Chap. xvii.—concerning the same opinion of the stoics, and concerning the hardships and disgraceful conduct of the gods.

On these accounts the Stoics form a different conception of the gods; and because they do not perceive what the truth is, they attempt to join them with the system of natural things. And Cicero, following them, brought forward this opinion respecting the gods and their religions. Do you see then, he says, how an argument has been drawn from physical subjects which have been well and usefully found out, to the existence of false and fictitious gods? And this circumstance gave rise to false opinions and turbulent errors, and almost old-womanly superstitions. For both the forms of the gods, and their ages, and clothing and ornaments, are known to us; and moreover their races, and marriages, and all their relationships, and all things reduced to the similitude of human infirmity. What can be said more plain, more true? The chief of the Roman philosophy, and invested with the most honourable priesthood, refutes the false and fictitious gods, and testifies that their worship consists of almost old-womanly superstitions: he complains that men are entangled in false opinions and turbulent errors. For the whole of his third book respecting the Nature of the Gods altogether overthrows and destroys all religion. What more, therefore, is expected from us? Can we surpass Cicero in eloquence? By no means; but confidence was wanting to him, being ignorant of the truth, as he himself simply acknowledges in the same work. For he says that he can more easily say what is not, than what is; that is, that he is aware that the received system is false, but is ignorant of the truth.56    [Nat. Deor., liber i. 32.]   It is plain, therefore, that those who are supposed to be gods were but men, and that their memory was consecrated after their death. And on this account also different ages and established representations of form are assigned to each, because their images were fashioned in that dress and of that age at which death arrested each.  

Let us consider, if you please, the hardships of the unfortunate gods. Isis lost her son; Ceres her daughter; Latona, expelled and driven about over the earth, with difficulty found a small island57    Delos.   where she might bring forth. The mother of the gods both loved a beautiful youth, and also mutilated him when found in company with a harlot; and on this account her sacred rites are now celebrated by the Galli58    The priests of Cybele were called Galli.   as priests. Juno violently persecuted harlots, because she was not able to conceive by her brother.59    Jupiter.  Varro writes, that the island Samos was before called Parthenia, because Juno there grew up, and there also was married to Jupiter. Accordingly there is a most noble and ancient temple of hers at Samos, and an image fashioned in the dress of a bride; and her annual sacred rites are celebrated after the manner of a marriage. If, therefore, she grew up, if she was at first a virgin and afterwards a woman, he who does not understand that she was a human being confesses himself a brute. Why should I speak of the lewdness of Venus, who ministered to the lusts of all, not only gods, but also men? For from her infamous debauchery with Mars she brought forth Harmonia; from Mercury she brought forth Hermaphroditus, who was born of both sexes; from Jupiter Cupid; from Anchises Æneas; from Butes Eryx; from Adonis she could bring forth no offspring, because he was struck by a boar, and slain, while yet a boy. And she first instituted the art of courtesanship, as is contained in the sacred history; and taught women in Cyprus to seek gain by prostitution, which she commanded for this purpose, that she alone might not appear unchaste and a courter of men beyond other females. Has she, too, any claim to religious worship, on whose part more adulteries are recorded than births? But not even were those virgins who are celebrated able to preserve their chastity inviolate. For from what source can we suppose that Erichthonius was born? Was it from the earth, as the poets would have it appear? But the circumstance itself cries out. For when Vulcan had made arms for the gods, and Jupiter had given him the option of asking for whatever reward he might wish, and had sworn, according to his custom, by the infernal lake, that he would refuse him nothing which he might ask, then the lame artificer demanded Minerva in marriage. Upon this the excellent and mighty Jupiter, being bound by so great an oath, was not able to refuse; he, however, advised Minerva to oppose and defend her chastity. Then in that struggle they say that Vulcan shed his seed upon the earth, from which source Erichthonius was born: and that this name was given to him from ἔριδος and χθσνός, that is, from the contest and the ground. Why, then, did she, a virgin, entrust that boy shut up with a dragon and sealed to three virgins born from Cecrops? An evident case of incest, as I think, which can by no means be glossed over. Another, when she had almost lost her lover, who was torn to pieces by his madened horses, called in the most excellent physician Æsculapius for the treatment of the youth; and when he was healed,  

What is the meaning of this so diligent and anxious care? Why this secret abode? Why this banishment, either to so great a distance, or to a woman, or into solitude? Why, in the next place, the change of name? Lastly, why such a determined hatred of horses? What do all these things imply, but the consciousness of dishonour, and a love by no means consistent with a virgin? There was evidently a reason why she undertook so great a labour for a youth so faithful, who had refused compliance with the love of his stepmother.  

CAPUT XVII. De Stoicorum eadem sententia; et ibi de deorum aerumnis et turpitudinibus.

0204B Ob has rationes Stoici alioversus deos interpretantur; et quia non pervident, quid sit in vero, conantur eos cum rerum naturalium ratione conjungere. Quos Cicero secutus, de diis, ac religionibus eorum hanc sententiam tulit: Videtisne igitur, ut a physicis 0205A rebus bene atque utiliter inventis tracta ratio sit ad commentitios ac fictos deos? quae res genuit falsas opiniones, erroresque turbulentos, et superstitiones pene aniles. 0205A Et formae enim deorum nobis, et aetates, et vestitus, ornatusque noti sunt: genera praeterea, conjugia, cognationes omnes, omniaque traducta ad similitudinem imbecillitatis humanae. Quid planius, quid verius dici potest? Romanae philosophiae princeps, et amplissimo sacerdotio praeditus, commentitios ac fictos deos arguit; quorum cultus superstitiones pene aniles esse testatur: falsis opinionibus, erroribusque turbulentis implicatos esse homines queritur. Nam totus liber tertius de Natura deorum omnes funditus religiones evertit ac delet. Quid ergo a nobis expectatur amplius? Num eloquentia superare 0205B possumus Ciceronem? minime id quidem; sed fiducia illi defuit ignoranti veritatem, quod ipse simpliciter in eodem opere confitetur. Ait enim facilius se posse dicere, quid non sit, quam quid sit; hoc est, falsa se intelligere, vera nescire. Clarum est igitur homines 0206A fuisse illos, qui dii putantur, et eorum memoriam post mortem consecratam esse. Ideo etiam aetates diversae sunt, et certae imagines singulorum, quod in eo habitu, et aetate simulacra eorum configurata sunt, in qua quemque mors deprehendit.

Consideremus, si placet, aerumnas infelicium deorum. Isis filium perdidit; Ceres filiam; expulsa et per orbem terrae jactata, Latona vix insulam parvam (Delon), in qua pareret, invenit. Deum mater et amavit formosum adolescentem, et eumdem cum pellice deprehensum exsectis virilibus semivirum reddidit; et ideo nunc sacra ejus a Gallis sacerdotibus celebrantur. Juno pellices acerrime persecuta est, quia parere ipsa non potuit ex fratre. Insulam 0206B Samum scribit Varro prius Partheniam nominatam, quod ibi Juno adoleverit, ibique etiam Jovi nupserit. Itaque nobilissimum et antiquissimum templum ejus est Sami, et simulacrum in habitu nubentis figuratum, et sacra ejus anniversaria nuptiarum ritu celebrantur. 0207A Si ergo adolevit, si virgo fuit primo, postea mulier, 0207A hominem fuisse, qui non intelligit, pecudem se fatetur. Quid loquar obscoenitatem Veneris omnium libidinibus prostitutae, non deorum tantum, sed et hominum? Haec enim ex famoso Martis stupro genuit Harmoniam; ex Mercurio Hermaphroditum, qui est natus Androgynus; ex Jove Cupidinem; ex Anchise Aeneam; ex Bute Erycen; ex Adonio quidem nullum potuit, quod etiamtum puer ab apro ictus occisus est: quae prima, ut in Historia Sacra continetur, artem meretriciam instituit, auctorque mulieribus in Cypro fuit, uti vulgato corpore quaestum facerent: quod idcirco imperavit, ne sola praeter alias mulieres impudica, et virorum appetens videretur. Etiamne habet haec aliquid numinis? cujus plura 0207B numerantur adulteria, quam partus. Sed ne illae quidem 0208A virgines illibatam castitatem servare potuerunt.

Unde enim putemus Erichthonium esse natum? an ex terra, ut poetae videri volunt? At res ipsa clamat. Nam cum Vulcanus diis arma fecisset, eique Jupiter optionem dedisset praemii quod vellet postulandi, jurassetque, ut solebat, per infernam paludem se nihil negaturum, tum faber claudus Minervae nuptias postulavit. Hic Jupiter Opt. Max. tanta religione constrictus abnuere non potuit: Minervam tamen monuit repugnare, pudicitiamque defendere. Tum in illa colluctatione Vulcanum in terram profudisse aiunt semen, unde sit Erichthonius natus; idque illi nomen impositum ἀπὸ τῆς ἔριδος, καὶ χθονὸς, id est, ex certamine atque humo. Cur igitur virgo eum puerum cum 0208B dracone conclusum et obsignatum tribus virginibus Cecropidis 0209A commendavit? 0209A evidens, ut opinor, incestum, quod nullo modo possit colorari. Altera cum pene amatorem suum perdidisset, qui erat Turbatis distractus equis, praestantissimum medicum Asclepium curando juveni advocavit; eumque sanatum: Secretis alma recondit Sedibus, et nymphae Egeriae, nemorique relegat: Solus ubi in silvis Italis ignobilis aevum Exigeret, versoque ubi nomine Virbius esset.Quid sibi vult haec tam diligens, tam sollicita curatio? quid secretae sedes? quid relegatio vel tam longe, vel ad mulierem, vel in solitudinem? quid deinde nominis commutatio? Postremo, quid equorum tam pertinax abominatio? quid significant haec omnia, nisi conscientiam stupri, et amorem minime virginalem? Erat plane cur tantum laborem pro tam 0209B fideli juvene susciperet, qui amanti novercae obsequium pernegarat.