Chap. xv.—how they who were men obtained the name of gods.

Now, since it is evident from these things that they were men, it is not difficult to see in what manner they began to be called gods.46    [Vol. ii. cap. 28, p. 143, this series.]   For if there were no kings before Saturn or Uranus, on account of the small number of men who lived a rustic life without any ruler, there is no doubt but in those times men began to exalt the king himself, and his whole family, with the highest praises and with new honours, so that they even called them gods; whether on account of their wonderful excellence, men as yet rude and simple really entertained this opinion, or, as is commonly the case, in flattery of present power, or on account of the benefits by which they were set in order and reduced to a civilized state. Afterwards the kings themselves, since they were beloved by those whose life they had civilized, after their death left regret of themselves. Therefore men formed images of them, that they might derive some consolation from the contemplation of their likenesses; and proceeding further through love of their worth,47    Per amorem meriti. Some editions omit “meriti.”   they began to reverence the memory of the deceased, that they might appear to be grateful for their services, and might attract their successors to a desire of ruling well. And this Cicero teaches in his treatise on the Nature of the Gods, saying “But the life of men and common intercourse led to the exalting to heaven by fame and goodwill men who were distinguished by their benefits. On this account Hercules, on this Castor and Pollux, Æsculapius and Liber” were ranked with the gods. And in another passage: “And in most states it may be understood, that for the sake of exciting valour, or that the men most distinguished for bravery might more readily encounter danger on account of the state, their memory was consecrated with the honour paid to the immortal gods.” It was doubtless on this account that the Romans consecrated their Cæsars, and the Moors their kings. Thus by degrees religious honours began to be paid to them; while those who had known them, first instructed their own children and grandchildren, and afterwards all their posterity, in the practice of this rite. And yet these great kings, on account of the celebrity of their name, were honoured in all provinces.  

But separate people privately honoured the founders of their nation or city with the highest veneration, whether they were men distinguished for bravery, or women admirable for chastity; as the Egyptians honoured Isis, the Moors Juba, the Macedonians Cabirus, the Carthaginians Uranus, the Latins Faunus, the Sabines Sancus, the Romans Quirinus. In the same manner truly Athens worshipped Minerva, Samos Juno, Paphos Venus, Lemnos Vulcan, Naxos Liber, and Delos Apollo. And thus various sacred rites have been undertaken among different peoples and countries, inasmuch as men desire to show gratitude to their princes, and cannot find out other honours which they may confer upon the dead. Moreover, the piety of their successors contributed in a great degree to the error; for, in order that they might appear to be born from a divine origin, they paid divine honours to their parents, and ordered that they should be paid by others. Can any one doubt in what way the honours paid to the gods were instituted, when he reads in Virgil the words of Æneas giving commands to his friends:48    Æneid, vii. 133.  —  

And he attributes to him not only immortality, but also power over the winds:49    Ibid., v. 59.  —  

In truth, Liber and Pan, and Mercury and Apollo, acted in the same way respecting Jupiter, and afterwards their successors did the same respecting them. The poets also added their influence, and by means of poems composed to give pleasure, raised them to the heaven; as is the case with those who flatter kings, even though wicked, with false panegyrics. And this evil originated with the Greeks, whose levity being furnished50    Instructa. [Vol. ii. cap. 18, p. 137, this series.]   with the ability and copiousness of speech, excited in an incredible degree mists of falsehoods. And thus from admiration of them they first undertook their sacred rites, and handed them down to all nations. On account of this vanity the Sibyl thus rebukes them:—  

Marcus Tullius, who was not only an accomplished orator, but also a philosopher, since he alone was an imitator of Plato, in that treatise in which he consoled himself concerning the death of his daughter, did not hesitate to say that those gods who were publicly worshipped were men. And this testimony of his ought to be esteemed the more weighty, because he held the priesthood of the augurs, and testifies that he worships and venerates the same gods. And thus within the compass of a few verses he has presented us with two facts. For while he declared his intention of consecrating the image of his daughter in the same manner in which they were consecrated by the ancients, he both taught that they were dead, and showed the origin of a vain superstition. “Since, in truth,” he says, “we see many men and women among the number of the gods, and venerate their shrines, held in the greatest honour in cities and in the country, let us assent to the wisdom of those to whose talents and inventions we owe it that life is altogether adorned with laws and institutions, and established on a firm basis. And if any living being was worthy of being consecrated, assuredly it was this. If the offspring of Cadmus, or Amphitryon, or Tyndarus, was worthy of being extolled by fame to the heaven, the same honour ought undoubtedly to be appropriated to her. And this indeed I will do; and with the approbation of the gods, I will place you the best and most learned of all women in their assembly, and will consecrate you to the estimation of all men.” Some one may perhaps say that Cicero raved through excessive grief. But, in truth, the whole of that speech, which was perfect both in learning and in its examples, and in the very style of expression, gave no indications of a distempered mind, but of constancy and judgment; and this very sentence exhibits no sign of grief. For I do not think that he could have written with such variety, and copiousness, and ornament, had not his grief been mitigated by reason itself, and the consolation of his friends and length of time. Why should I mention what he says in his books concerning the Republic, and also concerning glory? For in his treatise on the Laws, in which work, following the example of Plato, he wished to set forth those laws which he thought that a just and wise state would employ, he thus decreed concerning religion:51    [De Legibus, ii. cap. 8.]   “Let them reverence the gods, both those who have always been regarded as gods of heaven, and those whose services to men have placed them in heaven: Hercules, Liber, Æsculapius, Castor, Pollux, and Quirinus.” Also in his Tusculan Disputations,52    [Liber i. capp. 12, 13.]   when he said that heaven was almost entirely filled with the human race, he said: “If, indeed, I should attempt to investigate ancient accounts, and to extract from them those things which the writers of Greece have handed down, even those who are held in the highest rank as gods will be found to have gone from us into heaven. Inquire whose sepulchres are pointed out in Greece: remember, since you are initiated, what things are handed down in the mysteries; and then at length you will understand how widely this persuasion is spread.” He appealed, as it is plain, to the conscience of Atticus, that it might be understood from the very mysteries that all those who are worshipped were men; and when he acknowledged this without hesitation in the case of Hercules, Liber, Æsculapius, Castor and Pollux, he was afraid openly to make the same admission respecting Apollo and Jupiter their fathers, and likewise respecting Neptune, Vulcan, Mars, and Mercury, whom he termed the greater gods; and therefore he says that this opinion is widely spread, that we may understand the same concerning Jupiter and the other more ancient gods: for if the ancients consecrated their memory in the same manner in which he says that he will consecrate the image and the name of his daughter, those who mourn may be pardoned, but those who believe it cannot be pardoned. For who is so infatuated as to believe that heaven is opened to the dead at the consent and pleasure of a senseless multitude? Or that any one is able to give to another that which he himself does not possess? Among the Romans, Julius was made a god, because it pleased a guilty man, Antony; Quirinus was made a god, because it seemed good to the shepherds, though one of them was the murderer of his twin brother, the other the destroyer of his country. But if Antony had not been consul, in return for his services towards the state Caius Cæsar would have been without the honour even of a dead man, and that, too, by the advice of his father-in-law Piso, and of his relative Lucius Cæsar, who opposed the celebration of the funeral, and by the advice of Dolabella the consul, who overthrew the column in the forum, that is, his monuments, and purified the forum. For Ennius declares that Romulus was regretted by his people, since he represents the people as thus speaking, through grief for their lost king: “O Romulus, Romulus, say what a guardian of your country the gods produced you? You brought us forth within the regions of light. O father, O sire, O race, descended from the gods.” On account of this regret they more readily believed Julius Proculus uttering falsehoods, who was suborned by the fathers to announce to the populace that he had seen the king in a form more majestic than that of a man; and that he had given command to the people that a temple should be built to his honour, that he was a god, and was called by the name of Quirinus. By which deed he at once persuaded the people that Romulus had gone to the gods, and freed the senate from the suspicion of having slain the king.  

CAPUT XV. Quomodo, cum fuerint illi homines, dii fuerint nominati

Quibus ex rebus, cum constet illos homines fuisse, non est obscurum qua ratione dii coeperint nominari. Si enim nulli reges ante Saturnum vel Uranum fuerunt propter hominum raritatem, qui agrestem vitam sine ullo rectore vivebant: non est dubium quin illis temporibus homines regem ipsum totamque gentem summis laudibus ac novis honoribus jactare 0192B coeperint, ut etiam deos appellarent, sive ob miraculum virtutis (hoc vere putabant rudes adhuc et simplices), sive (ut fieri solet) in adulationem praesentis potentiae, sive ob beneficia quibus erant ad humanitatem compositi. Deinde ipsi reges, cum chari fuissent iis, quorum vitam composuerant, magnum sui desiderium mortui reliquerunt. Itaque homines eorum simulacra finxerunt, ut haberent aliquod ex imaginum contemplatione solatium; progressique longius 0193A per amorem meriti, 0193A memoriam defunctorum colere coeperunt; ut et gratiam referre bene meritis viderentur, et successores eorum allicerent ad bene imperandi cupiditatem. Quod Cicero de Natura deorum (l. II, c. 14) docet, dicens: «Suscepit autem vita hominum consuetudoque communis, ut beneficiis excellentes viros in coelum fama ac voluntate tollerent. Hinc Hercules, hinc Castor, hinc Pollux, hinc Aesculapius, hinc Liber.» Et alio loco: «Atque in plerisque civitatibus intelligi potest, acuendae virtutis gratia, aut quo libentius reipublicae causa periculum adiret optimus quisque virorum fortium, memoriam 0194A honore deorum immortalium consecratam.» Hac scilicet ratione Romani Caesares suos consecraverunt, et Mauri reges suos. Sic paulatim religiones esse coeperunt, dum illi primi, qui eos noverant, eo ritu suos liberos ac nepotes, deinde omnes posteros imbuerunt. Et hi tamen summi reges ob celebritatem nominis in provinciis omnibus colebantur.

Privatim vero singuli populi gentis aut urbis suae conditores, seu viri fortitudine insignes erant, seu foeminae castitate mirabiles, summa veneratione coluerunt; ut Aegyptii Isidem, Mauri Jubam, Macedones Cabirum, Poeni Uranum, Latini Faunum, Sabini Sancum, 0195A Romani Quirinum. 0195A Eodem utique modo Athenae Minervam, Samos Junonem, Paphos Venerem, Lemnos Vulcanum, Naxos Liberum, Apollinem Delphi. Sic per populos atque regiones varia sacra suscepta sunt, dum grati homines esse in suos principes cupiunt, et quod alios honores, quos vita carentibus deferant, invenire non possunt. Praeterea pietas eorum, qui successerant, plurimum contulit ad errorem; qui (ut divina stirpe nati viderentur) divinos honores parentibus detulerunt, deferrique jusserunt. An potest aliquis dubitare, quomodo religiones deorum sint institutae, cum apud Maronem legat Aeneae verba sociis imperantis: Nunc pateras libate Jovi, precibusque vocate Anchisem genitorem.0195B Cui non tantum immortalitatem, verum etiam ventorum tribuit potestatem: Poscamus ventos, atque haec me sacra quotannis Urbe velit posita templis sibi ferre dicatis.

Idem scilicet de Jove Liber, et Pan, et Mercurius, et Apollo fecerunt; ac postea de his ipsis successores 0196A eorum. Accesserunt etiam poetae, et compositis ad voluptatem carminibus, in coelum eos sustulerunt: sicut faciunt qui apud reges, etiam malos, panegyricis mendacibus adulantur. Quod malum a Graecis ortum est: quorum levitas, instructa dicendi facultate et copia, incredibile est quantas mendaciorum nebulas excitaverit. Itaque admirati eos, et susceperunt primi sacra illorum, et universis gentibus tradiderunt. Ob hanc vanitatem Sibylla sic eos increpat: Ἑλλὰς δὴ τί πέποιθας ἐπ᾽ ἀνδράσιν ἡγεμόνεσσι; Πρὸς τί δὲ δῶρα μάταια καταφθιμένοις ἀνατίθης; Θύεις εἰδώλοις· τίς σοι πλάνον ἐν φρεσὶ θῆκε, Ταῦτα τελεῖν προλιπόντα θεοῦ μεγάλοιο πρόσωπον.

M. Tullius, qui non tantum perfectus orator, sed etiam philosophus fuit; siquidem solus extitit Platonis 0196B imitator, in eo libro, quo se ipse de morte filiae consolatus est, non dubitavit dicere, deos, qui publice colerentur, homines fuisse. Quod ipsius testimonium eo debet gravissimum judicari, quod et augurale habuit sacerdotium, et eosdem se colere venerarique 0197A testatur. Itaque intra paucos versiculos 0197A duas res nobis dedit. Nam dum imaginem filiae eodem modo se consecraturum esse profiteretur, quo illi a veteribus sunt consecrati, et illos mortuos esse docuit, et originem vanae superstitionis ostendit. «Cum vero, inquit, et mares et foeminas complures ex hominibus in deorum numero esse videamus, et eorum in urbibus atque agris augustissima delubra veneremur, assentiamur eorum sapientiae, quorum ingeniis et inventis omnem vitam legibus et institutis excultam constitutamque habemus. Quod si ullum unquam animal consecrandum fuit, illud profecto fuit. Si Cadmi progenies, aut Amphytrionis, aut Tyndari in coelum tollenda fama fuit, huic idem honos certe dicandus 0197B est. Quod quidem faciam, teque omnium optimam 0198A doctissimamque, approbantibus diis immortalibus ipsis, in eorum coetu locatam, ad opinionem omnium mortalium consecrabo.» Fortasse dicat aliquis, prae nimio luctu delirasse Ciceronem. Atqui omnis illa oratio, et doctrina, et exemplis, et ipso loquendi genere perfecta, non aegri, sed constantis animi ac judicii fuit; et haec ipsa sententia nullum praefert indicium doloris. Neque enim puto illum tam varie, tam copiose, tam ornate scribere potuisse, nisi luctum ejus et ratio ipsa, et consolatio amicorum, et temporis longitudo mitigasset. Quid, quod idem dicit in libris de Republica? idem de Gloria? Nam de Legibus, quo in opere Platonem secutus, leges voluit ponere, quibus putaret usuram esse justam et sapienetm civitatem, 0198B de Religione ita sanxit: «Divos, et eos qui coelestes semper habiti sunt, colunto; et illos, quos in 0199A coelo merita locaverunt, 0199A Herculem, Liberum, Aesculapium, Pollucem, Castorem, Quirinum.» Item in Tusculanis, cum diceret totum pene coelum humano genere completum: «Si vero, inquit, scrutari vetera, et ex illis ea quae scriptores Graeciae prodiderunt, eruere coner, ipsi illi majorum gentium dii qui habentur, hinc a nobis profecti in coelum reperientur. Quaere, quorum demonstrantur sepulcra in Graecia; reminiscere, quoniam es initiatus, quae traduntur mysteriis: tum denique quam hoc late pateat intelliges.» Testatus est videlicet Attici conscientiam, ex ipsis mysteriis intelligi posse, quod omnes illi homines fuerunt, qui coluntur: et cum de Hercule, Libero, Aesculapio, Castore, Polluce incunctanter fateretur; 0199B de Apolline ac Jove, patribus eorum, item de Neptuno, 0200A Vulcano, Marte, Mercurio, quos majorum gentium deos appellavit, timuit aperte confiteri. Et idcirco ait late hoc patere, ut idem de Jove caeterisque antiquioribus diis intelligamus, quorum memoriam si eadem ratione veteres consecraverunt, qua se imaginem nomenque filiae consecraturum esse dicit, ignosci moerentibus potest, credentibus non potest. Quis enim tam demens, qui consensu et placito innumerabilium stultorum aperiri coelum mortuis arbitretur? aut aliquem, quod ipse non habeat, dare alteri posse? Apud Romanos deus Julius, quia hoc scelerato homini placuit Antonio; deus Quirinus, quia hoc pastoribus visum est: cum alter gemini fratris extiterit, alter patriae parricida. Quod si consul non fuisset Antonius, C. Caesar pro suis in rempublicam meritis etiam defuncti 0200B hominis honore caruisset, et quidem consilio 0201A Pisonis soceri, et L. Caesaris 0201A propinqui, qui vetabant funus fieri, et Dolabellae consulis, qui columnam in foro, id est, tumulum ejus evertit, ac forum expiavit. Nam Romulum desiderio suis fuisse declarat Ennius, apud quem populus amissum regem dolens, haec loquitur: O Romule, Romule dic, o, Qualem te patriae custodem dii genuerunt? Tu produxisti nos intra luminis oras. O pater, o genitor, o sanguen diis oriundum!Ob hoc desiderium facilius creditum est Julio Proculo mentienti, qui subornatus a patribus est, ut nuntiaret plebi vidisse se regem humano habitu augustiorem, eumque mandasse ad populum, ut sibi delubrum fieret, se deum esse, et Quirinum vocari. Quo facto, 0201B et ipsi populo persuasit Romulum ad deos abiisse, et senatum suspicione caedis regiae liberavit.