Chap. IX.—Of the Crimes of the Wicked, and the Torture Inflicted on the Christians.

At times, however, they perceive that they are wicked, and praise the condition of the former ages, and conjecture that justice is absent because of their characters and deserts; for, though she presents herself to their eyes, they not only fail to receive or recognise her, but they even violently hate, and persecute, and endeavour to banish her. Let us suppose, in the meantime, that she whom we follow is not justice: how will they receive her whom they imagine to be the true justice, if she shall have come, when they torture and kill those whom they themselves confess to be imitators of the just, because they perform good and just actions; whereas, if they should put to death the wicked only, they would deserve to be unvisited by justice, who had no other reason for leaving the earth than the shedding of human blood? How much more so when they slay the righteous, and account the followers of justice themselves as enemies, yea, as more than enemies; who, though they eagerly seek their lives, and property, and children by sword and fire, yet are spared when conquered; and there is a place for clemency even amidst arms; or if they have determined to carry their cruelty to the utmost, nothing more is done towards them, except that they are put to death or led away to slavery! But this is unutterable which is done towards those who are ignorant of crime, and none are regarded as more guilty than those who are of all men innocent. Therefore most wicked men venture to make mention of justice, men who surpass wild beasts in ferocity, who lay waste the most gentle flock of God,—  

But these have been maddened not by the fury of hunger, but of the heart; nor do they prowl in a black mist, but by open plundering; nor does the consciousness of their crimes ever recall them from profaning the sacred and holy name of justice with that mouth which, like the jaws of beasts, is wet with the blood of the innocent. What must we say is especially the cause of this excessive and persevering hatred?  

as the poet says, as though inspired by the Divine Spirit, or are they ashamed to be bad in the presence of the just and good? Or is it rather from both causes? For the truth is always hateful on this account, because he who sins wishes to have free scope for sinning, and thinks that he cannot in any other way more securely enjoy the pleasure of his evil doings, than if there is no one whom his faults may displease. Therefore they endeavour entirely to exterminate and take them away as witnesses of their crimes and wickedness, and think them burthensome to themselves, as though their life were reproved. For why should any be unseasonably good, who, when the public morals are corrupted, should censure them by living well? Why should not all be equally wicked, rapacious, unchaste, adulterers, perjured, covetous, and fraudulent? Why should they not rather be taken out of the way, in whose presence they are ashamed to lead an evil life, who, though not by words, for they are silent, but by their very course of life, so unlike their own, assail and strike the forehead of sinners? For whoever disagrees with them appears to reprove them.  

Nor is it greatly to be wondered at if these things are done towards men, since for the same cause the people who were placed in hope,965    The Jewish people. Thus St. Paul speaks, Acts xxvi. 6: “I stand and am judged for the hope of the promise made of God unto our fathers.”      Hunc pietatis affectum.   and not ignorant of God, rose up against God Himself; and the same necessity follows the righteous which attacked the Author of righteousness Himself. Therefore they harass and torment them with studied kinds of punishments, and think it little to kill those whom they hate, unless cruelty also mocks their bodies. But if any through fear of pain or death, or by their own perfidy, have deserted the heavenly oath,966    i.e., the Christian religion.      Conjunctiores, quòd animis, quàm quòd (others read “qui”) corporibus.   and have consented to deadly sacrifices, these they praise and load967    Mactant.      [Modern followers of Lucretius may learn from him:—     Denique cœlesti sumus omnes semine oriundi;     Omnibus ille idem pater est.]     ii. 991.   with honours, that by their example they may allure others. But upon those who have highly esteemed their faith, and have not denied that they are worshippers of God, they fall with all the strength of their butchery, as though they thirsted for blood; and they call them desperate,968    Desperati, equivalent to παράβολοι, a word borrowed from combats with wild beasts, and applied to Christians as being ready to devote their lives to the cause of God.      Isa. lviii. 6, 7; Ezek. xviii. 7; Matt. xxv. 35.   because they by no means spare their body; as though anything could be more desperate, than to torture and tear in pieces him whom you know to be innocent. Thus no sense of shame remains among those from whom all kind feeling is absent, and they retort upon just men reproaches which are befitting to themselves. For they call them impious, being themselves forsooth pious, and shrinking from the shedding of human blood; whereas, if they would consider their own acts, and the acts of those whom they condemn as impious, they would now understand how false they are, and more deserving of all those things which they either say or do against the good. For they are not of our number, but of theirs who besiege the roads in arms, practice piracy by sea; or if it has not been in their power openly to assail, secretly mix poisons; who kill their wives that they may gain their dowries, or their husbands that they may marry adulterers; who either strangle the sons born from themselves, or if they are too pious, expose them; who restrain their incestuous passions neither from a daughter, nor sister, nor mother, nor priestess; who conspire against their own citizens and country; who do not fear the sack;969    There is an allusion to the punishment of parricides, who were enclosed in a bag with a dog, a serpent, an ape, and a cock, and thrown into the sea.      Pius.   who, in fine, commit sacrilege, and despoil the temples of the gods whom they worship; and, to speak of things which are light and usually practised by them, who hunt for inheritances, forge wills, either remove or exclude the just heirs; who prostitute their own persons to lust; who, in short, unmindful of what they were born, contend with women in passivity;970    Patientia, in a bad sense. [The text of the translator gives “endurance,” for which I venture to substitute as above.]      Dum volunt sanare, vitiaverunt. There is another reading: “dum volunt sanare vitia, auxerunt,” while they wish to apply a remedy to vices, have increased them.   who, in violation of all propriety,971    Contra fas omne.      Objectis aggeribus. “Agger” properly signifies a mound of earth or other material.   pollute and dishonour the most sacred part of their body; who mutilate themselves, and that which is more impious, in order that they may be priests of religion; who do not even spare their own life, but sell their lives to be taken away in public; who, if they sit as judges, corrupted by a bribe, either destroy the innocent or set free the guilty without punishment; who grasp at the heaven itself by sorceries, as though the earth would not contain their wickedness. These crimes, I say, and more than these, are plainly committed by those who are worshippers of the gods.  

Amidst these crimes of such number and magnitude, what place is there for justice? And I have collected a few only out of many, not for the purpose of censure, but to show their nature. Let those who shall wish to know all take in hand the books of Seneca, who was at the same time a most true describer and a most vehement accuser of the public morals and vices. But Lucilius also briefly and concisely described that dark life in these verses: “But now from morn to night, on festival and ordinary day alike, the whole people and the fathers with one accord display themselves in972    Induforo. “Indu” and “endo” are archaisms, used by Lucretius and other writers in the same sense as “in.”      [Gen. x. 32.]   the forum, and never depart from it. They have all given themselves to one and the same pursuit and art, that they may be able cautiously to deceive, to fight treacherously, to contend in flattery, each to pretend that he is a good man, to lie in wait, as if all were enemies to all.” But which of these things can be laid to the charge of our people,973    i.e., Christians. [See vol. i. pp. 26, 27.]      Prater infantiam—others read “propter infans”—properly means, one unable to speak. [See fine remarks on language, etc., in De Maistre, Soirées, etc., vol. i. p. 105 and notes, ed. Lyon, 1836.]   with whom the whole of religion consists in living without guilt and without spot? Since, therefore, they see that both they and their people do those things which we have said, but that ours practice nothing else but that which is just and good, they might, if they had any understanding, have perceived from this, both that they who do what is good are pious, and that they themselves who commit wicked actions are impious. For it is impossible that they who do not err in all the actions of their life, should err in the main point, that is, in religion, which is the chief of all things. For impiety, if taken up in that which is the most important, would follow through all the rest. And therefore974    Eoque fieri non potest. Others read “æque fieri,” etc.      A corpore, that is, from society.   it is impossible that they who err in the whole of their life should not be deceived also in religion; inasmuch as piety, if it kept its rule in the chief point, would maintain its course in others. Thus it happens, that on either side the character of the main subject may be known from the state of the actions which are carried on.  

CAPUT IX. 0575B De sceleribus impiorum, et Christianorum cruciatibus.

Nonnunquam tamen sentiunt se malos esse, et veterum saeculorum statum laudant, et de suis moribus meritisque conjectant abesse justitiam: quam obversantem oculis suis non tantum non suscipiunt, nec agnoscunt, verum etiam violenter oderunt, et persequuntur, et exterminare contendunt. Fingamus hanc interim non esse justitiam, quam nos sequimur: quomodo, si illa venerit, quam veram putant, eam recipient, qui laniant et occidunt cos, quos et ipsi fatentur imitatores esse justorum, quia bona operentur et justa; cum, si tantummodo malos occiderent, digni essent ad quos justitia non veniret, cui nulla fuit alia causa linquendi terram, quam humani cruoris effusio. Quanto magis, cum pios interficiant, et 0575C ipsos justitiae sectatores pro hostibus ducant; immo vero plus quam pro hostibus? quibus, utique cum animas eorum, et opes et liberos ferro et igni appetant, tamen parcitur victis; et est locus inter arma clementiae: aut si adeo saevire placuit, nihil plus in 0576A eos fit, quam ut occidantur, vel in servitutem abducantur. Hoc vero inenarrabile est, quod fit adversus eos qui malefacere nesciunt. Et nulli nocentiores habentur, quam qui sunt ex omnibus innocentes.

Audent igitur homines improbissimi justitiae facere mentionem, qui feras immanitate vincunt, qui placidissimum Dei gregem vastant, Lupi ceu Raptores atra in nebula, quos improba ventris Exegit caecos rabies.Verum hos non ventris, sed cordis rabies efferavit; nec atra in nebula, sed aperta praedatione grassantur; nec eos unquam conscientia scelerum revocat, ne sanctum ac pium nomen justitiae ore illo violent, quod cruore innocentium, tanquam rictus bestiarum madet. 0576B Hujus tanti et tam pertinacis odii quam potissimum causam esse dicamus? Utrumne Veritas odium parit,ut ait poeta, quasi divino spiritu instinctus? An erubescunt coram justis et bonis esse nequam? an potius utrumque? Nam et veritas ideo semper invisa est, quod is, qui peccat, vult habere liberum peccandi locum; nec aliter se putat malefactorum voluptate securius perfrui posse, quam si nemo sit, cui delicta non placeant. Ergo tanquam scelerum et malitiae suae testes extirpare funditus nituntur, et tollere, gravesque sibi putant, tanquam vita eorum coarguatur. Cur enim sint aliqui intempestive boni, qui, corruptis moribus publicis, convicium bene vivendo faciant? Cur non omnes sint aeque mali, rapaces, impudici, adulteri, 0576C perjuri, cupidi, fraudulenti? quin potius auferantur, quibus coram male vivere pudet; qui peccantium frontem, etsi non verbis, quia tacent, tamen ipso vitae genere dissimili feriunt et verberant? Castigare enim videtur quicumque dissentit.

0577A Nec est magnopere mirandum, si adversus homines ista fiunt, cum adversus ipsum Deum, 0577A propter eamdem causam, insurrexerit etiam populus in spe constitutus, nec Dei nescius; sequiturque justos eadem necessitas, quae ipsum justitiae violavit auctorem. Vexant ergo, et exquisitis poenarum generibus excruciant; parumque habent interficere quos oderunt, nisi etiam crudelitas corporibus illudat. Si qui autem doloris vel mortis metu, vel sua perfidia coeleste sacramentum deseruerint, et ad funesta sacrificia consenserint, eos laudant, et honoribus mactant, ut eorum exemplo caeteros illiciant. Qui autem magni aestimaverint fidem, cultoresque se Dei non abnegaverint, in eos vero totis carnificinae suae viribus, veluti sanguinem sitiant, incumbunt; et desperatos vocant, quia corporis suo minime parcunt: quasi 0577B quidquam desperatius esse possit, quam torquere ac dilaniare eum, quem scias esse innocentem. Adeo nec pudor ullus apud eos superest, a quibus abest omnis 0578A humanitas! Et retorquent in homines justos convicia sibi congruentia.

Impios enim vocant, ipsi scilicet pii, et ab humano sanguine abhorrentes; cum si et actus suos considerent, et illorum quos tanquam impios damnant, jam intelligant, quam mendaces sint, et iis omnibus, quae adversus bonos aut dicunt, aut faciunt, digniores. Non enim de nostro, sed ex illorum numero semper existunt, qui vias obsideant armati, maria praedentur; vel si palam grassari non licuit, venena clam temperent; qui uxores necent, ut dotes earum lucrentur, aut maritos, ut adulteris nubant, qui natos ex se pueros aut strangulent, aut si nimium pii fuerint, exponant; qui libidines incestas, nec a filia, nec a sorore, nec a matre, nec a sacerdote contineant; qui adversus cives suos patriamque conjurent: qui nec 0578B culleum metuant; qui denique sacrilegia committant, et deorum, quos colunt, templa dispolient; et ut quae levia sunt atque illis usitata dicamus, qui haereditates 0579A captent, testamenta supponant, justos haeredes vel auferant, vel excludant; qui corpora sua libidinibus prostituant; qui denique immemores, quid nati sint, cum foeminis patientia certent; 0579A qui sanctissimam quoque corporis sui partem contra fas omne polluant et profanent; qui virilia sua ferro metant; et, quod est sceleratius, ut sint religionis antistites; qui ne vitae quidem suae parcant, sed extinguendas publice animas suas vendant; si judices sedeant, aut immeritos perdant mercede corrupti, aut noxios impune dimittant; qui coelum quoque ipsum veneficiis appetant, tanquam illorum malitiam terra non capiat. Haec, inquam, et his plura scelera utique ab iis fiunt, qui deos colunt.

Quis inter haec tot ac tanta justitiae locus est? Et ego de multis collegi, non ut arguerem, sed ut ostenderem. Qui volent scire omnia, Senecae libros in 0579B manum sumant, qui morum vitiorumque publicorum et descriptor verissimus, et accusator acerrimus fuit. Sed et Lucilius tenebrosam istam vitam circumscripte breviterque depinxit his versibus: Nunc vero a mane ad noctem, festo atque profesto Totus item pariterque die, populusque, patresque Jactare induforo se omnes; decedere nusquam, Uni se atque eidem studio omnes dedere et arti: Verba dare ut caute possint, pugnare dolose, Blanditia certare, bonum simulare virum se, Insidias facere, ut si hostes sint omnibus omnes.0580A Nostro autem populo quid horum potest objici, cujus omnis religio est, sine scelere ac sine macula vivere? Cum igitur videant, et se, ac suos ea quae diximus gerere, nostros autem nihil aliud operari, nisi aequum et bonum; poterant, si quid saperent, ex hoc intelligere, et illos qui bonum faciunt pios esse, et se impios, qui nefanda committunt: neque enim fieri potest, ut qui in omnibus vitae suae actibus non errant, in ipsa summa errent, hoc est in religione, quae rerum omnium caput est. Impietas enim suscepta in eo, quod est summum, per caetera universa sequeretur. Eoque fieri non potest, ut ipsi, qui errant in omni vita, non et in religione fallantur: quoniam pietas in summo regulam tenens, tenorem suum servaret in caeteris. Ita fit ut in utraque parte, de conditione rerum quae geruntur, qualis sit summa ipsa noscatur.