Chap. III.—Of the Truth of the Christian Doctrine, and the Vanity of Its Adversaries; And that Christ Was Not a Magician.

The desire of inventing,918    Fingendi.      [The ritual use of lights was unknown to primitive Christians, however harmless it may be.]      The subject of the first and second books.   therefore, and craftiness were absent from these men, since they were unskilful. Or what unlearned man could invent things adapted to one another, and coherent, when the most learned of the philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, and Epicurus and Zeno, themselves spoke things at variance with one another, and contrary? For this is the nature of falsehoods, that they cannot be coherent. But their teaching, because it is true, everywhere agrees,919    Undique quadrat.      [The ritual use of lights was unknown to primitive Christians, however harmless it may be.]      The subject of the sixth book.   and is altogether consistent with itself; and on this account it effects persuasion, because it is based on a consistent plan. They did not therefore devise that religion for the sake of gain and advantage, inasmuch as both by their precepts and in reality they followed that course of life which is without pleasures, and despised all things which are reckoned among good things, and since they not only endured death for their faith, but also both knew and foretold that they were about to die, and afterwards that all who followed their system would suffer cruel and impious things. But he920    Hierocles, referred to in chapter 2.      φω̑τες. There is here a play on the double meaning of the word—φω̑ς, a light, and φώς, a man. Some editions read “φω̑ς nuncupatur.”      The subject of the third book.   affirmed that Christ Himself was put to flight by the Jews, and having collected a band of nine hundred men, committed robberies. Who would venture to oppose so great an authority? We must certainly believe this, for perchance some Apollo announced it to him in his slumbers. So many robbers have at all times perished, and do perish daily, and you yourself have certainly condemned many: which of them after his crucifixion was called, I will not say a God, but a man? But you perchance believed it from the circumstance of your having consecrated the homicide Mars as a god, though you would not have done this if the Areopagites had crucified him.  

The same man, when he endeavoured to overthrow his wonderful deeds, and did not however deny them, wished to show that Apollonius921    Apollonius, a celebrated Pythagorean philosopher of Tyana: his works and doctrines are recorded by Philostratus, from whom Lactantius appears to have derived his account. The pagans compared his life and actions with those of Christ. [See Origen, vol. iv. p. 591, this series.]      [The ritual use of lights was unknown to primitive Christians, however harmless it may be.]      The subject of the fourth book.   performed equal or even greater deeds. It is strange that he omitted to mention Apuleius,922    Apuleius, a native of Madaura, a city on the borders of the province of Africa, he professed the Platonic philosophy. He was reputed a magician by the Christian writers. [Author of The Golden Ass, a most entertaining but often indecent satire, which may have inspired Cervantes, and concerning which see Warburton, Div. Legat., vol. ii. p. 177 (et alibi), ed. London, 1811.]      [The Lutherans retain altar-lights in Europe, and their use has never been wholly obsolete in the Anglican churches; but it is evident from our author that “from the beginning it was not so.” This is not said with any scruple against their use where it is authorized by competent legislation.]      The subject of the fifth book.   of whom many and wonderful things are accustomed to be related. Why therefore, O senseless one, does no one worship Apollonius in the place of God? unless by chance you alone do so, who are worthy forsooth of that god, with whom the true God will punish you everlastingly. If Christ is a magician because He performed wonderful deeds, it is plain that Apollonius, who, according to your description, when Domitian wished to punish him, suddenly disappeared on his trial, was more skilful than He who was both arrested and crucified. But perhaps he wished from this very thing to prove the arrogance of Christ, in that He made Himself God, that the other may appear to have been more modest, who, though he performed greater actions, as this one thinks, nevertheless did not claim that for himself. I omit at present to compare the works themselves, because in the second and preceding book I have spoken respecting the fraud and tricks of the magic art. I say that there is no one who would not wish that that should especially befall him after death which even the greatest kings desire. For why do men prepare for themselves magnificent sepulchres why statues and images? why by some illustrious deeds, or even by death undergone in behalf of their countrymen, do they endeavour to deserve the good opinions of men? Why, in short, have you yourself wished to raise a monument of your talent, built with this detestable folly, as if with mud, except that you hope for immortality from the remembrance of your name? It is foolish, therefore, to imagine that Apollonius did not desire that which he would plainly wish for if he were able to attain to it; because there is no one who refuses immortality, and especially when you say that he was both adored by some as a god, and that his image was set up under the name of Hercules, the averter of evil, and is even now honoured by the Ephesians.  

He could not therefore after death be believed to be a god, because it was evident that he was both a man and a magician; and for this reason he affected923    Affectavit divinitatem.      Saginam, thick coarse food, such as that which was given to gladiators.      The subject of the sixth book.   divinity under the title of a name belonging to another, for in his own name he was unable to attain it, nor did he venture to make the attempt. But he of whom we speak924    Noster.      Persius, Sat., ii. 29.      Nuda.   could both be believed to be a god, because he was not a magician, and was believed to be such because he was so in truth. I do not say this, he says, that Apollonius was not accounted a god, because he did not wish it, but that it may be evident that we, who did not at once connect a belief in his divinity with wonderful deeds, are wiser than you, who on account of slight wonders believed that he was a god. It is not wonderful if you, who are far removed from the wisdom of God, understand nothing at all of those things which you have read, since the Jews, who from the beginning had frequently read the prophets, and to whom the mystery925    Sacramentum.      [Ad justitiam. In Christian use, it means more than “justice,” which is put here by the translator.]      Præscriptionem.   of God had been assigned, were nevertheless ignorant of what they read. Learn, therefore, if you have any sense, that Christ was not believed by us to be God on this account, because He did wonderful things, but because we saw that all things were done in His case which were announced to us by the prediction of the prophets. He performed wonderful deeds: we might have supposed Him to be a magician, as you now suppose Him to be, and the Jews then supposed Him, if all the prophets did not with one accord926    With one spirit, “uno spiritu.”      [1 John iii. 1–8. The ethical truth of the Gospel was understood and exemplified by the primitive faithful.]      Ita leviter odoratos.   proclaim that Christ would do those very things. Therefore we believe Him to be God, not more from His wonderful deeds and works, than from that very cross which you as dogs lick, since that also was predicted at the same time. It was not therefore on His own testimony (for who can be believed when he speaks concerning himself?), but on the testimony of the prophets who long before foretold all things which He did and suffered, that He gained a belief in His divinity, which could have happened neither to Apollonius,927    [But Apollonius was set up as an Antichrist by Philostratus as Cudworth supposes, and so other men of learning. But no student should overlook l.ardner’s valuable commentary on this character, and his quotations from Bishop Parker of Oxford, Credib., vol. vii. p. 486, and also p. 508, cap. 29, and appendix.]      Odor.   nor to Apuleius, nor to any of the magicians; nor can it happen at any time. When, therefore, he had poured forth such absurd ravings928    Deliramenta.      Virg., Georg., iii. 244.   of his ignorance, when he had eagerly endeavoured utterly to destroy the truth, he dared to give to his books which were impious and the enemies of God the title of “truth-loving.” O blind breast! O mind more black than Cimmerian darkness, as they say! He may perhaps have been a disciple of Anaxagoras,929    See book ii. ch. 23.      Adjudicaverunt.   to whom snows were as black as ink. But it is the same blindness, to give the name of falsehood to truth, and of truth to falsehood. Doubtless the crafty man wished to conceal the wolf under the skin of a sheep,930    Cf. Matt. vii. 15.      Latrant.   that he might ensnare the reader by a deceitful title. Let it be true; grant that you did this from ignorance, not from malice: what truth, however, have you brought to us, except that, being a defender of the gods, you had at last betrayed those very gods? For, having set forth the praises of the Supreme God, whom you confessed to be king, most mighty, the maker of all things, the fountain of honours, the parent of all, the creator and preserver of all living creatures, you took away the kingdom from your own Jupiter; and when you had driven him from the supreme power, you reduced him to the rank of servants. Thus your own conclusion931    Epilogus.      Impedimentis.   convicts you of folly, vanity, and error. For you affirm that the gods exist, and yet you subject and enslave them to that God whose religion you attempt to overturn.  

CAPUT III. De Veritate christianae doctrinae, et adversariorum vanitate; atque Christum non fuisse magum.

0556B Abfuit ergo ab his fingendi voluntas et astutia, quoniam rudes fuerunt. Aut quis possit indoctus apta inter se et cohaerentia fingere, cum philosophorum doctissimi Plato, et Aristoteles, et Epicurus, et Zeno, ipsi sibi repugnantia et contraria dixerint? Haec est enim mendaciorum natura, ut cohaerere non possint. Illorum autem traditio, quia vera est, quadrat undique, ac sibi tota consentit; et ideo persuadet, quia constanti ratione suffulta est. Non enim quaestus et 0557A commodi gratia religionem istam commenti sunt; quippe qui, et praeceptis, et re ipsa, eam vitam secuti sunt, quae et voluptatibus caret et omnia quae habentur in bonis spernit; et qui non tantum pro fide mortem subierint, sed etiam morituros esse se, et scierint, et praedixerint, et postea universos, qui eorum disciplinam secuti essent, acerba et nefanda passuros. Ipsum autem Christum affirmavit a Judaeis fugatum, collecta nongentorum 0557A hominum manu, latrocinia fecisse. Quis tantae auctoritati audeat repugnare? Credamus hoc plane; nam fortasse hoc illi in somnis Apollo aliquis nuntiavit. Tot semper latrones perierunt, et quotidie pereunt; utique multos et ipse damnasti: quis eorum post crucem suam, non dicam deus, sed homo appellatus est? Verum 0557B tu forsitan ex eo credidisti, quia vos homicidam Martem consecrastis, ut deum: quod tamen non fecissetis, si illum Areopagitae in crucem sustulissent.

Idem cum facta ejus mirabilia destrueret, nec tamen negaret, voluit ostendere, Apollonium 0558A vel paria, vel etiam majora fecisse. Mirum quod Apuleium praetermisit, cujus solent, et multa, et mira memorari. Cur igitur, o delirum caput, nemo Apollonium pro Deo colit? nisi forte tu solus, illo scilicet deo dignus, cum quo te in sempiternum verus Deus puniet. Si magus Christus, quia mirabilia fecit, peritior utique Apollonius, qui (ut describis) cum Domitianus eum punire vellet, repente in judicio non comparuit, quam ille, qui et comprehensus est, et cruci affixus. Atenim ex hoc ipso fortasse insolentiam Christi voluit arguere, quod Deum se constituerit, ut ille verecundior fuisse videatur, qui cum majora faceret, ut hic putat, tamen id sibi non arrogaverit. Omitto nunc ipsa opera comparare, quia in secundo et superiore libro de fraude, ac praestigiis 0558B artis magicae dixi. Nego esse quemquam qui non optet in primis id sibi post mortem contingere, quod etiam reges maximi concupiscunt. Cur enim sibi homines sepulcra magnifica, cur statuas, cur imagines comparant? cur aliquibus claris factis, aut etiam pro civibus morte suscepta, student opiniones hominum 0559A promereri? Cur denique ipse ingenii tui monimentum, hac detestabili stultitia tanquam coeno aedificatum, constituere voluisti, nisi quod immortalitatem de memoria nominis speras? Stultum igitur est, id putare Apollonium noluisse, quod optaret utique, si posset; quia nemo est qui immortalitatem recuset, maxime cum eum dicas, 0559A et adoratum esse a quibusdam sicut deum, et simulacrum ejus sub Herculis Alexicaci nomine constitutum, ab Ephesiis etiam nunc honorari.

Non potuit ergo post mortem deus credi, quia et hominem, et magum fuisse constabat; et ideo alieni nominis titulo affectavit divinitatem, quia suo nec 0559B poterat, nec audebat. Noster vero et potuit deus 0560A credi, quia magus non fuit; et creditus est, quia vere fuit. Non, inquit, hoc dico, idcirco Apollonium non haberi deum, quia noluerit: sed ut appareat nos sapientiores esse, qui mirabilibus factis non statim fidem divinitatis adjunximus, quam vos, qui ob exigua portenta deum credidistis. Non est mirum, si tu, qui a Dei sapientia longe remotus es, nihil prorsus intelligis eorum quae legisti; cum Judaei, qui a principio prophetas lectitaverant, quibusque sacramentum Dei fuerat assignatum, tamen quid legerent, ignoraverint. Disce igitur, si quid tibi cordis est, non solum idcirco a nobis Deum creditum Christum, quia mirabilia fecit, sed quia vidimus in eo facta esse omnia, quae nobis 0560B annuntiata sunt vaticinio prophetarum. Fecit mirabilia: 0561A magum putassemus, ut et vos nunc putatis, 0561A et Judaei tunc putaverunt, si non illa ipsa facturum Christum prophetae omnes uno spiritu praedicassent. Itaque Deum credimus, non magis ex factis operibusque mirandis, quam ex illa ipsa cruce, quam vos sicut canes lambitis: quoniam simul et illa praedicta est. Non igitur suo testimonio (cui enim de se dicenti potest credi?), sed prophetarum testimonio, qui omnia, quae fecit ac passus est, multo ante cecinerunt, fidem divinitatis accepit; quod neque Apollonio, neque Apuleio, neque cuiquam magorum potuit, aut potest aliquando contingere. Cum igitur talia ignorantiae suae deliramenta fudisset, cum veritatem penitus excidere connisus esset, ausus est libros suos nefarios, ac Dei hostes, φιλαληθεῖς annotare. O caecum 0561B pectus! o mentem Cimmeriis (ut aiunt) tenebris atriorem! Discipulus hic fortasse Anaxagorae fuerit, cui nives atramentum fuerunt. Atqui eadem caecitas est, et vero falsitatis, et mendacio veritatis nomen imponere. Videlicet homo subdolus voluit lupum sub ovis pelle celare, ut fallaci titulo posset irretire lectorem. Verum esto, inscitia hoc, non malitia feceris. Quam tandem nobis attulisti veritatem? nisi quod assertor deorum, eos ipsos ad ultimum prodidisti. Prosecutus enim summi Dei laudes, quem regem, quem maximum, quem opificem rerum, quem fontem bonorum, quem parentem omnium, quem factorem altoremque viventium confessus es, ademisti Jovi tuo regnum, eumque summa potestate depulsum 0561C in ministrorum numerum redegisti. Epilogus itaque 0562A te tuus arguit stultitiae, vanitatis, erroris. Affirmas enim deos esse; et illos tamen subjicis et mancipas ei Deo, cujus religionem conaris evertere.