Chapter XV.—Concerning the energies in our Lord Jesus Christ.

We hold, further, that there are two energies724    Cf. Anast., De operationibus, I.; Joan. Scyth, Con. Sever. VIII., &c. in our Lord Jesus Christ. For He possesses on the one hand, as God and being of like essence with the Father, the divine energy, and, likewise, since He became man and of like essence to us, the energy proper to human nature725    Supr. bk. ii.: Max., Dial. cum Pyrrh..

But observe that energy and capacity for energy, and the product of energy, and the agent of energy, are all different. Energy is the efficient (δραστική) and essential activity of nature: the capacity for energy is the nature from which proceeds energy: the product of energy is that which is effected by energy: and the agent of energy is the person or subsistence which uses the energy. Further, sometimes energy is used in the sense of the product of energy, and the product of energy in that of energy, just as the terms creation and creature are sometimes transposed. For we say “all creation,” meaning creatures.

Note also that energy is an activity and is energised rather than energises; as Gregory the Theologian says in his thesis concerning the Holy Spirit726    Orat. 37, near the beginning.: “If energy exists, it must manifestly be energised and will not energise: and as soon as it has been energised, it will cease.”

Life itself, it should be observed, is energy, yea, the primal energy of the living creature and so is the whole economy of the living creature, its functions of nutrition and growth, that is, the vegetative side of its nature, and the movement stirred by impulse, that is, the sentient side, and its activity of intellect and free-will. Energy, moreover, is the perfect realisation of power. If, then, we contemplate all these in Christ, surely we must also hold that He possesses human energy.

The first thought727    Anast. Antioch., De operationibus. that arises in us is called energy: and it is simple energy not involving any relationship, the mind sending forth the thoughts peculiar to it in an independent and invisible way, for if it did not do so it could not justly be called mind. Again, the revelation and unfolding of thought by means of articulate speech is said to be energy. But this is no longer simple energy that involves no relationship, but it is considered in relation as being composed of thought and speech. Further, the very relation which he who does anything bears to that which is brought about is energy; and the very thing that is effected is called energy728    καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ ἀποτελούμενον; cf. Max., ad Marin. II.. The first belongs to the soul alone, the second to the soul making use of the body, the third to the body animated by mind, and the last is the effect729    Max. tom. ii., Dogmat. ad Marin., p. 124.. For the mind sees beforehand what is to be and then performs it thus by means of the body. And so the hegemony belongs to the soul, for it uses the body as an instrument, leading and restraining it. But the energy of the body is quite different, for the body is led and moved by the soul. And with regard to the effect, the touching and handling and, so to speak, the embrace of what is effected, belong to the body, while the figuration and formation belong to the soul. And so in connection with our Lord Jesus Christ, the power of miracles is the energy of His divinity, while the work of His hands and the willing and the saying, I will, be thou clean730    St. Matt. viii. 3., are the energy of His humanity. And as to the effect, the breaking of the loaves731    St. John vi. 11., and the fact that the leper heard the “I will,” belong to His humanity, while the multiplication of the loaves and the purification of the leper belong to His divinity. For through both, that is through the energy of the body and the energy of the soul, He displayed one and the same, cognate and equal divine energy. For just as we saw that His natures were united and permeate one another, and yet do not deny that they are different but even enumerate them, although we know they are inseparable, so also in connection with the wills and the energies we know their union, and we recognise their difference and enumerate them without introducing separation. For just as the flesh was deified without undergoing change in its own nature, in the same way also will and energy are deified without transgressing their own proper limits. For whether He is the one or the other, He is one and the same, and whether He wills and energises in one way or the other, that is as God or as man, He is one and the same.

We must, then, maintain that Christ has two energies in virtue of His double nature. For things that have diverse natures, have also different energies, and things that have diverse energies, have also different natures. And so conversely, things that have the same nature have also the same energy, and things that have one and the same energy have also one and the same essence732    See Act. 10 sextæ synodi., which is the view of the Fathers, who declare the divine meaning733    Text, θεηγόρους. Variant, θεοφόρους.. One of these alternatives, then, must be true: either, if we hold that Christ has one energy, we must also hold that He has but one essence, or, if we are solicitous about truth, and confess that He has according to the doctrine of the Gospels and the Fathers two essences, we must also confess that He has two energies corresponding to and accompanying them. For as He is of like essence with God and the Father in divinity, He will be His equal also in energy. And as He likewise is of like essence with us in humanity He will be our equal also in energy. For the blessed Gregory, bishop of Nyssa, says734    Orat. de natura et hyp. Also in Basil. 43., “Things that have one and the same energy, have also absolutely the same power.” For all energy is the effect of power. But it cannot be that uncreated and created nature have one and the same nature or power or energy. But if we should hold that Christ has but one energy, we should attribute to the divinity of the Word the passions of the intelligent spirit, viz. fear and grief and anguish.

If they should say735    Max.,Dial. cum Pyrrh., indeed, that the holy Fathers said in their disputation concerning the Holy Trinity, “Things that have one and the same essence have also one and the same energy, and things which have different essences have also different energies,” and that it is not right to transfer to the dispensation what has reference to matters of theology, we shall answer that if it has been said by the Fathers solely with reference to theology, and if the Son has not even after the incarnation the same energy as the Father,736    Max.,Dial. cum Pyrrh. assuredly He cannot have the same essence. But to whom shall we attribute this, My Father worketh hitherto and I work737    St. John v. 17.: and this, What things soever He seeth the Father doing, these also doeth the Son likewise738    Ibid. 19.: and this, If ye believe not Me, believe My works739    Ibid. x. 38.: and this, The work which I do bear witness concerning Me740    Ibid. v. 36.: and this, As the Father raised up the dead and quickeneth them, even so the Son quickeneth whom He will741    Ibid. 21.. For all these shew not only that He is of like essence to the Father even after the incarnation, but that He has also the same energy.

And again: if the providence that embraces all creation is not only of the Father and the Holy Spirit, but also of the Son even after the incarnation, assuredly since that is energy, He must have even after the incarnation the same energy as the Father.

But if we have learnt from the miracles that Christ has the same essence as the Father, and since the miracles happen to be the energy of God, assuredly He must have even after the incarnation the same energy as the Father.

But, if there is one energy belonging to both His divinity and His humanity, it will be compound, and will be either a different energy from that of the Father, or the Father, too, will have a compound energy. But if the Father has a compound energy, manifestly He must also have a compound nature.

But if they should say that together with energy is also introduced personality742    Max., ibid., we shall reply that if personality is introduced along with energy, then the true converse must hold good that energy is also introduced along with personality; and there will be also three energies of the Holy Trinity just as there are three persons or subsistences, or there will be one person and one subsistence just as there is only one energy. Indeed, the holy Fathers have maintained with one voice that things that have the same essence have also the same energy.

But further, if personality is introduced along with energy, those who divine that neither one nor two energies of Christ are to be spoken of, do not maintain that either one or two persons of Christ are to be spoken of.

Take the case of the flaming sword; just as in it the natures of the fire and the steel are preserved distinct743    Maxim., lib. De duab. vol. et Dial. cum Pyrrh., so also are their two energies and their effects. For the energy of the steel is its cutting power, and that of the fire is its burning power, and the cut is the effect of the energy of the steel, and the burn is the effect of the energy of the fire: and these are kept quite distinct in the burnt cut, and in the cut burn, although neither does the burning take place apart from the cut after the union of the two, nor the cut apart from the burning: and we do not maintain on account of the twofold natural energy that there are two flaming swords, nor do we confuse the essential difference of the energies on account of the unity of the flaming sword. In like manner also, in the case of Christ, His divinity possesses an energy that is divine and omnipotent while His humanity has an energy such as is our own. And the effect of His human energy was His taking the child by the hand and drawing her to Himself, while that of His divine energy was the restoring of her to life744    St. Luke viii. 54; Max., Dial. cum Pyrrh.. For the one is quite distinct from the other, although they are inseparable from one another in theandric energy. But if, because Christ has one subsistence, He must also have one energy, then, because He has one subsistence, He must also have one essence.

And again: if we should hold that Christ has but one energy, this must be either divine or human, or neither. But if we hold that it is divine745    Max., ibid. we must maintain that He is God alone, stripped of our humanity. And if we hold that it is human, we shall be guilty of the impiety of saying that He is mere man. And if we hold that it is neither divine nor human, we must also hold that He is neither God nor man, of like essence neither to the Father nor to us. For it is as a result of the union that the identity in hypostasis arises, but yet the difference between the natures is not done away with. But since the difference between the natures is preserved, manifestly also the energies of the natures will be preserved. For no nature exists that is lacking in energy.

If Christ our Master746    Max., ibid. has one energy, it must be either created or uncreated; for between these there is no energy, just as there is no nature. If, then, it is created, it will point to created nature alone, but if it is uncreated, it will betoken uncreated essence alone. For that which is natural must completely correspond with its nature: for there cannot exist a nature that is defective. But the energy747    Text, ἡ δὲ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνέργεια. Variant, εἰ δέ. that harmonises with nature does not belong to that which is external: and this is manifest because, apart from the energy that harmonises with nature, no nature can either exist or be known. For through that in which each thing manifests its energy, the absence of change confirms its own proper nature.

If Christ has one energy, it must be one and the same energy that performs both divine and human actions. But there is no existing thing which abiding in its natural state can act in opposite ways: for fire does not freeze and boil, nor does water dry up and make wet. How then could He Who is by nature God, and Who became by nature man, have both performed miracles, and endured passions with one and the same energy?

If, then, Christ assumed the human mind, that is to say, the intelligent and reasonable soul, undoubtedly He has thought, and will think for ever. But thought is the energy of the mind: and so Christ, as man, is endowed with energy, and will be so for ever.

Indeed, the most wise and great and holy John Chrysostom says in his interpretation of the Acts, in the second discourse748    Hom. 1., “One would not err if he should call even His passion action: for in that He suffered all things, He accomplished that great and marvellous work, the overthrow of death, and all His other works.”

If all energy is defined as essential movement of some nature, as those who are versed in these matters say, where does one perceive any nature that has no movement, and is completely devoid of energy, or where does one find energy that is not movement of natural power? But, as the blessed Cyril says749    Thes., xxxii., ch. 2; Act. 10, sextæ Synodi., no one in his senses could admit that there was but one natural energy of God and His creation750    The Monotheletes made much of the case of the raising of the daughter of Jairus. See Cyril, In Joan., p. 351; Max.,Dial. cum Pyrrh., Epist. ad Nicand., Epist. ad Mon. Sicil.; Scholiast in Collect. cont. Severum, ch. 20.. It is not His human nature that raises up Lazarus from the dead, nor is it His divine power that sheds tears: for the shedding of tears is peculiar to human nature while the life is peculiar to the enhypostatic life. But yet they are common the one to the other, because of the identity in subsistence. For Christ is one, and one also is His person or subsistence, but yet He has two natures, one belonging to His humanity, and another belonging to His divinity. And the glory, indeed, which proceeded naturally from His divinity became common to both through the identity in subsistence, and again on account of His flesh that which was lowly became common to both. For He Who is the one or the other, that is God or man, is one and the same, and both what is divine and what is human belong to Himself. For while His divinity performed the miracles, they were not done apart from the flesh, and while His flesh performed its lowly offices, they were not done apart from the divinity. For His divinity was joined to the suffering flesh, yet remaining without passion, and endured the saving passions, and the holy mind was joined to the energising divinity of the Word, perceiving and knowing what was being accomplished.

And thus His divinity communicates its own glories to the body while it remains itself without part in the sufferings of the flesh. For His flesh did not suffer through His divinity in the same way that His divinity energised through the flesh. For the flesh acted as the instrument of His divinity. Although, therefore, from the first conception there was no division at all between the two forms751    οἰκονομῶ, in incarnate form., but the actions of either form through all the time became those of one person, nevertheless we do not in any way confuse those things that took place without separation, but recognise from the quality of its works what sort of form anything has.

Christ, then, energises according to both His natures752    Leo, Epist. cit. and either nature energises in Him in communion with the other, the Word performing through the authority and power of its divinity all the actions proper to the Word, i.e. all acts of supremacy and sovereignty, and the body performing all the actions proper to the body, in obedience to the will of the Word that is united to it, and of whom it has become a distinct part. For He was not moved of Himself to the natural passions753    οὐ γὰρ ἀφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ πρὸς τὰ φυσικὰ πάθη τὴν ὁρμὴν ἐποιεῖτο, οὐδ᾽ αὐτὴν ἐκ τῶν λυπη?ῶν ἁφορμὴν καὶ παραίτησιν., nor again did He in that way recoil from the things of pain, and pray for release from them, or suffer what befel from without, but He was moved in conformity with His nature, the Word willing and allowing Him œconomically754    The term is μορφή, as in Phil. ii. 6, 7. to suffer that, and to do the things proper to Him, that the truth might be confirmed by the works of nature.

Moreover, just as755    Dion., ch. 2, De div. nom. et Epist. 4. He received in His birth of a virgin superessential essence, so also He revealed His human energy in a superhuman way, walking with earthly feet on unstable water, not by turning the water into earth, but by causing it in the superabundant power of His divinity not to flow away nor yield beneath the weight of material feet. For not in a merely human way did He do human things: for He was not only man, but also God, and so even His sufferings brought life and salvation: nor yet did He energise as God, strictly after the manner of God, for He was not only God, but also man, and so it was by touch and word and such like that He worked miracles.

But if any one756    Max.,Dial. cum Pyrrh. should say, “We do not say that Christ has but one nature, in order to do away with His human energy, but we do so because757    See the reply of Maximus in the Dialogue cum Pyrrh. human energy, in opposition to divine energy, is called passion (πάτθος),” we shall answer that, according to this reasoning, those also who hold that He has but one nature do not maintain this with a view to doing away with His human nature, but because human nature in opposition to divine nature is spoken of as passible (παθητική ). But God forbid that we should call the human activity passion, when we are distinguishing it from divine energy. For, to speak generally, of nothing is the existence recognised or defined by comparison or collation. If it were so, indeed, existing things would turn out to be mutually the one the cause of the other. For if the human activity is passion because the divine activity is energy, assuredly also the human nature must be wicked because the divine nature is good, and, by conversion and opposition, if the divine activity is called energy because the human activity is called passion, then also the divine nature must be good because the human nature is bad. And so all created things must be bad, and he must have spoken falsely who said, And God saw every thing that He had made, and, behold, it was very good758    Gen. i. 31..

We, therefore, maintain759    Max.,Opusc. Polem., pp. 31, 32. that the holy Fathers gave various names to the human activity according to the underlying notion. For they called it power, and energy, and difference, and activity, and property, and quality, and passion, not in distinction from the divine activity, but power, because it is a conservative and invariable force; and energy, because it is a distinguishing mark, and reveals the absolute similarity between all things of the same class; and difference, because it distinguishes; and activity, because it makes manifest; and property, because it is constituent and belongs to that alone, and not to any other; and quality, because it gives form; and passion, because it is moved. For all things that are of God and after God suffer in respect of being moved, forasmuch as they have not in themselves motion or power. Therefore, as has been said, it is not in order to distinguish the one from the other that it has been named, but it is in accordance with the plan implanted in it in a creative manner by the Cause that framed the universe. Wherefore, also, when they spoke of it along with the divine nature they called it energy. For he who said, “For either form energises close communion with the other760    Leo, Epist. 10.,” did something quite different from him who said, And when He had fasted forty days, He was afterwards an hungered761    St. Matt. iv. 2.: (for He allowed His nature to energise when it so willed, in the way proper to itself762    Nyss., adv. Apoll.,) or from those who hold there is a different energy in Him or that He has a twofold energy, or now one energy and now another763    Chrysost., Hom. in S. Thom.. For these statements with the change in terms764    δι᾽ ἀντωνυμίας. signify the two energies. Indeed, often the number is indicated both by change of terms and by speaking of them as divine and human765    Cyril, in Joan., bk. viii.. For the difference is difference in differing things, but how do things that do not exist differ?

Περὶ ἐνεργειῶν τῶν ἐν τῷ κυρίῳ ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστῷ

Δύο δὲ καὶ τὰς ἐνεργείας φαμὲν ἐπὶ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ: εἶχε γὰρ ὡς μὲν θεὸς καὶ τῷ πατρὶ ὁμοούσιος τὴν θείαν ἐνέργειαν καὶ ὡς ἄνθρωπος γενόμενος καὶ ἡμῖν ὁμοούσιος τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως τὴν ἐνέργειαν.

Ἰστέον δέ, ὡς ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἐνέργεια καὶ ἄλλο ἐνεργητικὸν καὶ ἄλλο ἐνέργημα καὶ ἄλλο ἐνεργῶν. Ἐνέργεια μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ἡ δραστικὴ καὶ οὐσιώδης τῆς φύσεως κίνησις: ἐνεργητικὸν δὲ ἡ φύσις, ἐξ ἧς ἡ ἐνέργεια πρόεισιν: ἐνέργημα δὲ τὸ τῆς ἐνεργείας ἀποτέλεσμα: ἐνεργῶν δὲ ὁ κεχρημένος τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ ἤτοι ἡ ὑπόστασις. Λέγεται δὲ καὶ ἡ ἐνέργεια ἐνέργημα, καὶ τὸ ἐνέργημα ἐνέργεια, ὡς καὶ τὸ κτίσμα κτίσις. Οὕτω φαμέν: πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις, τὰ κτίσματα δηλοῦντες.

Ἰστέον, ὡς ἡ ἐνέργεια κίνησίς ἐστι καὶ ἐνεργεῖται μᾶλλον ἢ ἐνεργεῖ, καθώς φησιν ὁ θεηγόρος Γρηγόριος ἐν τῷ περὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος λόγῳ: «Εἰ δὲ ἐνέργειά ἐστιν, ἐνεργηθήσεται δηλονότι καὶ οὐκ ἐνεργήσει καὶ ὁμοῦ τῷ ἐνεργηθῆναι παύσεται».

Δεῖ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὅτι αὐτὴ ἡ ζωὴ ἐνέργειά ἐστι καὶ ἡ τροπὴ τοῦ ζῴου ἐνέργεια, καὶ πᾶσα ἡ τοῦ ζῴου οἰκονομία ἥ τε θρεπτικὴ καὶ αὐξητικὴ ἤγουν φυτικὴ καὶ ἡ καθ' ὁρμὴν κίνησις ἤγουν αἰσθητικὴ καὶ ἡ νοερὰ καὶ αὐτεξούσιος κίνησις. Δυνάμεως δὲ ἀποτέλεσμα ἡ ἐνέργεια. Εἰ οὖν ταῦτα πάντα θεωροῦμεν ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ, ἄρα καὶ ἀνθρωπίνην ἐνέργειαν ἐπ' αὐτοῦ φήσομεν.

Ἐνέργεια λέγεται τὸ πρῶτον ἐν ἡμῖν συνιστάμενον νόημα: καὶ ἔστιν ἁπλῆ καὶ ἄσχετος ἐνέργεια τοῦ νοῦ καθ' αὑτὸν ἀφανῶς τὰ ἴδια νοήματα προβαλλομένου, ὧν χωρὶς οὐδὲ νοῦς ἂν κληθείη δικαίως. Λέγεται δὲ πάλιν ἐνέργεια καὶ ἡ διὰ τῆς προφορᾶς τοῦ λόγου φανέρωσις καὶ ἐξάπλωσις τῶν νενοημένων. Αὕτη δὲ οὐκέτι ἄσχετός ἐστι καὶ ἁπλῆ, ἀλλ' ἐν σχέσει θεωρουμένη ἐκ νοήματος καὶ λόγου συντεθειμένη. Καὶ αὐτὴ δὲ ἡ σχέσις, ἣν ἔχει ὁ ποιῶν πρὸς τὸ γινόμενον, ἐνέργειά ἐστι: καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ ἀποτελούμενον ἐνέργεια λέγεται. Καὶ τὸ μέν ἐστι ψυχῆς μόνης, τὸ δὲ ψυχῆς σώματι κεχρημένης, τὸ δὲ σώματος νοερῶς ἐψυχωμένου, τὸ δὲ ἀποτέλεσμα: ὁ νοῦς γὰρ προθεωρήσας τὸ ἐσόμενον οὕτω διὰ τοῦ σώματος ἐργάζεται. Τῆς ψυχῆς τοίνυν ἐστὶν ἡ ἡγεμονία: κέχρηται γὰρ ὡς ὀργάνῳ τῷ σώματι, ἄγουσα τοῦτο καὶ ἰθύνουσα. Ἑτέρα δέ ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ σώματος ἐνέργεια ἀγομένου ὑπὸ τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ κινουμένου. Τὸ δὲ ἀποτέλεσμα τοῦ μὲν σώματος ἡ ἁφὴ καὶ ἡ κράτησις καὶ ἡ τοῦ ποιουμένου οἱονεὶ περιένεξις, τῆς δὲ ψυχῆς ἡ τοῦ γινομένου οἱονεὶ μόρφωσις καὶ σχηματισμός. Οὕτω καὶ περὶ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ἡ μὲν τῶν θαυμάτων δύναμις τῆς θεότητος αὐτοῦ ὑπῆρχεν ἐνέργεια, ἡ δὲ χειρουργία καὶ τὸ θελῆσαι καὶ τὸ εἰπεῖν «θέλω, καθαρίσθητι» τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος αὐτοῦ ὑπῆρχεν ἐνέργεια. Ἀποτέλεσμα δὲ τῆς μὲν ἀνθρωπίνης ἡ τῶν ἄρτων κλάσις, τὸ ἀκοῦσαι τὸν λεπρὸν τὸ «θέλω», τῆς δὲ θείας ὁ τῶν ἄρτων πληθυσμὸς καὶ ἡ τοῦ λεπροῦ κάθαρσις: δι' ἀμφοτέρων γάρ, διά τε τῆς ψυχικῆς ἐνεργείας καὶ τοῦ σώματος, μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν συγγενῆ καὶ ἴσην ἐνεδείκνυτο αὐτοῦ τὴν θείαν ἐνέργειαν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὰς φύσεις ἡνωμένας γινώσκομεν καὶ τὴν ἐν ἀλλήλαις ἐχούσας περιχώρησιν καὶ τὴν τούτων διαφορὰν οὐκ ἀρνούμεθα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀριθμοῦμεν καὶ ἀδιαιρέτους αὐτὰς γινώσκομεν, οὕτω καὶ τῶν θελημάτων καὶ τῶν ἐνεργειῶν καὶ τὸ συναφὲς γινώσκομεν καὶ τὸ διάφορον ἐπιγινώσκομεν καὶ ἀριθμοῦμεν καὶ διαίρεσιν οὐκ εἰσάγομεν. Ὃν τρόπον γὰρ ἡ σὰρξ καὶ τεθέωται καὶ μεταβολὴν τῆς οἰκείας οὐ πέπονθε φύσεως, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ τὸ θέλημα καὶ ἡ ἐνέργεια καὶ τεθέωνται καὶ τῶν οἰκείων οὐκ ἐξίστανται ὅρων: εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ τοῦτο κἀκεῖνο ὢν καὶ οὕτως κἀκείνως ἤτοι θεϊκῶς τε καὶ ἀνθρωπίνως θέλων καὶ ἐνεργῶν.

Δύο τοίνυν τὰς ἐνεργείας ἐπὶ Χριστοῦ λέγειν ἀναγκαῖον διὰ τὸ διττὸν τῆς φύσεως: ὧν γὰρ ἡ φύσις παρηλλαγμένη, τούτων διάφορος ἡ ἐνέργεια, καὶ ὧν ἡ ἐνέργεια παρηλλαγμένη, τούτων ἡ φύσις διάφορος. Καὶ τὸ ἀνάπαλιν: Ὧν ἡ φύσις ἡ αὐτή, τούτων καὶ ἡ ἐνέργεια ἡ αὐτή, καὶ ὧν ἡ ἐνέργεια μία, τούτων καὶ ἡ οὐσία μία, κατὰ τοὺς θεηγόρους πατέρας. Ἀνάγκη τοίνυν δυοῖν θάτερον ἢ μίαν ἐνέργειαν ἐπὶ Χριστοῦ λέγοντας μίαν λέγειν καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν ἤ, εἴπερ τῆς ἀληθείας ἐχόμεθα καὶ δύο τὰς οὐσίας εὐαγγελικῶς τε καὶ πατρικῶς ὁμολογοῦμεν, δύο καὶ τὰς ἐνεργείας καταλλήλως αὐτοῖς ἑπομένους συνομολογεῖν: ὁμοούσιος γὰρ ὢν τῷ θεῷ καὶ πατρὶ κατὰ τὴν θεότητα ἴσος ἔσται καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν. Ὁμοούσιος δὲ ὢν ἡμῖν ὁ αὐτὸς κατὰ τὴν ἀνθρωπότητα ἴσος ἔσται καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν. Φησὶ γοῦν ὁ μακάριος Γρηγόριος, ὁ Νυσαέων ἐπίσκοπος: «Ὧν δὲ ἡ ἐνέργεια μία, τούτων πάντως καὶ ἡ δύναμις ἡ αὐτή: πᾶσα γὰρ ἐνέργεια δυνάμεώς ἐστιν ἀποτέλεσμα». Ἀδύνατον δὲ ἀκτίστου καὶ κτιστῆς φύσεως μίαν φύσιν ἢ δύναμιν ἢ ἐνέργειαν εἶναι. Εἰ δὲ μίαν Χριστοῦ τὴν ἐνέργειαν εἴποιμεν, τῇ τοῦ λόγου θεότητι προσάψομεν τῆς νοερᾶς ψυχῆς τὰ πάθη, φόβον φημὶ καὶ λύπην καὶ ἀγωνίαν.

Εἰ δὲ λέγοιεν, ὡς περὶ τῆς ἁγίας τριάδος διαλεγόμενοι οἱ πατέρες οἱ ἅγιοι ἔφασαν: Ὧν ἡ οὐσία μία, τούτων καὶ ἡ ἐνέργεια, καὶ ὧν διάφορος ἡ οὐσία, τούτων διάφορος καὶ ἡ ἐνέργεια, καὶ ὡς οὐ χρὴ τὰ τῆς θεολογίας ἐπὶ τὴν οἰκονομίαν μετάγειν, ἐροῦμεν: Εἰ ἐπὶ τῆς θεολογίας μόνον εἴρηται τοῖς πατράσι, καὶ οὐκ ἔτι μετὰ τὴν σάρκωσιν τῆς αὐτῆς ἐνεργείας ὁ υἱὸς τῷ πατρὶ οὐδὲ τῆς αὐτῆς ἔσται οὐσίας. Τίνι δὲ ἀπονεμοῦμεν τὸ «ὁ πατήρ μου ἕως ἄρτι ἐργάζεται, κἀγὼ ἐργάζομαι», καὶ «ἃ βλέπει τὸν πατέρα ποιοῦντα, ταῦτα καὶ ὁ υἱὸς ὁμοίως ποιεῖ», καὶ «εἰ ἐμοὶ οὐ πιστεύετε, τοῖς ἔργοις μου πιστεύσατε», καὶ «τὰ ἔργα, ἃ ἐγὼ ποιῶ, μαρτυρεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ», καὶ «ὥσπερ ὁ πατὴρ ἐγείρει τοὺς νεκροὺς καὶ ζωοποιεῖ, οὕτω καὶ ὁ υἱός, οὓς θέλει, ζωοποιεῖ»; Ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα οὐ μόνον ὁμοούσιον καὶ μετὰ σάρκωσιν τῷ πατρὶ δείκνυσιν αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐνεργείας.

Καὶ πάλιν: Εἰ ἡ περὶ τὰ ὄντα πρόνοια οὐ μόνον πατρὸς καὶ ἁγίου πνεύματος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ ἐστι καὶ μετὰ σάρκωσιν, ἐνέργεια δὲ τοῦτό ἐστιν: ἄρα καὶ μετὰ σάρκωσιν τῆς αὐτῆς ἐστιν ἐνεργείας τῷ πατρί.

Εἰ ἐκ τῶν θαυμάτων τῆς αὐτῆς οὐσίας ὄντα τῷ πατρὶ τὸν Χριστὸν ἔγνωμεν, ἐνέργεια δὲ θεοῦ τυγχάνει τὰ θαύματα, ἄρα καὶ μετὰ σάρκωσιν τῆς αὐτῆς ἐνεργείας ἐστὶ τῷ πατρί.

Εἰ δὲ μία ἐνέργεια τῆς θεότητος αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ, σύνθετος ἔσται, καὶ ἔσται ἢ ἑτέρας ἐνεργείας παρὰ τὸν πατέρα ἢ καὶ ὁ πατὴρ συνθέτου ἐνεργείας ἔσται. Εἰ δὲ συνθέτου ἐνεργείας, δῆλον ὅτι καὶ φύσεως.

Εἰ δὲ εἴποιεν, ὅτι τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ πρόσωπον συνεισάγεται, ἐροῦμεν, ὅτι, εἰ τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ πρόσωπον συνεισάγεται, κατὰ τὴν εὔλογον ἀντιστροφὴν καὶ τῷ προσώπῳ ἐνέργεια συνεισαχθήσεται, καὶ ἔσονται, ὥσπερ τρία πρόσωπα ἤτοι ὑποστάσεις τῆς ἁγίας τριάδος, οὕτω καὶ τρεῖς ἐνέργειαι, ἢ ὥσπερ μία ἡ ἐνέργεια, οὕτω καὶ ἓν πρόσωπον καὶ μία ὑπόστασις. Οἱ δὲ ἅγιοι πατέρες συμφώνως εἰρήκασι τὰ τῆς αὐτῆς οὐσίας καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς εἶναι ἐνεργείας.

Ἔτι δέ, εἰ τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ πρόσωπον συνεισάγεται, οἱ μήτε μίαν μήτε δύο Χριστοῦ τὰς ἐνεργείας λέγειν θεσπίσαντες οὔτε ἓν πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ λέγειν οὔτε δύο προσέταξαν.

Καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς πεπυρακτωμένης μαχαίρας ὥσπερ αἱ φύσεις σῴζονται τοῦ τε πυρὸς καὶ τοῦ σιδήρου, οὕτω καὶ αἱ δύο ἐνέργειαι καὶ τὰ τούτων ἀποτελέσματα. Ἔχει γὰρ ὁ μὲν σίδηρος τὸ τμητικόν, τὸ δὲ πῦρ τὸ καυστικόν, καὶ ἡ τομὴ μὲν τῆς τοῦ σιδήρου ἐνεργείας ἐστὶν ἀποτέλεσμα, ἡ δὲ καῦσις τοῦ πυρός: καὶ σῴζεται τὸ τούτων διάφορον ἐν τῇ κεκαυμένῃ τομῇ καὶ ἐν τῇ τετμημένῃ καύσει, εἰ καὶ μήτε ἡ καῦσις τῆς τομῆς δίχα γίγνοιτο μετὰ τὴν ἕνωσιν μήτε ἡ τομὴ δίχα τῆς καύσεως: καὶ οὔτε διὰ τὸ διττὸν τῆς φυσικῆς ἐνεργείας δύο πεπυρακτωμένας μαχαίρας φαμὲν οὔτε διὰ τὸ μοναδικὸν τῆς πεπυρακτωμένης μαχαίρας σύγχυσιν τῆς οὐσιώδους αὐτῶν διαφορᾶς ἐργαζόμεθα. Οὕτω καὶ ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ τῆς μὲν θεότητος αὐτοῦ ἡ θεία καὶ παντοδύναμος ἐνέργεια, τῆς δὲ ἀνθρωπότητος αὐτοῦ ἡ καθ' ἡμᾶς. Ἀποτέλεσμα δὲ τῆς μὲν ἀνθρωπίνης τὸ κρατηθῆναι τὴν χεῖρα τῆς παιδὸς καὶ ἑλκυσθῆναι, τῆς δὲ θείας ἡ ζωοποίησις: ἄλλο γὰρ τοῦτο, κἀκεῖνο ἕτερον, εἰ καὶ ἀλλήλων ἀχώριστοι ὑπάρχουσιν ἐν τῇ θεανδρικῇ ἐνεργείᾳ. Εἰ διὰ τὸ μίαν εἶναι τὴν τοῦ κυρίου ὑπόστασιν μία ἔσται καὶ ἡ ἐνέργεια, διὰ τὴν μίαν ὑπόστασιν μία ἔσται καὶ ἡ οὐσία.

Καὶ πάλιν: Εἰ μίαν ἐνέργειαν ἐπὶ τοῦ κυρίου εἴποιμεν, ἢ θείαν ταύτην λέξομεν ἢ ἀνθρωπίνην ἢ οὐδετέραν. Ἀλλ' εἰ μὲν θείαν, θεὸν αὐτὸν μόνον γυμνὸν τῆς καθ' ἡμᾶς ἀνθρωπότητος λέξομεν. Εἰ δὲ ἀνθρωπίνην, ψιλὸν αὐτὸν ἄνθρωπον βλασφημήσομεν. Εἰ δὲ οὐδὲ θείαν οὐδὲ ἀνθρωπίνην, οὐδὲ θεὸν οὐδὲ ἄνθρωπον, οὐδὲ τῷ πατρὶ οὐδὲ ἡμῖν ὁμοούσιον: ἐκ γὰρ τῆς ἑνώσεως ἡ καθ' ὑπόστασιν ταυτότης γέγονεν, οὐ μὴν δὲ καὶ ἡ διαφορὰ τῶν φύσεων ἀνῄρηται. Τῆς δὲ διαφορᾶς σῳζομένης τῶν φύσεων, σωθήσονται δηλαδὴ καὶ αἱ τούτων ἐνέργειαι: οὐ γάρ ἐστι φύσις ἀνενέργητος.

Εἰ μία τοῦ δεσπότου Χριστοῦ ἡ ἐνέργεια, ἢ κτιστὴ ἔσται ἢ ἄκτιστος: μέσον γὰρ τούτων οὐκ ἔστιν ἐνέργεια ὥσπερ οὐδὲ φύσις. Εἰ οὖν κτιστή, κτιστὴν μόνην δηλώσει φύσιν: εἰ δὲ ἄκτιστος, ἄκτιστον μόνην χαρακτηρίσει οὐσίαν. Δεῖ γὰρ πάντως κατάλληλα ταῖς φύσεσιν εἶναι τὰ φυσικά: ἀδύνατον γὰρ ἐλλιποῦς φύσεως ὕπαρξιν εἶναι. Ἡ δὲ κατὰ φύσιν ἐνέργεια οὐ τῶν ἐκτὸς ὑπάρχει, καὶ δῆλον, ὅτι οὔτε εἶναι οὔτε γινώσκεσθαι τὴν φύσιν δυνατὸν ἐνεργείας δίχα: δι' ὧν γὰρ ἐνεργεῖ ἕκαστον, τὴν οἰκείαν φύσιν πιστοῦται, ὅπερ ἐστὶ μὴ τρεπόμενον.

Εἰ μία Χριστοῦ ἡ ἐνέργεια, ἡ αὐτὴ τῶν θείων καὶ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ποιητική. Οὐδὲν δὲ τῶν ὄντων ἐν τοῖς κατὰ φύσιν μένον τὰ ἐναντία ποιεῖν δύναται: οὐ γὰρ τὸ πῦρ ψύχει καὶ θερμαίνει, οὐδὲ ξηραίνει καὶ ὑγραίνει τὸ ὕδωρ. Πῶς οὖν ὁ φύσει ὢν θεὸς καὶ φύσει γενόμενος ἄνθρωπος τά τε θαύματα καὶ τὰ πάθη μιᾷ ἐνεργείᾳ ἐπετέλεσεν;

Εἰ οὖν ἔλαβεν ὁ Χριστὸς νοῦν ἀνθρώπινον ἤγουν ψυχὴν νοεράν τε καὶ λογικήν, διανοηθήσεται πάντως καὶ ἀεὶ διανοηθήσεται: ἐνέργεια δὲ νοῦ ἡ διάνοια. Ἄρα καὶ καθὸ ἄνθρωπος ἐνεργὴς ὁ Χριστὸς καὶ ἀεὶ ἐνεργής.

Ὁ δὲ ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος ἐν τῇ ἑρμηνείᾳ τῶν Πράξεων δευτέρῳ λόγῳ οὕτω φησίν: «Οὐκ ἂν δέ τις ἁμάρτοι καὶ τὸ πάθος αὐτοῦ πρᾶξιν καλέσας: ἐν τῷ γὰρ τὰ πάντα παθεῖν ἐποίησε τὸ μέγα καὶ θαυμαστὸν ἐκεῖνο ἔργον τὸν θάνατον καταλύσας καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα ἐργασάμενος».

Εἰ πᾶσα ἐνέργεια φύσεώς τινος οὐσιώδης ὁρίζεται κίνησις, ὡς οἱ περὶ ταῦτα δεινοὶ διειλήφασι, ποῦ φύσιν τις εἶδεν ἀκίνητον ἢ παντελῶς ἀνενέργητον ἢ ἐνέργειαν εὕρηκεν οὐ φυσικῆς δυνάμεως ὑπάρχουσαν κίνησιν; «Μίαν δὲ φυσικὴν τὴν ἐνέργειαν θεοῦ καὶ ποιήματος» οὐκ ἄν τις εὖ φρονῶν δοίη κατὰ τὸν μακάριον Κύριλλον: οὐδὲ ζωοποιεῖ τὸν Λάζαρον ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη φύσις, οὐδὲ δακρύει ἡ θεϊκὴ ἐξουσία: τὸ μὲν γὰρ δάκρυον τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος ἴδιον, ἡ δὲ ζωὴ τῆς ἐνυποστάτου ζωῆς. Ἀλλ' ὅμως κοινῶς ἀμφοτέρων ἑκάτερα διὰ τὸ ταὐτὸν τῆς ὑποστάσεως. Εἷς μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς καὶ ἓν αὐτοῦ τὸ πρόσωπον ἤτοι ἡ ὑπόστασις, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἔχει δύο φύσεις, τῆς θεότητος καὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος αὐτοῦ. Ἐκ μὲν οὖν τῆς θεότητος ἡ δόξα φυσικῶς προϊοῦσα ἑκατέρου κοινὴ διὰ τὴν τῆς ὑποστάσεως ἐγένετο ταυτότητα, ἐκ δὲ τῆς σαρκὸς τὰ ταπεινὰ ἑκατέρῳ κοινά: εἷς γάρ ἐστι καὶ ὁ αὐτὸς ὁ τοῦτό τε κἀκεῖνο ὢν ἤτοι θεὸς καὶ ἄνθρωπος, καὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ, τά τε τῆς θεότητος καὶ τὰ τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος: τὰς μὲν γὰρ θεοσημίας ἡ θεότης εἰργάζετο, ἀλλ' οὐ δίχα τῆς σαρκός, τὰ δὲ ταπεινὰ ἡ σάρξ, ἀλλ' οὐ χωρὶς τῆς θεότητος. Καὶ πασχούσῃ γὰρ τῇ σαρκὶ συνημμένη ἦν ἡ θεότης ἀπαθὴς διαμένουσα καὶ τὰ πάθη ἐκτελοῦσα σωτήρια, καὶ ἐνεργούσῃ τῇ τοῦ λόγου θεότητι συνημμένος ἦν ὁ ἅγιος νοῦς νοῶν καὶ εἰδὼς τὰ τελούμενα.

Τῶν μὲν οὖν οἰκείων αὐχημάτων ἡ θεότης τῷ σώματι μεταδίδωσιν, αὐτὴ δὲ τῶν τῆς σαρκὸς παθῶν διαμένει ἀμέτοχος. Οὐ γάρ, ὥσπερ διὰ τῆς σαρκὸς ἡ θεότης τοῦ λόγου ἐνήργει, οὕτω καὶ διὰ τῆς θεότητος ἡ σὰρξ αὐτοῦ ἔπασχεν: ὄργανον γὰρ ἡ σὰρξ τῆς θεότητος ἐχρημάτισεν. Εἰ καὶ τοίνυν ἐξ ἄκρας συλλήψεως οὐδ' ὁτιοῦν διῃρημένον ἦν τῆς ἑκατέρας μορφῆς, ἀλλ' ἑνὸς προσώπου αἱ τοῦ παντὸς χρόνου πράξεις ἑκατέρας μορφῆς γεγόνασιν, ὅμως αὐτά, ἅπερ ἀχωρίστως γεγένηνται, κατ' οὐδένα τρόπον συγχέομεν, ἀλλά, τί ποίας εἴη μορφῆς, ἐκ τῆς τῶν ἔργων ποιότητος αἰσθανόμεθα.

Ἐνεργεῖ τοίνυν ὁ Χριστὸς καθ' ἑκατέραν αὐτοῦ τῶν φύσεων, καὶ «ἐνεργεῖ ἑκατέρα φύσις ἐν αὐτῷ μετὰ τῆς θατέρου κοινωνίας», τοῦ μὲν λόγου κατεργαζομένου, ἅπερ ἐστὶ τοῦ λόγου, διὰ τὴν αὐθεντίαν καὶ ἐξουσίαν τῆς θεότητος, ὅσα ἐστὶν ἀρχικὰ καὶ βασιλικά, τοῦ δὲ σώματος ἐκτελοῦντος, ὅσα ἐστὶ τοῦ σώματος, πρὸς τὸ βούλημα τοῦ ἑνωθέντος αὐτῷ λόγου, οὗ καὶ γέγονεν ἴδιον. Οὐ γὰρ ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ πρὸς τὰ φυσικὰ πάθη τὴν ὁρμὴν ἐποιεῖτο οὐδ' αὐτὴν ἐκ τῶν λυπηρῶν ἀφορμὴν καὶ παραίτησιν ἢ τὰ ἔξωθεν προσπίπτοντα ἔπασχεν, ἀλλ' ἐκινεῖτο κατὰ τὴν ἀκολουθίαν τῆς φύσεως τοῦ λόγου θέλοντος καὶ παραχωροῦντος οἰκονομικῶς πάσχειν αὐτὸ καὶ πράττειν τὰ ἴδια, ἵνα διὰ τῶν ἔργων τῆς φύσεως πιστωθῇ ἡ ἀλήθεια.

Ὥσπερ δὲ ὑπὲρ οὐσίαν οὐσιώθη ἐκ παρθένου κυηθείς, οὕτω καὶ ὑπὲρ ἄνθρωπον τὰ ἀνθρώπων ἐνήργει ἐπὶ ἀστάτου ὕδατος γηΐνοις ποσὶ πορευόμενος οὐ γεωθέντος τοῦ ὕδατος, ἀλλὰ τῆς θεότητος ὑπερφυεῖ δυνάμει συνισταμένου πρὸς τὸ ἀδιάχυτον καὶ βάρει ὑλικῶν ποδῶν μὴ ὑπείκοντος. Οὐκ ἀνθρωπίνως γὰρ ἔπραττε τὰ ἀνθρώπινα (οὐ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ θεός: ὅθεν καὶ τὰ τούτου πάθη ζωοποιὰ καὶ σωτήρια) οὐδὲ θεϊκῶς ἐνήργει τὰ θεῖα (οὐ γὰρ θεὸς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄνθρωπος: ὅθεν δι' ἁφῆς καὶ λόγου καὶ τῶν τοιούτων τὰς θεοσημίας εἰργάζετο).

Εἰ δὲ λέγοι τις, ὡς «οὐκ ἐπ' ἀναιρέσει τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐνεργείας μίαν ἐνέργειαν ἐπὶ Χριστοῦ λέγομεν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀντιδιαστελλομένη τῇ θείᾳ ἐνεργείᾳ πάθος λέγεται ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη ἐνέργεια, κατὰ τοῦτο μίαν ἐνέργειαν ἐπὶ Χριστοῦ λέγομεν, ἐροῦμεν: Κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν λόγον καὶ οἱ μίαν φύσιν λέγοντες οὐκ ἐπ' ἀναιρέσει τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ταύτην λέγουσιν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀντιδιαστελλομένη ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη φύσις πρὸς τὴν θείαν φύσιν παθητικὴ λέγεται. Ἡμᾶς δὲ μὴ γένοιτο τῇ πρὸς τὴν θείαν ἐνέργειαν διαστολῇ πάθος τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην προσαγορεῦσαι κίνησιν: οὐδενὸς γάρ, καθόλου φάναι, ὕπαρξις ἐκ παραθέσεως ἢ ἐκ συγκρίσεως γινώσκεται ἢ ὁρίζεται. Οὕτω γὰρ ἀλληλαίτια εὑρεθήσονται τὰ ὄντα πράγματα. Εἰ γὰρ διὰ τὸ ἐνέργειαν εἶναι τὴν θείαν κίνησιν ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη πάθος ἐστί, πάντως καὶ διὰ τὸ ἀγαθὴν εἶναι τὴν θείαν φύσιν πονηρὰ ἔσται ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη, καὶ κατὰ τὴν σὺν ἀντιθέσει ἀντιστροφὴν διὰ τὸ πάθος λέγεσθαι τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην κίνησιν ἡ θεία κίνησις ἐνέργεια λέγεται, καὶ διὰ τὸ πονηρὰν εἶναι τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν ἀγαθὴ ἔσται ἡ θεία». Καὶ πάντα δὲ τὰ κτίσματα οὕτως ἔσται πονηρά, καὶ ψεύσεται ὁ εἰπών: «Καὶ εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς πάντα, ὅσα ἐποίησε, καὶ ἰδοὺ καλὰ λίαν».

Ἡμεῖς δέ φαμεν, ὅτι «οἱ ἅγιοι πατέρες πολυτρόπως τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην ὠνόμασαν κίνησιν πρὸς τὰς ὑποκειμένας ἐννοίας. Προσηγόρευσαν γὰρ αὐτὴν καὶ δύναμιν καὶ ἐνέργειαν καὶ διαφορὰν καὶ κίνησιν καὶ ἰδιότητα καὶ ποιότητα καὶ πάθος: οὐ κατὰ ἀντιδιαστολὴν τῆς θείας, ἀλλ' ὡς συνεκτικὴν μὲν καὶ ἀναλλοίωτον δύναμιν, ἐνέργειαν δὲ ὡς χαρακτηριστικὴν καὶ τὴν ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ὁμοειδέσιν ἀπαραλλαξίαν ἐμφαίνουσαν, διαφορὰν δὲ ὡς ἀφοριστικήν, κίνησιν δὲ ὡς ἐνδεικτικήν, ἰδιότητα δὲ ὡς συστατικὴν καὶ μόνῃ αὐτῇ καὶ οὐκ ἄλλῃ προσοῦσαν, ποιότητα δὲ ὡς εἰδοποιόν, πάθος δὲ ὡς κινουμένην: πάντα γὰρ τὰ ἐκ θεοῦ καὶ μετὰ θεὸν πάσχει τῷ κινεῖσθαι ὡς μὴ ὄντα αὐτοκίνησις ἢ αὐτοδύναμις, οὐ κατὰ ἀντιδιαστολὴν οὖν, ὡς εἴρηται, ἀλλὰ τὸν δημιουργικῶς αὐτοῖς ἐντεθέντα παρὰ τῆς τὸ πᾶν συστησαμένης αἰτίας λόγον: ὅθεν καὶ μετὰ τῆς θείας συνεκφωνοῦντες αὐτὴν ἐνέργειαν προσηγόρευσαν. Ὁ γὰρ εἰπών: ‘Ἐνεργεῖ γὰρ ἑκατέρα μορφὴ μετὰ τῆς θατέρου κοινωνίας’, τί ἕτερον πεποίηκεν ἢ ὁ εἰπών: ‘Καὶ γὰρ τεσσαράκοντα ἡμέρας ἀπόσιτος μείνας ὕστερον ἐπείνασεν’ (ἔδωκε γὰρ τῇ φύσει, ὅτε ἤθελε, τὰ ἴδια ἐνεργεῖν) ἢ οἱ διάφορον ἐν αὐτῷ φήσαντες ἐνέργειαν ἢ οἱ διπλῆν ἢ οἱ ἄλλην καὶ ἄλλην;» Ταῦτα γὰρ δι' ἀντωνυμίας δύο τὰς ἐνεργείας σημαίνουσι: καὶ δι' ἀντωνυμίας γὰρ πολλάκις ὁ ἀριθμὸς ἐνδείκνυται καὶ διὰ τοῦ εἰπεῖν θεῖόν τε καὶ ἀνθρώπινον. «Ἡ γὰρ διαφορὰ διαφερόντων ἐστὶ διαφορά»: τὰ δὲ μὴ ὄντα, πῶς διοίσουσιν;