Chapter XXVI.—Concerning Events473    περὶ τῶν γινομένων..

Of events474    Nemes., ch. 40., some are in our hands, others are not. Those then are in our hands which we are free to do or not to do at our will, that is all actions that are done voluntarily (for those actions are not called voluntary the doing of which is not in our hands), and in a word, all that are followed by blame or praise and depend on motive and law. Strictly all mental475    τὰ ψυχικὰ πάντα. and deliberative acts are in our hands. Now deliberation is concerned with equal possibilities: and an ‘equal possibility’ is an action that is itself within our power and its opposite, and our mind makes choice of the alternatives, and this is the origin of action. The actions, therefore, that are in our hands are these equal possibilities: e.g. to be moved or not to be moved, to hasten or not to hasten, to long for unnecessaries or not to do so, to tell lies or not to tell lies, to give or not to give, to rejoice or not to rejoice as fits the occasion, and all such actions as imply virtue or vice in their performance, for we are free to do or not to do these at our pleasure. Amongst equal possibilities also are included the arts, for we have it in our power to cultivate these or not as we please.

Note, however, that while the choice of what is to be done is ever in our power, the action itself often is prevented by some dispensation of the divine Providence476    Nemes., ch. 37..

Περὶ τῶν γινομένων

Τῶν γινομένων τὰ μέν εἰσιν ἐφ' ἡμῖν, τὰ δὲ οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν. Ἐφ' ἡμῖν μὲν οὖν εἰσιν, ὧν ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν αὐτεξούσιοι ποιεῖν τε καὶ μὴ ποιεῖν, τουτέστι πάντα τὰ δι' ἡμῶν ἑκουσίως πραττόμενα (οὐ γὰρ ἑκουσίως ἐλέγετο πράττεσθαι τῆς πράξεως οὐκ οὔσης ἐφ' ἡμῖν) καὶ ἁπλῶς, οἷς ἕπεται ψόγος ἢ ἔπαινος καὶ ἐφ' οἷς ἐστι προτροπὴ καὶ νόμος. Κυρίως δὲ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἐστι τὰ ψυχικὰ πάντα καὶ περὶ ὧν βουλευόμεθα: ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τῶν ἐπίσης ἐνδεχομένων ἐστίν. Ἐπίσης δὲ ἐνδεχόμενόν ἐστιν, ὃ αὐτό τε δυνάμεθα, καὶ τὸ ἀντικείμενον αὐτῷ: ποιεῖται δὲ τούτου τὴν αἵρεσιν ὁ νοῦς ὁ ἡμέτερος, καὶ οὗτός ἐστιν ἀρχὴ πράξεως. Ταῦτα τοίνυν ἐστὶ τὰ ἐφ' ἡμῖν, τὰ ἐπίσης ἐνδεχόμενα, οἷον τὸ κινεῖσθαι καὶ μὴ κινεῖσθαι, ὁρμᾶν καὶ μὴ ὁρμᾶν, ὀρέγεσθαι τῶν μὴ ἀναγκαίων καὶ μὴ ὀρέγεσθαι, ψεύδεσθαι καὶ μὴ ψεύδεσθαι, διδόναι καὶ μὴ διδόναι, χαίρειν ἐφ' οἷς δεῖ καὶ μὴ χαίρειν ὁμοίως καὶ ἐφ' οἷς οὐ δεῖ, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, ἐν οἷς ἐστι τὰ τῆς ἀρετῆς καὶ τῆς κακίας ἔργα: τούτων γάρ ἐσμεν αὐτεξούσιοι. Τῶν δὲ ἐπίσης ἐνδεχομένων εἰσὶ καὶ αἱ τέχναι: ἐφ' ἡμῖν γάρ ἐστι μετελθεῖν, ἣν ἂν θελήσωμεν, καὶ μὴ μετελθεῖν.

Χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὡς ἡ μὲν αἵρεσις τῶν πρακτῶν ἀεὶ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἐστιν: ἡ δὲ πρᾶξις πολλάκις κωλύεται κατά τινα τρόπον τῆς προνοίας.