Augustine of Hippo, Letters

1. In reading the letter of your Excellency, in which you have overthrown the worship of idols and the ritual of their temples,935 Letter XCI. p. 376. I seemed to myself to hear the voice of a philosopher, not of such a philosopher as the academician of whom they say, that having neither new doctrine to propound nor earlier statements of his own to defend, he was wont to sit in gloomy corners on the ground absorbed in some deep reverie, with his knees drawn back to his forehead, and his head buried between them, contriving how he might as a detractor assail the discoveries or cavil at the statements by which others had earned renown; nay, the form which rose under the spell of your eloquence and stood before my eyes was rather that of the great statesman Cicero, who, having been crowned with laurels for saving the lives of many of his countrymen, carried the trophies won in his forensic victories into the wondering schools of Greek philosophy, when, as one pausing for breath, he laid down the trumpet of sonorous voice and language which he had blown with blast of just indignation against those who had broken the laws and conspired against the life of the republic, and, adopting the fashion of the Grecian mantle, unfastened and threw back over his shoulders the toga’s ample folds.

2. I therefore listened with pleasure when you urged us to the worship and religion of the only supreme God; and when you counselled us to look to our heavenly fatherland, I received the exhortation with joy. For you were obviously speaking to me not of any city confined by encircling ramparts, nor of that commonwealth on this earth which the writings of philosophers have mentioned and declared to have all mankind as its citizens, but of that City which is inhabited and possessed by the great God, and by the spirits which have earned this recompense from Him, to which, by diverse roads and pathways, all religions aspire,—the City which we are not able in language to describe, but which perhaps we might by thinking apprehend. But while this City ought therefore to be, above all others, desired and loved, I am nevertheless of opinion that we are bound not to prove unfaithful to our own native land,—the land which first imparted to us the enjoyment of the light of day, in which we were nursed and educated, and (to pass to what is specially relevant in this case) the land by rendering services to which men obtain a home prepared for them in heaven after the death of the body; for, in the opinion of the most learned, promotion to that celestial City is granted to those men who have deserved well of the cities which gave them birth, and a higher experience of fellowship with God is the portion of those who are proved to have contributed by their counsels or by their labours to the welfare of their native land.

As to the remark which you were pleased wittily to make regarding our town, that it has been made conspicuous not so much by the achievements of warriors as by the conflagrations of incendiaries, and that it has produced thorns rather than flowers, this is not the severest reproof that might have been given, for we know that flowers are for the most part borne on thorny bushes. For who does not know that even roses grow on briars, and that in the bearded heads of grain the ears are guarded by spikes, and that, in general, pleasant and painful things are found blended together?

3. The last statement in your Excellency’s letter was, that neither capital punishment nor bloodshed is demanded in order to compensate for the wrong done to the Church, but that the offenders must be deprived of the possessions which they most fear to lose. But in my deliberate judgment, though, of course, I may be mistaken, it is a more grievous thing to be deprived of one’s property than to be deprived of life. For, as you know, it is an observation frequently recurring in the whole range of literature, that death terminates the experience of all evils, but that a life of indigence only confers upon us an eternity of wretchedness; for it is worse to live miserably than to put an end to our miseries by death. This fact, also, is declared by the whole nature and method of your work, in which you support the poor, minister healing to the diseased, and apply remedies to the bodies of those who are in pain, and, in short, make it your business to prevent the afflicted from feeling the protracted continuance of their sufferings.

Again, as to the degree of demerit in the faults of some as compared with others, it is of no importance what the quality of the fault may seem to be in a case in which forgiveness is craved. For, in the first place, if penitence procures forgiveness and expiates the crime—and surely he is penitent who begs pardon and humbly embraces the feet of the party whom he has offended—and if, moreover, as is the opinion of some philosophers, all faults are alike, pardon ought to be bestowed upon all without distinction. One of our citizens may have spoken somewhat rudely: this was a fault; another may have perpetrated an insult or an injury: this was equally a fault; another may have violently taken what was not his own: this is reckoned a crime; another may have attacked buildings devoted to secular or to sacred purposes: he ought not to be for this crime placed beyond the reach of pardon. Finally, there would be no occasion for pardon if there were no foregoing faults.

4. Having now replied to your letter, not as the letter deserved, but to the best of my ability, such as it is, I beg and implore you (oh that I were in your presence, that you might also see my tears!) to consider again and again who you are, what is your professed character, and what is the business to which your life is devoted. Reflect upon the appearance presented by a town from which men doomed to torture are dragged forth; think of the lamentations of mothers and wives, of sons and of fathers; think of the shame felt by those who may return, set at liberty indeed, but having undergone the torture; think what sorrow and groaning the sight of their wounds and scars must renew. And when you have pondered all these things, first think of God, and think of your good name among men; or rather think of what friendly charity and the bonds of common humanity require at your hands, and seek to be praised not by punishing but by pardoning the offenders. And such things may indeed be said regarding your treatment of those whom actual guilt condemns on their own confession: to these persons you have, out of regard to your religion, granted pardon; and for this I shall always praise you. But now it is scarcely possible to express the greatness of that cruelty which pursues the innocent, and summons those to stand trial on a capital charge of whom it is certain that they had no share in the crimes alleged. If it so happen that they are acquitted, consider, I beseech you, with what ill-will their acquittal must be regarded by their accusers who of their own accord dismissed the guilty from the bar, but let the innocent go only when they were defeated in their attempts against them.

May the supreme God be your keeper, and preserve you as a bulwark of His religion and an ornament to our country.

EPISTOLA CIII . Nectario petenti veniam tribui civibus suis rescripserat Augustinus in Epist. 97, non decere christianam benevolentiam, ut insigne illud Calamensium scelus impunitum omnino dimittatur. Huic rursum scribit Nectarius, blandiens ac suppliciter suadens ut iis parcatur sine ulla exceptione.

Domino recte ac merito suscipiendo et omnibus modis honorando fratri AUGUSTINO, NECTARIUS, in Domino salutem.

1. Sumptis litteris Eximietatis tuae, quibus idolorum cultum, et templorum cerimonias destruxisti, audire mihi visus sum philosophi vocem, non illius quem in Academiae Licaeo memorant, tenebrosis humo angulis residentem, ex profunda quadam cogitatione demersum, reductis ad frontem caput implicuisse genibus, ut aliorum praeclara inventa doctrinae egenus quidam calumniator oppugnet, assertaque praeclare, cum suum nihil defendat, accuset: sed plane excitatus oratione tua ante oculos stetit M. Tullius consularis, qui innumeris civium capitibus conservatis, forensis campi signa victricia stupentibus Graeciae scholis laureatus inferret, tubamque illam canorae vocis et linguae, quam in criminum reos et reipublicae parricidas, spiritu justae indignationis inflaverat, anhelus inverteret, togamque ipsam rugarum paginis resolutis, palliorum imitatus speciem, retorqueret.

2. Ergo cum nos ad exsuperantissimi Dei cultum religionemque compelleres, libenter audivi; cum coelestem patriam intuendam esse suaderes, gratanter accepi. Non enim illam mihi civitatem dicere videbare, quam muralis aliquis gyrus coercet, nec illam quam philosophorum tractatus mundanam memorans communem omnibus profitetur; sed quam magnus Deus, et bene meritae de eo animae habitant atque incolunt, quam omnes leges diversis viis et tramitibus appetunt, quam loquendo exprimere non possumus, cogitando forsitan invenire possemus. Haec ergo licet principaliter appetenda atque diligenda sit, tamen illam non arbitror deserendam, in qua nati et gemti sumus: quae prima nobis usum lucis hujus infudit, quae aluit, quae educavit, et, ut quod ad causam proprie pertinet dicam, de qua bene meritis viris, 0387 doctissimi homines ferunt, post obitum corporis in coelo domicilium praeparari, ut promotio quaedam ad supernam praestetur, his hominibus, qui bene de genitalibus urbibus meruerunt; et hi magis cum Deo habitent, qui salutem dedisse, aut consiliis, aut operibus patriae doceantur. Jam illud quod joculariter dignatus es dicere, urbem nostram non armis, sed flammis incendiisque flagrare, et spinas magis ingenerare quam flores, non est maxima reprehensio, cum sciamus flores ex spinis plerumque generari. Nam et rosas ex spinis gigni quis dubitat, et fruges ipsas aristarum vallo sepiri, ita ut asperis suavia plerumque misceantur.

3. Postremum fuit in litteris Praestantiae tuae non caput aut sanguinem in Ecclesiae postulari vindictam, sed quibus rebus maxime metuunt spoliandos. Ego autem, nisi me opinio fallit, sic arbitror, gravius esse spoliari facultalibus quam occidi. Siquidem quod frequentatum in litteris nosti, mors malorum omnium aufert sensum, egestosa vita aeternam parit calamitatem: gravius est enim male vivere, quam mala morte finire. Hoc etiam operae vestrae indicat ratio, in quibus pauperes sustinetis, morbidos curatione relevatis, medicinam afflictis corporibus adhibetis; id postremo modis omnibus agitis, ut diuturnitatem calamitatis afflicti non sentiant. Quod autem ad modum pertinet peccatorum, nihil interest quale videatur esse peccatum cui indulgentia postulatur. Primum enim si poenitentia et veniam tribuit et purgat admissum, poenitet utique illum qui rogat, qui pedes complectitur, et, si, ut quibusdam philosophis placet, omnia peccata paria sunt, indulgentia omnibus debet esse communis. Petulantius locutus est aliquis, peccavit; convicia aut crimina ingessit, aeque peccavit; aliena quisquam diripuit, inter delicta numeratur; loca profana sacrave violavit, non est ab indulgentia secernendus. Postremo nullus esset veniae locus, nisi peccata praecederent.

4. Nunc quoniam non quantum debui, sed quantum potui, majus ut dicitur, minusve respondi, oro atque obsecro, utinam praesentem possem, ut etiam lacrymas meas pervideres, ut qui sis, quid profitearis, quid agas, etiam atque etiam cogites; intendas quae sit illius species civitatis, ex qua ad supplicium ducendi extrahuntur; quae sit matrum, quae conjugum, quae liberorum, quae parentum lamentatio; quo pudore ad patriam venire possint liberati, sed torti; quos renovat dolores aut gemitus consideratio vulnerum et cicatricum. Et his omnibus pertractatis, Deum primo consideres, hominumque cogites famam, bonitatem amicam potius, familiaremque conjunctionem, et ignoscendo potius laudem, quam vindicando conquiras. Atque haec de his dicta sint, quos verus confessionis suae reatus astringit. Quibus quidem legis contemplatione, quod laudare non desino, veniam tribuistis. Jam illud explicari vix potest quantum crudelitatis sit, innocentes appetere, et eos, quos a crimine constat esse discretos, in judicium capitis devocare. Quos si purgari contigerit, cogites, quaeso, quanta accusatorum liberabuntur invidia, cum reos sponte dimiserint victi, reliquerint innocentes. Deus summus te custodiat, et legis suae te conservet praesidium atque ornamentum nostrum.