Chapter XIII.—Concerning the holy and immaculate Mysteries of the Lord.

God985    Greg. Naz., Orat. 42; Dion. De div. nom., ch. 3. Who is good and altogether good and more than good, Who is goodness throughout, by reason of the exceeding riches of His goodness did not suffer Himself, that is His nature, only to be good, with no other to participate therein, but because of this He made first the spiritual and heavenly powers: next the visible and sensible universe: next man with his spiritual and sentient nature. All things, therefore, which he made, share in His goodness in respect of their existence. For He Himself is existence to all, since all things that are, are in Him986    Rom. xi. 36., not only because it was He that brought them out of nothing into being, but because His energy preserves and maintains all that He made: and in especial the living creatures. For both in that they exist and in that they enjoy life they share in His goodness. But in truth those of them that have reason have a still greater share in that, both because of what has been already said and also because of the very reason which they possess. For they are somehow more dearly akin to Him, even though He is incomparably higher than they.

Man, however, being endowed with reason and free will, received the power of continuous union with God through his own choice, if indeed he should abide in goodness, that is in obedience to his Maker. Since, however, he transgressed the command of his Creator and became liable to death and corruption, the Creator and Maker of our race, because of His bowels of compassion, took on our likeness, becoming man in all things but without sin, and was united to our nature987    Heb. ii. 17.. For since He bestowed on us His own image and His own spirit and we did not keep them safe, He took Himself a share in our poor and weak nature, in order that He might cleanse us and make us incorruptible, and establish us once more as partakers of His divinity.

For it was fitting that not only the first-fruits of our nature should partake in the higher good but every man who wished it, and that a second birth should take place and that the nourishment should be new and suitable to the birth and thus the measure of perfection be attained. Through His birth, that is, His incarnation, and baptism and passion and resurrection, He delivered our nature from the sin of our first parent and death and corruption, and became the first-fruits of the resurrection, and made Himself the way and image and pattern, in order that we, too, following in His footsteps, may become by adoption what He is Himself by nature988    Rom. vii. 17., sons and heirs of God and joint heirs with Him989    Variant, φύσει καὶ κληρονόμοι τῆς αὐτοῦ γενώμεθα χάριτος, και αὐτου υἰοι, καὶ συγκληρονόμοι.. He gave us therefore, as I said, a second birth in order that, just as we who are born of Adam are in his image and are the heirs of the curse and corruption, so also being born of Him we may be in His likeness and heirs990    Text, κληρονομήσωμεν. Variant, κληρονομήσαντες. of His incorruption and blessing and glory.

Now seeing that this Adam is spiritual, it was meet that both the birth and likewise the food should be spiritual too, but since we are of a double and compound nature, it is meet that both the birth should be double and likewise the food compound. We were therefore given a birth by water and Spirit: I mean, by the holy baptism991    Chrys. in Matt., Hom. 83; St. John iii. 3.: and the food is the very bread of life, our Lord Jesus Christ, Who came down from heaven992    St. John vi. 48.. For when He was about to take on Himself a voluntary death for our sakes, on the night on which He gave Himself up, He laid a new covenant on His holy disciples and apostles, and through them on all who believe on Him. In the upper chamber, then, of holy and illustrious Sion, after He had eaten the ancient Passover with His disciples and had fulfilled the ancient covenant, He washed His disciples’ feet993    Ibid. xiii. in token of the holy baptism. Then having broken bread He gave it to them saying, Take, eat, this is My body broken for you for the remission of sins994    St. Matt. xxvi. 26; Liturg. S. Jacobi.. Likewise also He took the cup of wine and water and gave it to them saying, Drink ye all of it: for this is My blood, the blood of the New Testament which is shed for you for the remission of sins. This do ye in remembrance of Me. For as often as ye eat this bread and drink this cup, ye do shew the death of the Son of man and confess His resurrection until He come995    St. Matt. xxvi. 27, 28; St. Mark xiv. 22–24; St. Luke xxii. 19, 20; 1 Cor. xi. 24–26..

If then the Word of God is quick and energising996    Heb. iv. 12., and the Lord did all that He willed997    Ps. cxxxv. 6.; if He said, Let there be light and there was light, let there be a firmament and there was a firmament998    Gen. i. 3 and 6.; if the heavens were established by the Word of the Lord and all the host of them by the breath of His mouth999    Ps. xxxiii. 6.; if the heaven and the earth, water and fire and air and the whole glory of these, and, in sooth, this most noble creature, man, were perfected by the Word of the Lord; if God the Word of His own will became man and the pure and undefiled blood of the holy and ever-virginal One made His flesh without the aid of seed1000    Text, καὶ τὰ τῆς...καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμώμητα αἵματα ἑαυτῷ. Variant, καὶ ἐκ τῶν τῆς...καθαρῶν καὶ ἀμωμήτων αἱμάτων ἑαυτῳ., can He not then make the bread His body and the wine and water His blood? He said in the beginning, Let the earth bring forth grass1001    Gen. i. 11., and even until this present day, when the rain comes it brings forth its proper fruits, urged on and strengthened by the divine command. God said, This is My body, and This is My blood, and this do ye in remembrance of Me. And so it is at His omnipotent command until He come: for it was in this sense that He said until He come: and the overshadowing power of the Holy Spirit becomes through the invocation the rain to this new tillage1002    Iren.,bk. iv., ch. 35; Fulg., Ad Monim., bk. ii., ch. 6; Chrys., De prod. Judæ; Greg. Nyss., Catech., &c.. For just as God made all that He made by the energy of the Holy Spirit, so also now the energy of the Spirit performs those things that are supernatural and which it is not possible to comprehend unless by faith alone. How shall this be, said the holy Virgin, seeing I know not a man? And the archangel Gabriel answered her: The Holy Spirit shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee1003    St. Luke i. 34, 35.. And now you ask, how the bread became Christ’s body and the wine and water Christ’s blood. And I say unto thee, “The Holy Spirit is present and does those things which surpass reason and thought.”

Further, bread and wine1004    Nyss., Orat., Catech., ch. 37. are employed: for God knoweth man’s infirmity: for in general man turns away discontentedly from what is not well-worn by custom: and so with His usual indulgence He performs His supernatural works through familiar objects: and just as, in the case of baptism, since it is man’s custom to wash himself with water and anoint himself with oil, He connected the grace of the Spirit with the oil and the water and made it the water of regeneration, in like manner since it is man’s custom to eat and to drink water and wine1005    Clem., Constit., bk. viii.; Justin Martyr., Apol. i.; Iren., v. 2., He connected His divinity with these and made them His body and blood in order that we may rise to what is supernatural through what is familiar and natural.

The body which is born of the holy Virgin is in truth body united with divinity, not that the body which was received up into the heavens descends, but that the bread itself and the wine are changed into God’s body and blood1006    Greg. Nyss., Orat. Catech., c. 37.. But if you enquire how this happens, it is enough for you to learn that it was through the Holy Spirit, just as the Lord took on Himself flesh that subsisted in Him and was born of the holy Mother of God through the Spirit. And we know nothing further save that the Word of God is true and energises and is omnipotent, but the manner of this cannot be searched out1007    Simile Nyss. loc. cit.. But one can put it well thus, that just as in nature the bread by the eating and the wine and the water by the drinking are changed into the body and blood of the eater and drinker, and do not1008    οὐ is absent in some mss. become a different body from the former one, so the bread of the table1009    The Greek is ὁ τῆς προθέσεως οἶνος, the bread of the prothesis. It is rendered panis propositionis in the old translations. These phrases designate the Shewbread in the LXX. and the Vulgate. The πρόθεσις is explained as a smaller table placed on the right side of the altar, on which the priests make ready the bread and the cup for consecration. See the note in Migne. and the wine and water are supernaturally changed by the invocation and presence of the Holy Spirit into the body and blood of Christ, and are not two but one1010    See Niceph., C.P., Antirr. ii. 3. and the same.

Wherefore to those who partake worthily with faith, it is for the remission of sins and for life everlasting and for the safeguarding of soul and body; but to those who partake unworthily without faith, it is for chastisement and punishment, just as also the death of the Lord became to those who believe life and incorruption for the enjoyment of eternal blessedness, while to those who do not believe and to the murderers of the Lord it is for everlasting chastisement and punishment.

The bread and the wine are not merely figures of the body and blood of Christ (God forbid!) but the deified body of the Lord itself: for the Lord has said, “This is My body,” not, this is a figure of My body: and “My blood,” not, a figure of My blood. And on a previous occasion He had said to the Jews, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, ye have no life in you. For My flesh is meat indeed and My blood is drink indeed. And again, He that eateth Me, shall live1011    St. John vi. 51–55.^{1012    ζωὴν αἰ& 240·νιον is added in many mss.}.

Wherefore with all fear and a pure conscience and certain faith let us draw near and it will assuredly be to us as we believe, doubting nothing. Let us pay homage to it in all purity both of soul and body: for it is twofold. Let us draw near to it with an ardent desire, and with our hands held in the form of the cross1013    Cyril Hierosol., Cat. Mystag. 5; Chrys. Hom. 3 in Epist. ad Ephes.; Trull. can. 101. let us receive the body of the Crucified One: and let us apply our eyes and lips and brows and partake of the divine coal, in order that the fire of the longing, that is in us, with the additional heat derived from the coal may utterly consume our sins and illumine our hearts, and that we may be inflamed and deified by the participation in the divine fire. Isaiah saw the coal1014    Is. vi. 6.. But coal is not plain wood but wood united with fire: in like manner also the bread of the communion1015    See Cyril Alex. on Isaiah vi. is not plain bread but bread united with divinity. But a body1016    Vide Basil, ibid. which is united with divinity is not one nature, but has one nature belonging to the body and another belonging to the divinity that is united to it, so that the compound is not one nature but two.

With bread and wine Melchisedek, the priest of the most high God, received Abraham on his return from the slaughter of the Gentiles1017    Gen. xiv. 18.. That table pre-imaged this mystical table, just as that priest was a type and image of Christ, the true high-priest1018    Lev. xiv.. For thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedek1019    Ps. cx. 4.. Of this bread the show-bread was an image1020    Text, εἰκόνιζον. Variant, εἰκονίζουσι.. This surely is that pure and bloodless sacrifice which the Lord through the prophet said is offered to Him from the rising to the setting of the sun1021    Mal. i. 11..

The body and blood of Christ are making for the support of our soul and body, without being consumed or suffering corruption, not making for the draught (God forbid!) but for our being and preservation, a protection against all kinds of injury, a purging from all uncleanness: should one receive base gold, they purify it by the critical burning lest in the future we be condemned with this world. They purify from diseases and all kinds of calamities; according to the words of the divine Apostle1022    1 Cor. xi. 31, 32., For if we would judge ourselves, we should not be judged. But when we are judged, we are chastened of the Lord, that we should not be condemned with the world. This too is what he says, So that he that partaketh of the body and blood of Christ unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself1023    Ibid. 29.. Being purified by this, we are united to the body of Christ and to His Spirit and become the body of Christ.

This bread is the first-fruits1024    Cyril, loc. cit. of the future bread which is ἐπιούσιος, i.e. necessary for existence. For the word ἐπιούσιον signifies either the future, that is Him Who is for a future age, or else Him of Whom we partake for the preservation of our essence. Whether then it is in this sense or that, it is fitting to speak so of the Lord’s body. For the Lord’s flesh is life-giving spirit because it was conceived of the life-giving Spirit. For what is born of the Spirit is spirit. But I do not say this to take away the nature of the body, but I wish to make clear its life-giving and divine power1025    St. John vi. 63..

But if some persons called the bread and the wine antitypes1026    Anastas., Hodegus, ch. 23. of the body and blood of the Lord, as did the divinely inspired Basil, they said so not after the consecration but before the consecration, so calling the offering itself.

Participation is spoken of; for through it we partake of the divinity of Jesus. Communion, too, is spoken of, and it is an actual communion, because through it we have communion with Christ and share in His flesh and His divinity: yea, we have communion and are united with one another through it. For since we partake of one bread, we all become one body of Christ and one blood, and members one of another, being of one body with Christ.

With all our strength, therefore, let us beware lest we receive communion from or grant it to heretics; Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, saith the Lord, neither cast ye your pearls before swine1027    St. Matt. vii. 6., lest we become partakers in their dishonour and condemnation. For if union is in truth with Christ and with one another, we are assuredly voluntarily united also with all those who partake with us. For this union is effected voluntarily and not against our inclination. For we are all one body because we partake of the one bread, as the divine Apostle says1028    1 Cor. x. 17..

Further, antitypes of future things are spoken of, not as though they were not in reality Christ’s body and blood, but that now through them we partake of Christ’s divinity, while then we shall partake mentally1029    Text, νοητῶς διὰ μόνῆς τῆς Θέας: νοητῶς is wanting in some Reg. 2928 having διὰ μόνης τῆς Θείας ἑνώσεως. through the vision alone.

Περὶ τῶν ἁγίων καὶ ἀχράντων τοῦ κυρίου μυστηρίων

Ὁ ἀγαθὸς καὶ πανάγαθος καὶ ὑπεράγαθος θεός, ὁ ὅλος ὢν ἀγαθότης, διὰ τὸν ὑπερβάλλοντα πλοῦτον τῆς αὐτοῦ ἀγαθότητος οὐκ ἠνέσχετο μόνον εἶναι τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἤτοι τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φύσιν ὑπὸ μηδενὸς μετεχόμενον. Τούτου χάριν ἐποίησε πρῶτον μὲν τὰς νοερὰς καὶ οὐρανίους δυνάμεις, εἶτα τὸν ὁρατὸν καὶ αἰσθητὸν κόσμον, εἶτα ἐκ νοεροῦ καὶ αἰσθητοῦ τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Πάντα μὲν οὖν τὰ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ γενόμενα κοινωνοῦσι τῆς αὐτοῦ ἀγαθότητος κατὰ τὸ εἶναι (αὐτὸς γάρ ἐστι τοῖς πᾶσι τὸ εἶναι, ἐπειδὴ ἐν αὐτῷ εἰσι τὰ ὄντα, οὐ μόνον ὅτι αὐτὸς ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι αὐτὰ παρήγαγεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι ἡ αὐτοῦ ἐνέργεια τὰ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ γενόμενα συντηρεῖ καὶ συνέχει), ἐκ περισσοῦ δὲ τὰ ζῷα (κατά τε γὰρ τὸ εἶναι καὶ κατὰ τὸ ζωῆς μετέχειν κοινωνοῦσι τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ), τὰ δὲ λογικὰ καὶ κατὰ τὰ προειρημένα μέν, οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὸ λογικόν, καὶ ταῦτα μᾶλλον: οἰκειότερα γάρ πώς εἰσι πρὸς αὐτόν, εἰ καὶ πάντων ὑπέρκειται ἀσυγκρίτως.

Ὁ μέντοι ἄνθρωπος λογικὸς καὶ αὐτεξούσιος γενόμενος ἐξουσίαν εἴληφεν ἀδιαλείπτως διὰ τῆς οἰκείας προαιρέσεως ἑνοῦσθαι τῷ θεῷ, εἴ γε διαμένει ἐν τῷ ἀγαθῷ, τουτέστι τῇ τοῦ κτίσαντος ὑπακοῇ. Ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν ἐν παραβάσει τῆς τοῦ πεποιηκότος αὐτὸν ἐντολῆς γέγονε καὶ θανάτῳ καὶ φθορᾷ ὑποπέπτωκεν, ὁ ποιητὴς καὶ δημιουργὸς τοῦ γένους ἡμῶν διὰ σπλάγχνα ἐλέους αὐτοῦ ὡμοιώθη ἡμῖν κατὰ πάντα γενόμενος ἄνθρωπος χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας καὶ ἡνώθη τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ φύσει: ἐπειδὴ γὰρ μετέδωκεν ἡμῖν τῆς ἰδίας εἰκόνος καὶ τοῦ ἰδίου πνεύματος καὶ οὐκ ἐφυλάξαμεν, μεταλαμβάνει αὐτὸς τῆς πτωχῆς καὶ ἀσθενοῦς ἡμῶν φύσεως, ἵνα ἡμᾶς καθάρῃ καὶ ἀφθαρτίσῃ καὶ μετόχους πάλιν τῆς αὑτοῦ καταστήσῃ θεότητος.

Ἔδει δὲ μὴ μόνον τὴν ἀπαρχὴν τῆς ἡμετέρας φύσεως ἐν μετοχῇ γενέσθαι τοῦ κρείττονος, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάντα τὸν βουλόμενον ἄνθρωπον καὶ δευτέραν γέννησιν γεννηθῆναι καὶ τραφῆναι τροφὴν ξένην καὶ τῇ γεννήσει πρόσφορον καὶ οὕτω φθάσαι τὸ μέτρον τῆς τελειότητος. Διὰ μὲν τῆς αὑτοῦ γεννήσεως ἤτοι σαρκώσεως καὶ τοῦ βαπτίσματος καὶ τοῦ πάθους καὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἠλευθέρωσε τὴν φύσιν τῆς ἁμαρτίας τοῦ προπάτορος, τοῦ θανάτου, τῆς φθορᾶς, καὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἀπαρχὴ γέγονε καὶ ὁδὸν καὶ τύπον ἑαυτὸν καὶ ὑπογραμμὸν τέθεικεν, ἵνα καὶ ἡμεῖς τοῖς αὐτοῦ ἀκολουθήσαντες ἴχνεσι γενώμεθα θέσει, ὅπερ αὐτός ἐστι φύσει, υἱοὶ καὶ κληρονόμοι θεοῦ καὶ αὐτοῦ συγκληρονόμοι. Ἔδωκεν οὖν ἡμῖν, ὡς ἔφην, γέννησιν δευτέραν, ἵνα ὥσπερ γεννηθέντες ἐκ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ ὡμοιώθημεν αὐτῷ κληρονομήσαντες τὴν κατάραν καὶ τὴν φθοράν, οὕτω καὶ ἐξ αὐτοῦ γεννηθέντες ὁμοιωθῶμεν αὐτῷ καὶ κληρονομήσωμεν τήν τε ἀφθαρσίαν καὶ τὴν εὐλογίαν καὶ τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ.

Ἐπειδὴ δὲ πνευματικός ἐστιν Ἀδάμ, ἔδει καὶ τὴν γέννησιν πνευματικὴν εἶναι, ὁμοίως καὶ τὴν βρῶσιν: ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ διπλοῖ τινές ἐσμεν καὶ σύνθετοι, δεῖ καὶ τὴν γέννησιν διπλῆν εἶναι, ὁμοίως καὶ τὴν βρῶσιν σύνθετον. Ἡ μὲν οὖν γέννησις δι' ὕδατος ἡμῖν καὶ πνεύματος δέδοται, φημὶ δὴ τοῦ ἁγίου βαπτίσματος, ἡ δὲ βρῶσις αὐτὸς ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς, ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς ὁ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καταβάς. Μέλλων γὰρ τὸν ἑκούσιον ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν καταδέχεσθαι θάνατον ἐν τῇ νυκτί, ἐν ᾗ ἑαυτὸν παρεδίδου, διαθήκην καινὴν διέθετο τοῖς ἁγίοις αὐτοῦ μαθηταῖς καὶ ἀποστόλοις καὶ δι' αὐτῶν πᾶσι τοῖς εἰς αὐτὸν πιστεύουσιν. Ἐν τῷ ὑπερῴῳ τοίνυν τῆς ἁγίας καὶ ἐνδόξου Σιὼν τὸ παλαιὸν πάσχα μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ φαγὼν καὶ πληρώσας τὴν παλαιὰν διαθήκην νίπτει τῶν μαθητῶν τοὺς πόδας, σύμβολον τοῦ ἁγίου βαπτίσματος παρεχόμενος. Εἶτα κλάσας ἄρτον ἐπεδίδου αὐτοῖς λέγων: «Λάβετε, φάγετε, τοῦτό μού ἐστι τὸ σῶμα» τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν κλώμενον εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν. Ὁμοίως δὲ λαβὼν τὸ ποτήριον ἐξ οἴνου καὶ ὕδατος μετέδωκεν αὐτοῖς λέγων: «Πίετε ἐξ αὐτοῦ πάντες: τοῦτό μού ἐστι τὸ αἷμα τῆς καινῆς διαθήκης τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐκχυνόμενον εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν: τοῦτο ποιεῖτε εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν ἀνάμνησιν. Ὁσάκις γὰρ ἂν ἐσθίητε τὸν ἄρτον τοῦτον καὶ τὸ ποτήριον τοῦτο πίνητε, τὸν θάνατον τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου καταγγέλλετε καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν αὐτοῦ ὁμολογεῖτε, ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ».

Εἰ τοίνυν «ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ ζῶν ἐστι καὶ ἐνεργὴς» καὶ «πάντα, ὅσα ἠθέλησεν ὁ κύριος, ἐποίησεν»: εἰ εἶπε: «Γενηθήτω φῶς, καὶ ἐγένετο: γενηθήτω στερέωμα, καὶ ἐγένετο»: εἰ «τῷ λόγῳ κυρίου οἱ οὐρανοὶ ἐστερεώθησαν, καὶ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ πᾶσα ἡ δύναμις αὐτῶν:» εἰ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ ὕδωρ τε καὶ πῦρ καὶ ἀὴρ καὶ πᾶς ὁ κόσμος αὐτῶν τῷ λόγῳ κυρίου συνετελέσθησαν καὶ τοῦτο δὴ τὸ πολυθρύλλητον ζῷον ὁ ἄνθρωπος: εἰ θελήσας αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς λόγος ἐγένετο ἄνθρωπος καὶ τὰ τῆς ἁγίας παρθένου καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμώμητα αἵματα ἑαυτῷ ἀσπόρως σάρκα ὑπεστήσατο, _οὐ δύναται τὸν ἄρτον ἑαυτοῦ σῶμα ποιῆσαι καὶ τὸν οἶνον καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ αἷμα; Εἶπεν ἐν ἀρχῇ: «Ἐξαγαγέτω ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου», καὶ μέχρι τοῦ νῦν τοῦ ὑετοῦ γινομένου ἐξάγει τὰ ἴδια βλαστήματα τῷ θείῳ συνελαυνομένη καὶ δυναμουμένη προστάγματι. Εἶπεν ὁ θεός: «Τοῦτό μού ἐστι τὸ σῶμα», καί: «Τοῦτό μου τὸ αἷμα», καί: «Τοῦτο ποιεῖτε» καὶ τῷ παντοδυνάμῳ αὐτοῦ προστάγματι, ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ, γίνεται: οὕτως γὰρ εἶπεν: «Ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ». Καὶ γίνεται ὑετὸς τῇ καινῇ ταύτῃ γεωργίᾳ διὰ τῆς ἐπικλήσεως ἡ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος ἐπισκιάζουσα δύναμις: ὥσπερ γὰρ πάντα, ὅσα ἐποίησεν, ὁ θεὸς τῇ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος ἐνεργείᾳ ἐποίησεν, οὕτω καὶ νῦν ἡ τοῦ πνεύματος ἐνέργεια τὰ ὑπὲρ φύσιν ἐργάζεται, ἃ οὐ δύναται χωρῆσαι, εἰ μὴ μόνη πίστις. «Πῶς ἔσται μοι τοῦτο», φησὶν ἡ ἁγία παρθένος, «ἐπεὶ ἄνδρα οὐ γινώσκω;» Ἀποκρίνεται Γαβριὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος: «Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπελεύσεται ἐπὶ σέ, καὶ δύναμις ὑψίστου ἐπισκιάσει σοι». Καὶ νῦν ἐρωτᾷς: Πῶς ὁ ἄρτος γίνεται σῶμα Χριστοῦ καὶ ὁ οἶνος καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ αἷμα Χριστοῦ; Λέγω σοι κἀγώ: Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπιφοιτᾷ καὶ ταῦτα ποιεῖ τὰ ὑπὲρ λόγον καὶ ἔννοιαν.

Ἄρτος δὲ καὶ οἶνος παραλαμβάνεται: οἶδε γὰρ ὁ θεὸς τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην ἀσθένειαν, ὡς τὰ πολλὰ γὰρ τὰ μὴ κατὰ τὴν συνήθειαν τετριμμένα ἀποστρέφεται δυσχεραίνουσα: τῇ οὖν συνήθει συγκαταβάσει κεχρημένος διὰ τῶν συνήθων τῆς φύσεως ποιεῖ τὰ ὑπὲρ φύσιν: καὶ ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ βαπτίσματος, ἐπειδὴ ἔθος τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ὕδατι λούεσθαι καὶ ἐλαίῳ χρίεσθαι, συνέζευξε τῷ ἐλαίῳ καὶ ὕδατι τὴν χάριν τοῦ πνεύματος καὶ ἐποίησεν αὐτὸ λουτρὸν ἀναγεννήσεως, οὕτως, ἐπειδὴ ἔθος τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἄρτον ἐσθίειν ὕδωρ τε καὶ οἶνον πίνειν, συνέζευξεν αὐτοῖς τὴν αὐτοῦ θεότητα καὶ πεποίηκεν αὐτὰ σῶμα καὶ αἷμα αὐτοῦ, ἵνα διὰ τῶν συνήθων καὶ κατὰ φύσιν ἐν τοῖς ὑπὲρ φύσιν γενώμεθα.

Σῶμά ἐστιν ἀληθῶς ἡνωμένον θεότητι, τὸ ἐκ τῆς ἁγίας παρθένου σῶμα, οὐχ ὅτι αὐτὸ τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἀναληφθὲν ἐξ οὐρανῶν κατέρχεται, ἀλλ' ὅτι αὐτὸς ὁ ἄρτος καὶ ὁ οἶνος μεταποιεῖται εἰς σῶμα καὶ αἷμα θεοῦ. Εἰ δὲ τὸν τρόπον ἐπιζητεῖς, πῶς γίνεται, ἀρκεῖ σοι ἀκοῦσαι, ὅτι διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἁγίας θεοτόκου διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου ἑαυτῷ καὶ ἐν ἑαυτῷ ὁ κύριος σάρκα ὑπεστήσατο: καὶ πλέον οὐδὲν γινώσκομεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ ἀληθὴς καὶ ἐνεργής ἐστι καὶ παντοδύναμος, ὁ δὲ τρόπος ἀνεξερεύνητος. Οὐ χεῖρον δὲ καὶ τοῦτο εἰπεῖν, ὅτι, ὥσπερ φυσικῶς διὰ τῆς βρώσεως ὁ ἄρτος καὶ ὁ οἶνος καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ διὰ τῆς πόσεως εἰς σῶμα καὶ αἷμα τοῦ ἐσθίοντος καὶ πίνοντος μεταβάλλεται καὶ οὐ γίνεται ἕτερον σῶμα παρὰ τὸ πρότερον αὐτοῦ σῶμα, οὕτως ὁ τῆς προθέσεως ἄρτος οἶνός τε καὶ ὕδωρ διὰ τῆς ἐπικλήσεως καὶ ἐπιφοιτήσεως τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος ὑπερφυῶς μεταποιεῖται εἰς τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ αἷμα, καὶ οὔκ εἰσι δύο, ἀλλ' ἓν καὶ τὸ αὐτό.

Γίνεται τοίνυν τοῖς πίστει ἀξίως μεταλαμβάνουσιν εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν καὶ εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον καὶ εἰς φυλακτήριον ψυχῆς τε καὶ σώματος, τοῖς δὲ ἐν ἀπιστίᾳ ἀναξίως μετέχουσιν εἰς κόλασιν καὶ τιμωρίαν, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ τοῦ κυρίου θάνατος τοῖς μὲν πιστεύουσι γέγονε ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία εἰς ἀπόλαυσιν τῆς αἰωνίου μακαριότητος, τοῖς δὲ ἀπειθοῦσι καὶ τοῖς κυριοκτόνοις εἰς κόλασιν καὶ τιμωρίαν αἰώνιον.

Οὐκ ἔστι τύπος ὁ ἄρτος καὶ ὁ οἶνος τοῦ σώματος καὶ αἵματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ_μὴ γένοιτο_, ἀλλ' αὐτὸ τὸ σῶμα τοῦ κυρίου τεθεωμένον, αὐτοῦ τοῦ κυρίου εἰπόντος: «Τοῦτό μού ἐστι» οὐ τύπος τοῦ σώματος ἀλλὰ «τὸ σῶμα», καὶ οὐ τύπος τοῦ αἵματος ἀλλὰ «τὸ αἷμα», καὶ πρὸ τούτου τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, ὅτι, «εἰ μὴ φάγητε τὴν σάρκα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, οὐκ ἔχετε ζωὴν αἰώνιον. Ἡ γὰρ σάρξ μου ἀληθής ἐστι βρῶσις, καὶ τὸ αἷμά μου ἀληθής ἐστι πόσις», καὶ πάλιν: «Ὁ τρώγων με ζήσεται».

Διὸ μετὰ παντὸς φόβου καὶ συνειδήσεως καθαρᾶς καὶ ἀδιστάκτου πίστεως προσέλθωμεν, καὶ πάντως ἔσται ἡμῖν, καθὼς πιστεύομεν μὴ διστάζοντες. Τιμήσωμεν δὲ αὐτὸ πάσῃ καθαρότητι, ψυχικῇ τε καὶ σωματικῇ: διπλοῦν γάρ ἐστι. Προσέλθωμεν αὐτῷ πόθῳ διακαεῖ καὶ σταυροειδῶς τὰς παλάμας τυπώσαντες τοῦ ἐσταυρωμένου τὸ σῶμα ὑποδεξώμεθα καὶ ἐπιθέντες ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ χείλη καὶ μέτωπα τοῦ θείου ἄνθρακος μεταλάβωμεν, ἵνα τὸ πῦρ τοῦ ἐν ἡμῖν πόθου προσλαβὸν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ ἄνθρακος πύρωσιν καταφλέξῃ ἡμῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας καὶ φωτίσῃ ἡμῶν τὰς καρδίας καὶ τῇ μετουσίᾳ τοῦ θείου πυρὸς πυρωθῶμεν καὶ θεωθῶμεν. Ἄνθρακα εἶδεν Ἡσαΐας: ἄνθραξ δὲ ξύλον λιτὸν οὐκ ἔστιν, ἀλλ' ἡνωμένον πυρί: οὕτως καὶ ὁ ἄρτος τῆς κοινωνίας οὐκ ἄρτος λιτός ἐστιν, ἀλλ' ἡνωμένος θεότητι: σῶμα δὲ ἡνωμένον θεότητι οὐ μία φύσις ἐστίν, ἀλλὰ μία μὲν τοῦ σώματος, τῆς δὲ ἡνωμένης αὐτῷ θεότητος ἑτέρα: ὥστε τὸ συναμφότερον οὐ μία φύσις, ἀλλὰ δύο.

Ἄρτῳ καὶ οἴνῳ ἐδεξιοῦτο Μελχισεδὲκ τὸν Ἀβραὰμ ἐκ τῆς τῶν ἀλλοφύλων κοπῆς ὑποστρέφοντα, ὁ ἱερεὺς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ὑψίστου: ἐκείνη ἡ τράπεζα ταύτην τὴν μυστικὴν προεικόνιζε τράπεζαν, ὃν τρόπον ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἱερεὺς τοῦ ἀληθινοῦ ἀρχιερέως Χριστοῦ τύπος ἦν καὶ εἰκόνισμα: «Σὺ» γάρ, φησίν, «ἱερεὺς εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδέκ». Τοῦτον τὸν ἄρτον οἱ ἄρτοι εἰκόνιζον τῆς προθέσεως. Αὕτη γάρ ἐστιν ἡ καθαρὰ θυσία, δηλαδὴ καὶ ἀναίμακτος, ἣν ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ἡλίου μέχρι δυσμῶν αὐτῷ προσφέρεσθαι διὰ τοῦ προφήτου ὁ κύριος ἔφησε.

Σῶμά ἐστι καὶ αἷμα Χριστοῦ εἰς σύστασιν τῆς ἡμετέρας ψυχῆς τε καὶ σώματος χωροῦν, οὐ δαπανώμενον, οὐ φθειρόμενον, οὐκ εἰς ἀφεδρῶνα χωροῦν_μὴ γένοιτο_, ἀλλ' εἰς τὴν ἡμῶν οὐσίαν τε καὶ συντήρησιν, βλάβης παντοδαποῦς ἀμυντήριον, ῥύπου παντὸς καθαρτήριον_ἂν μὲν χρυσὸν λάβῃ κίβδηλον, διὰ τῆς κριτικῆς πυρώσεως καθαίρει_, ἵνα μὴ ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι σὺν τῷ κόσμῳ κατακριθῶμεν. Καθαίρει γὰρ νόσους καὶ παντοίας ἐπιφοράς, καθώς φησιν ὁ θεῖος ἀπόστολος: «Εἰ γὰρ ἑαυτοὺς ἐκρίνομεν, οὐκ ἂν ἐκρινόμεθα. Κρινόμενοι δὲ ὑπὸ κυρίου παιδευόμεθα, ἵνα μὴ σὺν τῷ κόσμῳ κατακριθῶμεν». Καὶ τοῦτό ἐστιν, ὃ λέγει: «Ὥστε ὁ μετέχων τοῦ σώματος καὶ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ κυρίου ἀναξίως κρῖμα ἑαυτῷ ἐσθίει καὶ πίνει». Δι' αὐτοῦ καθαιρόμενοι ἑνούμεθα τῷ σώματι τοῦ κυρίου καὶ τῷ πνεύματι αὐτοῦ καὶ γινόμεθα σῶμα Χριστοῦ.

Οὗτος ὁ ἄρτος ἐστὶν ἡ ἀπαρχὴ τοῦ μέλλοντος ἄρτου, ὅς ἐστιν ὁ ἐπιούσιος: τὸ γὰρ «ἐπιούσιον» δηλοῖ ἢ τὸν μέλλοντα, τουτέστιν τὸν τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος, ἢ τὸν πρὸς συντήρησιν τῆς οὐσίας ἡμῶν λαμβανόμενον. Εἴτε οὖν οὕτως, εἴτε οὕτως, τὸ τοῦ κυρίου σῶμα προσφυῶς λεχθήσεται: πνεῦμα γὰρ ζωοποιοῦν ἐστιν ἡ σὰρξ τοῦ κυρίου, διότι ἐκ τοῦ ζωοποιοῦ πνεύματος συνελήφθη: «τὸ γὰρ γεγεννημένον ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος πνεῦμά ἐστι». Τοῦτο δὲ λέγω οὐκ ἀναιρῶν τὴν τοῦ σώματος φύσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ ζωοποιὸν καὶ θεῖον τούτου δηλῶσαι βουλόμενος.

Εἰ δὲ καί τινες ἀντίτυπα τοῦ σώματος καὶ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ κυρίου τὸν ἄρτον καὶ τὸν οἶνον ἐκάλεσαν, ὡς ὁ θεοφόρος ἔφη Βασίλειος, οὐ μετὰ τὸ ἁγιασθῆναι εἶπον, ἀλλὰ πρὶν ἁγιασθῆναι αὐτὴν τὴν προσφορὰν οὕτω καλέσαντες.

Μετάληψις λέγεται: δι' αὐτῆς γὰρ τῆς Ἰησοῦ θεότητος μεταλαμβάνομεν. Κοινωνία λέγεταί τε καὶ ἔστιν ἀληθῶς διὰ τὸ κοινωνεῖν ἡμᾶς δι' αὐτῆς τῷ Χριστῷ καὶ μετέχειν αὐτοῦ τῆς σαρκός τε καὶ τῆς θεότητος, κοινωνεῖν δὲ καὶ ἑνοῦσθαι καὶ ἀλλήλοις δι' αὐτῆς: ἐπεὶ γὰρ ἐξ ἑνὸς ἄρτου μεταλαμβάνομεν, οἱ πάντες ἓν σῶμα Χριστοῦ καὶ ἓν αἷμα καὶ ἀλλήλων μέλη γινόμεθα σύσσωμοι Χριστοῦ χρηματίζοντες.

Πάσῃ δυνάμει τοίνυν φυλαξώμεθα, μὴ λαμβάνειν μετάληψιν αἱρετικῶν μήτε διδόναι. «Μὴ δῶτε γὰρ τὰ ἅγια τοῖς κυσίν», φησὶν ὁ κύριος, «μηδὲ ῥίπτετε τοὺς μαργαρίτας ὑμῶν ἔμπροσθεν τῶν χοίρων», ἵνα μὴ μέτοχοι τῆς κακοδοξίας καὶ τῆς αὐτῶν γενώμεθα κατακρίσεως. Εἰ γὰρ πάντως ἕνωσίς ἐστι πρὸς Χριστὸν καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους, πάντως καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς συμμεταλαμβάνουσιν ἡμῖν κατὰ προαίρεσιν ἑνούμεθα: ἐκ προαιρέσεως γὰρ ἡ ἕνωσις αὕτη γίνεται, οὐ χωρὶς τῆς ἡμῶν γνώμης.

Ἀντίτυπα δὲ τῶν μελλόντων λέγονται οὐχ ὡς μὴ ὄντα ἀληθῶς σῶμα καὶ αἷμα Χριστοῦ, ἀλλ' ὅτι νῦν μὲν δι' αὐτῶν μετέχομεν τῆς Χριστοῦ θεότητος, τότε δὲ νοητῶς διὰ μόνης τῆς θέας.