Chap. ii.—what was the first cause of making images; of the true likeness of god, and the true worship of him.

What madness is it, then, either to form those objects which they themselves may afterwards fear, or to fear the things which they have formed? But, they say, we do not fear the images themselves, but those beings after whose likeness they were formed, and to whose names they are dedicated. You fear them doubtless on this account, because you think that they are in heaven; for if they are gods, the case cannot be otherwise. Why, then, do you not raise your eyes to heaven, and, invoking their names, offer sacrifices in the open air? Why do you look to walls, and wood, and stone, rather than to the place where you believe them to be? What is the meaning of temples99    [Ingeniously introduced, and afterward very forcibly expanded.]      The word temples is not here applied to the buildings which the faithful set apart for the worship of God, but to the places used by the heathens for their rites and sacrifices. [For three centuries templa was the word among Christians for the idolatrous places.] That buildings were set apart by Christians from the earliest ages for their religious assemblies, is gathered from the express testimony of Tertullian, Cyprian, and other early writers. They were called ecclesiæ; churches, not temples. [For κυριακὸν, dominicum, basilica, etc., see Bingham, book viii. cap i. sec. 2.]      [A modest confession of his desire to “find out acceptable words.” Eccles. xii. 10. His success is proverbial.]   and altars? what, in short, of the images themselves, which are memorials either of the dead or absent? For the plan of making likenesses was invented by men for this reason, that it might be possible to retain the memory of those who had either been removed by death or separated by absence. In which of these classes, then, shall we reckon the gods? If among the dead, who is so foolish as to worship them? If among the absent, then they are not to be worshipped, if they neither see our actions nor hear our prayers. But if the gods cannot be absent,—for, since they are divine, they see and hear all things, in whatever part of the universe they are,—it follows that images are superfluous, since the gods are present everywhere, and it is sufficient to invoke with prayer the names of those who hear us. But if they are present, they cannot fail to be at hand at their own images. It is entirely so, as the people imagine, that the spirits of the dead wander100    The heathens thought that the souls of the unburied dead wandered about on the earth, until their remains were committed to the tomb.      Stained, counterfeit.   about the tombs and relics of their bodies. But after that the deity has begun to be near, there is no longer need of his statue.  

For I ask, if any one should often contemplate the likeness of a man who has settled in a foreign land, that he may thus solace himself for him who is absent, would he also appear to be of sound mind, if, when the other had returned and was present, he should persevere in contemplating the likeness, and should prefer the enjoyment of it, rather than the sight of the man himself? Assuredly not. For the likeness of a man appears to be necessary at that time when he is far away; and it will become superfluous when he is at hand. But in the case of God, whose spirit and influence are diffused everywhere, and can never be absent, it is plain that an image is always superfluous. But they fear lest their religion should be altogether vain and empty if they should see nothing present which they may adore, and therefore they set up images; and since these are representations of the dead, they resemble the dead, for they are entirely destitute of perception. But the image of the ever-living God ought to be living and endued with perception. But if it received this name101    The words simulacrum, “an image,” and similitudo, “a likeness” or “resemblance,” are connected together through the common root similis, “like.”      Embellished.   from resemblance, how can it be supposed that these images resemble God, which have neither perception nor motion? Therefore the image of God is not that which is fashioned by the fingers of men out of stone, or bronze, or other material, but man himself, since he has both perception and motion, and performs many and great actions. Nor do the foolish men understand, that if images could exercise perception and motion, they would of their own accord adore men, by whom they have been adorned and embellished, since they would be either rough and unpolished stone, or rude and unshapen wood,102    Materia is especially used in the sense of wood or timber.   had they not been fashioned by man.  

Man, therefore, is to be regarded as the parent of these images; for they were produced by his instrumentality, and through him they first had shape, figure, and beauty. Therefore he who made them is superior to the objects which were made. And yet no one looks up to the Maker Himself, or reverences Him: he fears the things which he has made, as though there could be more power in the work than in the workman. Seneca, therefore, rightly says in his moral treatises: They worship the images of the gods, they supplicate them with bended knee, they adore them, they sit or stand beside them through the whole day, they offer to them contributions,103    Stipem jaciunt, “they throw a coin.” The word properly means a “coin,” money bearing a stamped impression; hence stipendium, “soldiers’ pay.”      [i.e., false sophia = “philosophy falsely so called.” Vol. v. p. 81.]   they slay victims; and while they value these images so highly, they despise the artificers who made them. What is so inconsistent, as to despise the statuary and to adore the statue; and not even to admit to your society him who makes your gods? What force, what power can they have, when he who made them has none? But he was unable to give to these even those powers which he had, the power of sight, of hearing, of speech, and of motion. Is any one so foolish as to suppose that there is anything in the image of a god, in which there is nothing even of a man except the mere resemblance? But no one considers these things; for men are imbued with this persuasion, and their minds have thoroughly imbibed the deception104    Fucus, “colouring juice;” hence anything not genuine, but artificial. Others read succum, “juice.”      Aliter. This word is usually read in the former clause, but it gives a better meaning in this position.   of folly. And thus beings endowed with sense adore objects which are senseless, rational beings adore irrational objects, those who are alive adore inanimate objects, those sprung from heaven adore earthly objects. It delights me, therefore, as though standing on a lofty watch-tower, from which all may hear, to proclaim aloud that saying of Persius:105    Persius, Satire 2d, 6. Lactantius uses the testimony of heathen writers against the heathen.  —  

Rather look to the heaven, to the sight of which God your Creator raised you. He gave to you an elevated countenance; you bend it down to the earth; you depress to things below those lofty minds, which are raised together with their bodies to their parent, as though it repented you that you were not born quadrupeds. It is not befitting that the heavenly being should make himself equal to things which are earthly, and incline to the earth. Why do you deprive yourselves of heavenly benefits, and of your own accord fall prostrate upon the ground? For you do wretchedly roll yourselves106    Or wallow—“voluto.”   on the ground, when you seek here below that which you ought to have sought above. For as to those vain107    Ludicra, “diversions.” The word is applied to stage-plays.   and fragile productions, the work of man’s hands, from whatever kind of material they are formed, what are they but earth, out of which they were produced? Why, then, do you subject yourselves to lower objects? why do you place the earth above your heads? For when you lower yourselves to the earth, and humiliate yourselves, you sink of your own accord to hell, and condemn yourselves to death; for nothing is lower and more humble than the earth, except death and hell. And if you wished to escape these, you would despise the earth lying beneath your feet, preserving the position of your body, which you received upright, in order that you might be able to direct your eyes and your mind to Him who made it. But to despise and trample upon the earth is nothing else than to refrain from adoring images, because they are made of earth; also not to desire riches, and to despise the pleasures of the body, because wealth, and the body itself, which we make use of as a lodging, is but earth. Worship a living being, that you may live; for he must necessarily die who has subjected108    Adjudicavit, adjudged, made over. Cf. Hor., Ep., i. 18: “Et, si quid abest, Italis adjudicat armis.”   himself and his soul to the dead.  

CAPUT II. Quae fuerit prima causa fingendi simulacra; de vera 0258B Dei imagine, et ejus vero cultu.

Quae igitur amentia est, aut ea fingere quae ipsi postmodum timeant, aut timere quae finxerint? Non ipsa, inquiunt, timemus, sed eos, ad quorum imaginem ficta, et quorum nominibus consecrata sunt. Nempe ideo timetis, quod eos esse in coelo arbitramini: neque enim, si dii sunt, aliter fieri potest. Cur igitur oculos in coelum non tollitis; et advocatis eorum nominibus, in aperto sacrificia celebratis? Cur ad parietes, et ligna, et lapides potissimum, quam illo spectatis, ubi eos esse creditis? Quid sibi templa? 0259A 0259A quid arae volunt? quid denique ipsa simulacra, quae aut mortuorum aut absentium monimenta sunt? Nam omnino fingendarum similitudinum ratio idcirco ab hominibus inventa est, ut posset eorum memoria retineri, qui vel morte subtracti, vel absentia fuerant separati. Deos igitur in quorum numero reponemus? Si in mortuorum, quis tam stultus ut colat? Si in absentium, colendi ergo non sunt, si nec vident quae facimus, nec audiunt quae precamur. Si autem dii absentes esse non possunt, qui quoniam divini sunt, in quacumque mundi parte fuerint, vident et audiunt universa; supervacua ergo sunt simulacra, illis ubique praesentibus, cum satis sit audientium nomina precibus advocare. At enim praesentes non nisi ad imagines suas adsunt. Ita plane; 0259B quemadmodum vulgus existimat, mortuorum animas circa tumulos et corporum suorum reliquias oberrare. Sed tamen postquam deus ille praesto esse coepit, jam simulacro ejus opus non est.

Quaero enim, si quis imaginem hominis peraegre constituti contempletur saepius, ut ex ea solatium capiat absentis, num idem sanus esse videatur, si, eo reverso atque praesente, in contemplanda imagine perseveret, eaque potius, quam ipsius hominis aspectu frui velit? Minime profecto. Etenim hominis imago necessaria tum videtur, cum procul abest; supervacua futura, cum praesto est: Dei autem, cujus spiritus ac numen ubique diffusum, abesse numquam potest, 0260A semper utique imago supervacua est. Sed verentur, ne omnis eorum religio inanis sit et vana, si nihil in praesenti videant quod adorent, et ideo simulacra constituunt, quae quia mortuorum sunt imagines, similia mortuis sunt; omni enim sensu carent. Dei autem in aeternum viventis vivum et sensibile debet esse simulacrum. Quod si a similitudine in nomen accepit, quomodo possunt ista simulacra Deo similia judicari, quae nec sentiunt, nec moventur? Itaque simulacrum Dei non illud est, quod digitis hominis ex lapide, aut aere, aliave materia fabricatur; sed ipse homo, quoniam et sentit, et movetur, et multas magnasque actiones habet. Nec intelligunt homines ineptissimi, quod, si sentire simulacra et moveri possent, ultro adoratura hominem fuissent, a 0260B quo sunt expolita, quae essent aut incultus et horridus lapis, aut materia informis ac rudis, nisi fuissent ab homine formata.

Homo igitur illorum quasi parens putandus est, per cujus manus nata sunt, per quem speciem, figuram, pulchritudinem habere coeperunt. Et ideo melior est qui fecit, quam illa quae facta sunt. Et tamen factorem ipsum nemo suspicit, aut veretur: quae fecit, timet, tamquam plus possit esse in opere, quam in opifice. Recte igitur Seneca in libris moralibus: Simulacra, inquit, deorum venerantur, illis supplicant genu posito, illa adorant, illis per totum assident diem, aut astant, illis stipem jaciunt, victimas caedunt; 0261A et cum haec tantopere suspiciant, fabros, qui illa fecere, contemnunt. Quid inter se tam contrarium, quam statuarium despicere, statuam adorare, et eum ne in convictum quidem admittere, qui tibi deos faciat? Quam ergo vim, quam potestatem habere possunt, cum ipse, qui fecit illa, non habeat? Sed ne haec quidem dare his potuit, quae habebat, videre, audire, loqui, moveri. Quisquamne igitur tam ineptus est, ut putet aliquid esse in simulacro dei, in quo ne hominis quidem quidquam est praeter umbram? Sed haec nemo considerat; infecti sunt enim persuasione, ac mentes eorum penitus fucum stultitiae perbiberunt. 0261A Adorant ergo insensibilia, qui sentiunt; irrationabilia, qui sapiunt; exanima, qui vivunt; terrena, qui oriuntur e coelo. Juvat ergo, velut in aliqua sublimi 0261B specula constitutum, unde universi exaudire possint, Persianum illud proclamare, O curvae in terras animae, et coelestium inanes!Coelum potius intuemini, ad cujus spectaculum vos excitavit ille artifex vester Deus. Ille vobis sublimem vultum dedit; vos in terram curvamini: vos altas mentes, et ad parentem suum cum corporibus suis erectas, ad inferiora deprimitis, tamquam vos poeniteat non quadrupedes esse natos. Fas non est coeleste 0262A animal cum terrenis, in terramque vergentibus coaequari. Quid vos beneficiis coelestibus orbatis, pronique in humum vestra sponte procumbitis? Humi enim miseri volutamini, cum deorsum quaeritis quod in sublimi quaerere debuistis. Nam ista mortalium digitorum ludicra et fragilia figmenta, ex quolibet materiae genere formata, quid aliud sunt, nisi terra, ex qua nata sunt? Quid ergo rebus inferioribus subjacetis? quid capitibus vestris terram superponitis? Cum enim vos terrae submittitis, humilioresque facitis, ipsi vos ultro ad inferos mergitis, ad mortemque damnatis, quia nihil terra inferius et humilius, nisi mors et inferi. Quae si effugere velletis, subjectam pedibus vestris terram contemneretis, corporis statu salvo: quod idcirco rectum accepistis, 0262B quo oculos atque mentem cum eo, qui fecit, conferre possitis. Contemnere autem et calcare terram, nihil aliud est quam simulacra non adorare, quia de terra ficta sunt, item divitias non concupiscere, voluptates corporis spernere, quia opes et corpus ipsum, cujus hospitio utimur, terra est. Vivum colite, ut vivatis; moriatur enim necesse est, qui se suamque animam mortuis adjudicavit.

0263A