Augustine of Hippo, Letters

1. A most satisfactory opportunity of saluting your genuine worth is furnished by our brethren Lupicinus and Concordialis, honourable servants of God, from whom, even without my writing, you might learn all that is going on among us here. But knowing, as I do, how much you love us in Christ, because of your knowing how warmly your love is reciprocated by us in Him, I was sure that it might have disappointed you if you had seen them, and could not but know that they had come directly from us, and were most intimately united in friendship with us, and yet had received with them no letter from me. Besides this, I am owing you a reply, for I am not aware of having written to you since I received your last letter; so great are the cares by which I am encumbered and distracted, that I know not whether I have written or not before now.

2. We desire eagerly to know how you are, and whether the Lord has given you some rest, so far as in this world He can bestow it; for “if one member be honoured, all the members rejoice with it;”1150 1 Cor. xii. 26. and so it is almost always our experience, that when, in the midst of our anxieties, we turn our thoughts to some of our brethren placed in a condition of comparative rest, we are in no small measure revived, as if in them we ourselves enjoyed a more peaceful and tranquil life. At the same time, when vexatious cares are multiplied in this uncertain life, they compel us to long for the everlasting rest. For this world is more dangerous to us in pleasant than in painful hours, and is to be guarded against more when it allures us to love it than when it warns and constrains us to despise it. For although “all that is in the world” is “the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life,”1151 1 John ii. 16. nevertheless, even in the case of men who prefer to these the things which are spiritual, unseen, and eternal, the sweetness of earthly things insinuates itself into our affections, and accompanies our steps on the path of duty with its seductive allurements. For the violence with which present things acquire sway over our weakness is exactly proportioned to the superior value by which future things command our love. And oh that those who have learned to observe and bewail this may succeed in overcoming and escaping from this power of terrestrial things! Such victory and emancipation cannot, without God’s grace, be achieved by the human will, which is by no means to be called free so long as it is subject to prevailing and enslaving lusts; “For of whom a man is overcome, of the same is he brought in bondage.”1152 2 Pet. ii. 19. And the Son of God has Himself said, “If the Son shall make you free, ye shall be free indeed.”1153 John viii. 36.

3. The law, therefore, by teaching and commanding what cannot be fulfilled without grace, demonstrates to man his weakness, in order that the weakness thus proved may resort to the Saviour, by whose healing the will may be able to do what in its feebleness it found impossible. So, then, the law brings us to faith, faith obtains the Spirit in fuller measure, the Spirit sheds love abroad in us, and love fulfils the law. For this reason the law is called a “schoolmaster,”1154 Gal. iii. 24. under whose threatenings and severity “whosoever shall call upon the name of the Lord shall be delivered.”1155 Joel ii. 32. But how shall they call on Him in whom they have not believed?”1156 Rom. x. 14. Wherefore unto them that believe and call on Him the quickening Spirit is given, lest the letter without the Spirit should kill them.1157 2 Cor. iii. 6. But by the Holy Ghost, which is given unto us, the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts,1158 Rom. v. 5. so that the words of the same apostle, “Love is the fulfilling of the law,”1159 Rom. xiii. 10. are realized. So the law is good to the man who uses it lawfully;1160 1 Tim. i. 8. and he uses it lawfully who, understanding wherefore it was given, betakes himself, under the pressure of its threatenings, to grace, which sets him free. Whoever unthankfully despises this grace, by which the ungodly are justified, and trusts in his own strength, as if he thereby could fulfil the law, being ignorant of God’s righteousness, and going about to establish his own righteousness, is not submitting himself to the righteousness of God;1161 Rom. x. 3. and thus the law becomes to him not a help to pardon, but the bond fastening his guilt to him. Not that the law is evil, but because sin worketh death in such persons by that which is good.1162 Rom. vii. 13. For by occasion of the commandment he sins more grievously who, by the commandment, knows how evil are the sins which he commits.

4. In vain, however, does any one think himself to have gained the victory over sin, if, through nothing but fear of punishment, he refrains from sin; because, although the outward action to which an evil desire prompts him is not performed, the evil desire itself within the man is an enemy unsubdued. And who is found innocent in God’s sight who is willing to do the sin which is forbidden if you only remove the punishment which is feared? And consequently, even in the volition itself, he is guilty of sin who wishes to do what is unlawful, but refrains from doing it because it cannot be done with impunity; for, so far as he is concerned, he would prefer that there were no righteousness forbidding and punishing sins. And assuredly, if he would prefer that there should be no righteousness, who can doubt that he would if he could abolish it altogether? How, then, can that man be called righteous who is such an enemy to righteousness that, if he had the power, he would abolish its authority, that he might not be subject to its threatenings or its penalties? He, then, is an enemy to righteousness who refrains from sin only through fear of punishment; but he will become the friend of righteousness if through love of it he sin not, for then he will be really afraid to sin. For the man who only fears the flames of hell is afraid not of sinning, but of being burned; but the man who hates sin as much as he hates hell is afraid to sin. This is the “fear of the Lord,” which “is pure, enduring for ever.”1163 Ps. xix. 9. For the fear of punishment has torment, and is not in love; and love, when it is perfect, casts it out.1164 1 John iv. 18.

5. Moreover, every one hates sin just in proportion as he loves righteousness; which he will be enabled to do not through the law putting him in fear by the letter of its prohibitions, but by the Spirit healing him by grace. Then that is done which the apostle enjoins in the admonition, “I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity, even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness.”1165 Rom. vi. 19. For what is the force of the conjunctions “as” and “even so,” if it be not this: “As no fear compelled you to sin, but the desire for it, and the pleasure taken in sin, even so let not the fear of punishment drive you to a life of righteousness; but let the pleasure found in righteousness and the love you bear to it draw you to practise it”? And even this is, as it seems to me, a righteousness, so to speak, somewhat mature, but not perfect. For he would not have prefaced the admonition with the words, “I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh,” had there not been something else that ought to have been said if they had been by that time able to bear it. For surely more devoted service is due to righteousness than men are wont to yield to sin. For pain of body restrains men, if not from the desire of sin, at least from the commission of sinful actions; and we should not easily find any one who would openly commit a sin procuring to him an impure and unlawful gratification, if it was certain that the penalty of torture would immediately follow the crime. But righteousness ought to be so loved that not even bodily sufferings should hinder us from doing its works, but that, even when we are in the hands of cruel enemies, our good works should so shine before men that those who are capable of taking pleasure therein may glorify our Father who is in heaven.1166 Matt. v. 16.

6. Hence it comes that that most devoted lover of righteousness exclaims, “Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? (As it is written, For Thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.) Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through Him that loved us. For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.”1167 Rom. viii. 35–39. Observe how he does not say simply, “Who shall separate us from Christ?” but, indicating that by which we cling to Christ, he says, “Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?” We cling to Christ, then, by love, not by fear of punishment. Again, after having enumerated those things which seem to be sufficiently fierce, but have not sufficient force to effect a separation, he has, in the conclusion, called that the love of God which he had previously spoken of as the love of Christ. And what is this “love of Christ” but love of righteousness? for it is said of Him that He “is made of God unto us wisdom, and righteousness, and sanctification, and redemption: that, according as it is written, He that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord.”1168 1 Cor. i. 30, 31; Jer. ix. 24. As, therefore he is superlatively wicked who is not deterred even by the penalty of bodily sufferings from the vile works of sordid pleasure, so is he superlatively righteous who is not restrained even by the fear of bodily sufferings from the holy works of most glorious love.

7. This love of God, which must be maintained by unremitting, devout meditation, “is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost, which is given to us,”1169 Rom. v. 5. so that he who glories in it must glory in the Lord. Forasmuch, therefore, as we feel ourselves to be poor and destitute of that love by which the law is most truly fulfilled, we ought not to expect and demand its riches from our own indigence, but to ask, seek, and knock in prayer, that He with whom is “the fountain of life” “may satisfy us abundantly with the fatness of His house, and make us drink of the river of His pleasures,”1170 Ps. xxxvi. 8, 9. so that, watered and revived by its full flood, we may not only escape from being swallowed up by sorrow, but may even “glory in tribulations: knowing that tribulation worketh patience; and patience, experience; and experience, hope: and hope maketh not ashamed;”—not that we can do this of ourselves, but “because the love of God is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost, which is given to us.”1171 Rom. v. 3–5.

8. It has been a pleasure to me to say, at least by a letter, these things which I could not say when you were present. I write them, not in reference to yourself, for you do not affect high things, but are contented with that which is lowly,1172 Rom. xii. 16. but in reference to some who arrogate too much to the human will, imagining that, the law being given, the will is of its own strength sufficient to fulfil that law, though not assisted by any grace imparted by the Holy Spirit, in addition to instruction in the law; and by their reasonings they persuade the wretched and impoverished weakness of man to believe that it is not our duty to pray that we may not enter into temptation. Not that they dare openly to say this; but this is, whether they acknowledge it or not, an inevitable consequence of their doctrine.1173 The heresy of Pelagius is obviously alluded to here as having begun thus early (A.D. 413) to command attention. For wherefore is it said to us, “Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation;”1174 Matt. xxiv. 41. and wherefore was it that, when He was teaching us to pray, He prescribed, in accordance with this injunction, the use of the petition “lead us not into temptation,”1175 Matt. vi. 13. if this be wholly in the power of the will of man, and does not require the help of divine grace in order to its accomplishment?

Why should I say more? Salute the brethren who are with you, and pray for us, that we may be saved with that salvation of which it is said, “They that are whole need not a physician, but they that are sick: I came not to call the righteous, but sinners.”1176 Matt. ix. 12, 13. Pray, therefore, for us that we may be righteous,—an attainment wholly beyond a man’s reach, unless he know righteousness and be willing to practise it, but one which is immediately realized when he is perfectly willing; but this full consent of his will can never be in him unless he is healed and assisted by the grace of the Spirit.

EPISTOLA CXLV . Anastasio rescribens Augustinus, docet non per legem sed per gratiam, neque timore sed charitate impleri justitiam.

Domino fratri sancto et desiderabili ANASTASIO, AUGUSTINUS, in Domino salutem.

1. Salutandi Sinceritatem tuam fidissima occurrit occasio honorabilium servorum Dei, fratrum nostrorum Lupicini et Concordialis, per quos etiamsi non scriberem, posset Charitas tua omnia quae apud nos aguntur, addiscere. Scio enim quantum nos in Christo diligas, quia et tu scis quantum in illo vicissim diligaris a nobis: et ideo non dubitavi te contristari potuisse, si eos vidisses sine litteris meis, quos a nobis profectos, et tanta nobis familiaritate conjunctos ignorare non posses; simul etiam quia rescriptorum debitor fui. Nam ex quo sumpsi epistolam tuam, nisi nunc primum rescripsisse me nescio: tantis enim curis obstricti et distenti sumus, ut etiam hoc nesciam.

2. Vobis autem quemadmodum sit et utrum vobis aliquam requiem, quantum in hac terra potest, Dominus praestiterit, valde nosse cupimus: quoniam si glorificatur 0593 unum membrum, congaudent omnia membra (I Cor. XII, 26); atque ita plerumque contingit, ut dum aliquos fratres nostros in quantulacumque requie constitutos, in mediis nostris anxietatibus cogitamus, non parva ex parte recreemur, tanquam et nos in ipsis quietius tranquilliusque vivamus. Quamvis etiam cum molestiae in hujus vitae fragilitate crebrescunt, aeternam requiem nos desiderare compellunt. Mundus quippe iste periculosior est blandus quam molestus, et magis cavendus cum se illicit diligi, quam cum admonet cogitque contemni. Nam cum omnia quae in illo sunt, concupiscentia sint carnis, et concupiscentia oculorum, et ambitio saeculi (I Joan. II, 16); saepe etiam iis qui talibus spiritualia, invisibilia, aeterna praeponunt, inserit se terrenae suavitatis affectus, et delectationibus suis nostra comitatur officia. Quanto enim sunt charitati futura meliora, tanto sunt infirmitati violentiora praesentia. Et utinam ii qui ea videre et gemere noverunt, vincere et evadere mereantur! quod sine Dei gratia nullo modo voluntas implet humana; quae nec libera dicenda est, quamdiu est vincentibus et vincientibus cupiditatibus subdita. A quo enim quis devictus est, huic et servus addictus est (II Petr. II, 19): et, Si vos Filius liberaverit, ait ipse Dei Filius, tunc vere liberi eritis (Joan. VIII, 36).

3. Lex itaque docendo et jubendo quod sine gratia impleri non potest, homini demonstrat suam infirmitatem, ut quaerat demonstrata infirmitas Salvatorem, a quo sanata voluntas possit quod infirma non posset. Lex igitur adducit ad fidem, fides impetrat Spiritum largiorem, diffundit Spiritus charitatem, implet charitas legem. Ideo lex paedagogus vocatur (Galat. III, 24), sub cujus minacissima severitate qui invocaverit nomen Domini salvus erit (Joel. II, 32). Quomodo autem invocabunt in quem non crediderunt (Rom. X, 14)? Proinde ne littera sine spiritu occidat, Spiritus vivificans (II Cor. III, 6) credentibus et invocantibus datur; charitas vero Dei diffunditur in cordibus nostris per Spiritum sanctum qui datus est nobis (Rom. V, 5), ut fiat quod idem apostolus dicit, Plenitudo legis charitas (Id. XIII, 10). Ita bona est lex illi qui ea legitime utitur (I Tim. I, 8): utitur autem legitime qui intelligens quare sit data, per ejus comminationem confugit ad gratiam liberantem. Huic gratiae qua justificatur impius, quisquis ingratus velut ad legem implendam de suis viribus fidit, ignorans Dei justitiam, et suam volens constituere, justitiae Dei non est subditus (Rom. X, 3): ac per hoc fit ei lex non absolutionis adjutorium, sed vinculum criminis. Non quia lex malum est, sed quia peccatum, sicut scriptum est, per bonum talibus operatur mortem (Id. VII, 13). Per mandatum enim gravius delinquit, qui per mandatum scit quam malum sit quod admittit.

4. Inaniter autem putat victorem se esse peccati, qui poenae timore non peccat; quia etsi non impletur foris negotium malae cupiditatis, ipsa tamen mala cupiditas intus est hostis. Et quis coram Deo innocens invenitur, qui vult fieri quod vetatur, si subtrahas quod timetur? Ac per hoc in ipsa voluntate reus est, 0594 qui vult facere quod non licet fieri, sed ideo non facit, quia impune non potest fieri. Nam quantum in ipso est, mallet non esse justitiam peccata prohibentem atque punientem. Et utique si mallet non esse justitiam, quis dubitaverit quod eam, si posset, auferret? Ac per hoc quomodo justus est, justitiae talis inimicus, ut eam, si potestas detur, praecipientem auferat, ne comminantem vel judicantem ferat? Inimicus ergo justitiae est, qui poenae timore non peccat: amicus autem erit, si ejus amore non peccet; tunc enim vere timebit peccare. Nam qui gehennas metuit, non peccare metuit, sed ardere. Ille autem peccare metuit, qui peccatum ipsum, sicut gehennas odit. Ipse est timor Domini castus, permanens in saeculum saeculi (Psal. XVIII, 10). Nam ille timor poenae, tormentum habet, et non est in charitate, eumque perfecta charitas foras mittit (I Joan. IV, 18).

5. Tantum porro quisque peccatum odit, quantum justitiam diligit; quod non poterit lege terrente per litteram, sed Spiritu sanante per gratiam. Tunc fit quod Apostolus admonet: Humanum dico, propter infirmitatem carnis vestrae: sicut enim exhibuistis membra vestra deservire immunditiae et iniquitati ad iniquitatem; sic nunc exhibete membra vestra deservire justitiae in sanctificationem (Rom. VI, 19). Quid enim est. Sicut illud, ita et hoc: nisi, Quemadmodum ad peccandum nullus vos cogebat timor, sed ipsius libido voluptasque peccati; sic ad juste vivendum non vos supplicii metus urgeat, sed ducat delectatio charitasque justitiae? Et haec quidem, quantum mihi videtur, nondum est perfecta, sed quodammodo adulta justitia. Neque enim frustra praemitteret, Humanum dico, propter infirmitatem carnis vestrae, nisi quia plus aliquid dicendum fuit, si jam illi ferre potuissent. Plus quippe servitutis debetur justitiae, quam peccato solent homines exhibere. Nam poena corporis etsi non a voluntate, tamen revocat ab opere peccati. Nec facile quisquam est qui palam committat, quo illicitam et immundam percipiat voluptatem, si cruciatus vindictae certum est continuo secuturos. Justitia vero sic amanda est, ut ab ejus operibus etiam poenae corporis nos cohibere non debeant, atque inter manus etiam crudelium inimicorum luceant opera nostra coram hominibus, ut quibus placere possunt, glorificent Patrem nostrum qui in coelis est (Matth. V, 16).

6. Hinc est quod ille fortissimus justitiae dilector exclamat: Quis nos separabit a charitate Christi? tribulatio? an angustia? an persecutio? an fames? an nuditas? an periculum? an gladius? sicut scriptum est, Quoniam propter te mortificamur tota die; deputati sumus ut oves occisionis (Psal. XLIII, 22). Sed in his omnibus supervincimus per eum qui dilexit nos. Certus sum enim quia neque mors, neque vita, neque angelus, neque principatus, neque praesentia, neque futura, neque virtus, neque altitudo, neque profundum, neque creatura alia poterit nos separare a charitate Dei quae est in Christo Jesu Domino nostro (Rom. VIII, 35-39). Vide quemadmodum non utcumque ait, Quis nos separabit a Christo; sed 0595 ostendens unde cohaereamus Christo, Quis nos, inquit, separabit a charitate Christi? Charitate igitur Christo, non poenae timore cohaeremus. Deinde, commemoratis eis quae videntur habere violentiam, nec tamen habent valentiam separandi, ita conclusit, ut eamdem diceret charitatem Dei quam dixerat Christi. Et quid est, a charitate Christi, nisi a charitate justitiae? de illo quippe dictum est: Qui factus est nobis sapientia a Deo, et justitia, et sanctificatio, et redemptio; ut, quemadmodum scriptum est, Qui gloriatur, in Domino glorietur (I Cor. I, 30, 31, et Jer. IX, 24). Sicut ergo ille est iniquissimus, quem nec poenae corporales deterrent ab immundis operibus sordidae voluptatis; ita ille justissimus, qui nec poenarum corporalium terrore revocatur a sanctis operibus luminosissimae charitatis.

7. Quae charitas Dei, quod perpetua cogitatione tenendum est, diffunditur in cordibus nostris per Spiritum sanctum qui datus est nobis (Rom. V, 5), ut qui gloriatur, in Domino glorietur. Cum ergo nos hujus charitatis qua lex verissime impletur, pauperes egentesque sentimus, non de inopia nostra divitias ejus exigere, sed orando petere, quaerere, pulsare debemus; ut ille, apud quem est fons vitae, det nobis inebriari ab ubertate domus suae, et voluptatis suae potari torrente (Psal. XXXV, 9, 10): quo inundati atque vegetati, non solum tristitia non absorbeamur, verum etiam gloriemur in tribulationibus, scientes quia tribulatio patientiam operatur, patientia probationem, probatio spem, spes vero non confundit (Rom. V, 3-5); non quia per nos ipsos hoc possumus, sed quoniam charitas Dei diffusa est in cordibus nostris per Spiritum sanctum qui datus est nobis.

8. Delectavit me ista saltem per litteras loqui tecum, quae cum praesente non potui: et hoc non propter te, qui non alta sapiens consentis humilibus (Id. XII, 16); sed propter quosdam qui nimium arrogant humanae voluntati, quam lege data putant ad eam implendam sibi posse sufficere, nulla super doctrinam legis gratia sanctae inspirationis adjutam: per quorum disputationem infirmitati hominum miserae atque indigae suadetur, ut nec orare debeamus ne intremus in tentationem. Non quia hoc audent aperte dicere; sed eorum sententiam, velint, nolint, hoc utique sequitur. Nam utquid nobis dicitur, Vigilate et orate ne intretis in tentationem (Matth. XXVI, 41)? utquid etiam secundum hanc exhortationem, cum doceret orare, praecepit ut dicamus, Ne nos inferas in tentationem (Id. VI, 13); si hoc non impletur ex adjutorio gratiae divinae, sed id totum est in arbitrio voluntatis humanae? Quid plura? Saluta fratres qui tecum sunt, et orate pro nobis, ut salvi simus secundum illam salutem de qua dicitur: Non est opus sanis medicus, sed male habentibus; non veni vocare justos, sed peccatores (Id. IX, 12, 13). Orate ergo pro nobis, ut justi simus; quod quidem homo non potest nisi norit et velit, et erit continuo qui plene voluerit: sed hoc ipsum in eo non erit, nisi gratia Spiritus sanetur, et adjuvetur ut possit.