Chap. X.—Of the life and actions of Æsculapius, apollo, neptune, mars, castor and pollux, mercury and bacchus.

What other action worthy of divine honours, except the healing of Hippolytus, did Æsculapius perform, whose birth also was not without disgrace to Apollo? His death was certainly more renowned, because he earned the distinction of being struck with lightning by a god. Tarquitius, in a dissertation concerning illustrious men, says that he was born of uncertain parents, exposed, and found by some hunters; that he was nourished by a dog, and that, being delivered to Chiron, he learned the art of medicine. He says, moreover, that he was a Messenian, but that he spent some time at Epidaurus. Tully also says that he was buried at Cynosuræ. What was the conduct of Apollo, his father? Did he not, on account of his impassioned love, most disgracefully tend the flock of another, and build walls for Laomedon, having been hired together with Neptune for a reward, which could with impunity be withheld from him? And from him first the perfidious king learned to refuse to carry out whatever contract he had made with gods. And he also, while in love with a beautiful boy, offered violence to him, and while engaged in play, slew him.  

Mars, when guilty of homicide, and set free from the charge of murder by the Athenians through favour, lest he should appear to be too fierce and savage, committed adultery with Venus. Castor and Pollux, while they are engaged in carrying off the wives of others, ceased to be twin-brothers. For Idas, being excited with jealousy on account of the injury, transfixed one of the brothers with his sword. And the poets relate that they live and die alternately: so that they are now the most wretched not only of the gods, but also of all mortals, inasmuch as they are not permitted to die once only. And yet Homer, differing from the other poets, simply records that they both died. For when he represented Helen as sitting by the side of Priam on the walls of Troy, and recognising all the chieftains of Greece, but as looking in vain for her brothers only, he added to his speech a verse of this kind:—  

What did Mercury, a thief and spendthrift, leave to contribute to his fame, except the memory of his frauds? Doubtless he was deserving of heaven, because he taught the exercises of the palæstra, and was the first who invented the lyre.27    [See vol. v. p. 43, and note, p. 46, this series.]   It is necessary that Father Liber should be of chief authority, and of the first rank in the senate of the gods, because he was the only one of them all, except Jupiter, who triumphed, led an army, and subdued the Indians. But that very great and unconquered Indian commander was most shamefully overpowered by love and lust. For, being conveyed to Crete with his effeminate retinue, he met with an unchaste woman on the shore; and in the confidence inspired by his Indian victory, he wished to give proof of his manliness, lest he should appear too effeminate. And so he took to himself in marriage that woman, the betrayer of her father, and the murderer of her brother, after that she had been deserted and repudiated by another husband; and he made her Libera, and with her ascended into heaven.  

What was the conduct of Jupiter, the father of all these, who in the customary prayer is styled28    [Nat. Deor., iii. 36. De Maistre, Soirèes, i. p. 30, and note, p 63.]   Most Excellent and Great? Is he not, from his earliest childhood, proved to be impious, and almost a parricide, since he expelled his father from his kingdom, and banished him, and did not await his death though he was aged and worn out, such was his eagerness for rule? And when he had taken his father’s throne by violence and arms, he was attacked with war by the Titans, which was the beginning of evils to the human race; and when these had been overcome and lasting peace procured, he spent the rest of his life in debaucheries and adulteries. I forbear to mention the virgins whom he dishonoured. For that is wont to be judged endurable. I cannot pass by the cases of Amphitryon and Tyndarus, whose houses he filled to overflowing with disgrace and infamy. But he reached the height of impiety and guilt in carrying off the royal boy. For it did not appear enough to cover himself with infamy in offering violence to women, unless he also outraged his own sex. This is true adultery, which is done against nature. Whether he who committed these crimes can be called Greatest is a matter of question, undoubtedly he is not the Best; to which name corrupters, adulterers, and incestuous persons have no claim; unless it happens that we men are mistaken in terming those who do such things wicked and abandoned, and in judging them most deserving of every kind of punishment. But Marcus Tullius was foolish in upbraiding Caius Verres with adulteries, for Jupiter, whom he worshipped, committed the same; and in upbraiding Publius Clodius with incest with his sister, for he who was Best and Greatest had the same person both as sister and wife.  

CAPUT X. De Aesculapii, Apollinis, Neptuni, Martis, Castoris et Pollucis, Mercurii atque Liberi vita et gestis.

0160B Aesculapius et ipse non sine flagitio Apollinis natus, quid fecit aliud divinis honoribus dignum, nisi quod sanavit Hippolytum? mortem sane habuit clariorem, quod a Deo meruit fulminari. Hunc Tarquitius de illustribus viris disserens, ait incertis parentibus natum, expositum, et a venatoribus inventum, canino lacte nutritum, Chironi traditum, didicisse medicinam: fuisse autem Messenium, sed Epidauri moratum. Tullius etiam Cynosuris ait sepultum. 0161A Quid Apollo 0161A pater ejus? Nonne ob amorem, quo flagrabat, turpissime gregem pavit alienum, et muros Laomedonti exstruxit, cum Neptuno mercede conductus, quae illi negari potuit impune, ab eoque primo Rex perfidus, quidquid cum diis pepigisset, didicit abnegare. Idem formosum puerum et dum amat, violavit; et dum ludit, occidit.

Homicida Mars, et per gratiam caedis crimine ab Atheniensibus liberatus, ne videretur nimis ferus et immanis, adulterium cum Venere commisit. Castor et Pollux, dum alienas sponsas rapiunt, esse gemini desierunt. Nam livore injuriae concitatus Idas, alterum 0162A gladio transverberavit; et eosdem poetae alternis vivere alternis mori narrant: ut jam sint non deorum tantum, sed omnium mortalium miserrimi, quibus semmel mori non licet. Hos tamen Homerus ambos simpliciter (non ut poetae solent) mortuos esse testatur. Nam cum faceret in muris assidentem Priamo Helenam, cunctos Graeciae principes recognoscere, solos autem se fratres suos requirere, subjeccit orationi ejus hujusmodi versum: Ὡς φάτο, τοὺς δ᾽ ἤδη κάτεχεν φυνίζοος αἶα.Fur ac nebulo Mercurius, quid ad famam sui reliquit nisi memoriam fraudum suarum? Coelo scilicet 0163A dignus, quia palaestram docuit, et lyram 0163A primus invenit. Liberum patrem in senatu deorum summae auctoritatis primaeque esse sententiae necesse est; quia praeter Jovem solus omnium triumphavit, exercitum duxit, Indos deballavit. Sed invictus ille Imperator Indicus, maximus ab amore ac libidine turpissime victus est. Delatus enim Cretam cum semiviro comitatu, nactus est impudicam mulierem in littore ac fiducia victoriae Indicae vir esse, voluit, ne nimium mollis videretur atque illam patris proditricem, fratris inte 0164A remptricem, ab alio relictam et repudiatam, in conjugium sibi vendicavit, et Liberam fecit, et cum ea pariter ascendit in coelum.

Quid horum omnium pater Jupiter, qui in solemni precatione Optimus, Maximus nominatur? nonne a prima sua pueritia impius ac pene parricida deprehenditur? cum patrem regno expulit ac fugavit, nec expectavit mortem decrepiti senis, cupiditate regnandi: et cum paternum solium per vim, per arma cepisset, bello est a Titanibus lacessitus; quod 0165A humano generi principium fuit malorum: quibus victis, et pace in perpetuum comparata, reliquam suam vitam in stupris adulteriisque 0165A consumpsit. Omitto virgines, quas imminuit. Id enim tolerabile judicari solet. Amphitryonem ac Tyndarum praeterire non possum, quorum domos dedecore atque infamia plenissimas reddidit. Illud vero summae impietatis ac sceleris, quod regium puerum rapuit ad stuprum. Parum enim videbatur, si in expugnanda foeminarum pudicitia maculosus esset ac turpis, nisi etiam sexui suo injuriam faceret: hoc est verum adulterium, quod fit contra naturam. Haec qui fecit viderimus, an maximus; certe optimus non est: quod nomen a corruptoribus, ab adulteris, ab incestis abest; nisi forte nos erramus homines, qui talia facientes 0165B sceleratos vocamus, ac perditos, omnibusque poenis dignissimos judicamus. Stultus autem Marcus Tullius, qui C. Verri adulteria objecit: eadem enim Jupiter, quem colebat, admisit; qui P. Clodio sororis incestum: at illi Optimo Maximo eadem fuit et soror et conjnx.