλησις, ἕτερον δὲ τὸ θελητὸν καὶ ἕτερον τὸ θελητικὸν καὶ ἕτερον ὁ θέλων. Θέλησις μὲν γάρ ἐστιν αὐτὴ ἡ ἁπλῆ δύναμις τοῦ θέλειν, βούλησις δὲ ἡ περί τι θέλησις, θελητὸν δὲ τὸ ὑποκείμενον τῇ θελήσει πρᾶγμα ἤγουν ὅπερ θέλομεν (οἷον κινεῖται ἡ ὄρεξις πρὸς βρῶσιν: ἡ μὲν ἁπλῶς ὄρεξις ἡ λογικὴ θέλησίς ἐστιν, ἡ δὲ πρὸς βρῶσιν ὄρεξις βούλησίς ἐστιν, αὐτὴ δὲ ἡ βρῶσις θελητόν ἐστι), θελητικὸν δὲ τὸ ἔχον τὴν θελητικὴν δύναμιν οἷον ὁ ἄνθρωπος, θέλων δὲ αὐτὸς ὁ κεχρημένος τῇ θελήσει.

Δεῖ εἰδέναι, ὡς τὸ θέλημα ποτὲ μὲν τὴν θέλησιν δηλοῖ ἤτοι τὴν θελητικὴν δύναμιν καὶ λέγεται θέλημα φυσικόν, ποτὲ δὲ τὸ θελητὸν καὶ λέγεται θέλημα γνωμικόν.