Chap. II.—Of the Worship of False Gods and the True God.

Therefore they sacrifice fine and fat victims to God, as though He were hungry; they pour forth wine to Him, as though He were thirsty; they kindle lights to Him, as though He were in darkness.1062    Fingendi.      [The ritual use of lights was unknown to primitive Christians, however harmless it may be.]      The subject of the first and second books.   But if they were able to conjecture or to conceive in their mind what those heavenly goods are, the greatness of which we cannot imagine, while we are still encompassed with an earthly body, they would at once know that they are most foolish with their empty offices. Or if they would contemplate that heavenly light which we call the sun, they will at once perceive how God has no need of their candles, who has Himself given so clear and bright a light for the use of man.1063    Undique quadrat.      [The ritual use of lights was unknown to primitive Christians, however harmless it may be.]      The subject of the sixth book.   And when, in so small a circle, which on account of its distance appears to have a measure no greater than that of a human head, there is still so much brilliancy that mortal eye cannot behold it, and if you should direct your eye to it for a short time mist and darkness would overspread your dimmed eyes, what light, I pray, what brightness, must we suppose that there is in God, with whom there is no night? For He has so attempered this very light, that it might neither injure living creatures by excessive brightness or vehement heat, and has given it so much of these properties as mortal bodies might endure or the ripening of the crops require. Is that man, therefore, to be thought in his senses, who presents the light of candles and torches as an offering to Him who is the Author and Giver of light? The light which He requires from us is of another kind, and that indeed not accompanied with smoke, but (as the poet says) clear and bright; I mean the light of the mind, on account of which we are called by the poets photes,1064    Hierocles, referred to in chapter 2.      φω̑τες. There is here a play on the double meaning of the word—φω̑ς, a light, and φώς, a man. Some editions read “φω̑ς nuncupatur.”      The subject of the third book.   which light no one can exhibit unless he has known God. But their gods, because they are of the earth, stand in need of lights, that they may not be in darkness; and their worshippers, because they have no taste for anything heavenly, are recalled to the earth even by the religious rites to which they are devoted.1065    Apollonius, a celebrated Pythagorean philosopher of Tyana: his works and doctrines are recorded by Philostratus, from whom Lactantius appears to have derived his account. The pagans compared his life and actions with those of Christ. [See Origen, vol. iv. p. 591, this series.]      [The ritual use of lights was unknown to primitive Christians, however harmless it may be.]      The subject of the fourth book.   For on the earth there is need of a light, because its system and nature are dark. Therefore they do not attribute to the gods a heavenly perception, but rather a human one. And on this account they believe that the same things are necessary and pleasing to them as to us, who, when hungry, have need of food; or, when thirsty, of drink; or, when we are cold, require a garment; or, when the sun has withdrawn himself, require a light that we may be able to see.1066    Apuleius, a native of Madaura, a city on the borders of the province of Africa, he professed the Platonic philosophy. He was reputed a magician by the Christian writers. [Author of The Golden Ass, a most entertaining but often indecent satire, which may have inspired Cervantes, and concerning which see Warburton, Div. Legat., vol. ii. p. 177 (et alibi), ed. London, 1811.]      [The Lutherans retain altar-lights in Europe, and their use has never been wholly obsolete in the Anglican churches; but it is evident from our author that “from the beginning it was not so.” This is not said with any scruple against their use where it is authorized by competent legislation.]      The subject of the fifth book.    

From nothing, therefore, can it be so plainly proved and understood that those gods, since they once lived, are dead, as from their worship itself, which is altogether of the earth. For what heavenly influence can there be in the shedding of the blood of beasts, with which they stain their altars? unless by chance they imagine that the gods feed upon that which men shrink from touching. And whoever shall have offered to them this food,1067    Affectavit divinitatem.      Saginam, thick coarse food, such as that which was given to gladiators.      The subject of the sixth book.   although he be an assassin, an adulterer, a sorcerer, or a parricide, he will he happy and prosperous. Him they love, him they defend, to him they afford all things which he shall wish for. Persius therefore deservedly ridicules superstitions of this kind in his own style:1068    Noster.      Persius, Sat., ii. 29.      Nuda.   “With what bribe,” he says, “dost thou win the ears of gods? Is it with lungs and rich intestines?” He plainly perceived that there is no need of flesh for appeasing the majesty of heaven, but of a pure mind and a just spirit, and a breast, as he himself says, which is generous with a natural love of honour. This is the religion of heaven—not that which consists of corrupt things, but of the virtues of the soul, which has its origin from heaven; this is true worship, in which the mind of the worshipper presents itself as an undefiled offering to God. But how this is to be obtained, how it is to be afforded, the discussion of this book will show; for nothing can be so illustrious and so suited to man as to train men to righteousness.1069    Sacramentum.      [Ad justitiam. In Christian use, it means more than “justice,” which is put here by the translator.]      Præscriptionem.    

In Cicero, Catulus in the Hortensius, while he prefers philosophy to all things, says that he would rather have one short treatise respecting duty, than a long speech in behalf of a seditious man Cornelius. And this is plainly to be regarded not as the opinion of Catulus, who perhaps did not utter this saying, but as that of Cicero, who wrote it. I believe that he wrote it for the purpose of recommending these books which he was about to write on Offices, in which very books he testifies that nothing in the whole range of philosophy is better and more profitable than to give precepts for living. But if this is done by those who do not know the truth, how much more ought we to do it, who are able to give true precepts,1070    With one spirit, “uno spiritu.”      [1 John iii. 1–8. The ethical truth of the Gospel was understood and exemplified by the primitive faithful.]      Ita leviter odoratos.   being taught and enlightened by God? Nor, however, shall we so teach as though we were delivering the first elements of virtue, which would be an endless task, but as though we had undertaken the instruction of him who, with them, appears to be already perfect. For while their precepts remain, which they are accustomed to give correctly, with a view to uprightness, we will add to them things which were unknown to them, for the completion and consummation of righteousness, which they do not possess. But I will omit those things which are common to us with them, that I may not appear to borrow from those whose errors I have determined to convict and bring to light.  

CAPUT II. De falsorum deorum et veri Dei cultu.

Mactant igitur opimas ac pingues hostias Deo, 0637B quasi esurienti; profundunt vina, tanquam sitienti; accendunt lumina, velut in tenebris agenti. Quod si suspicari, aut percipere animo possent quae sint 0638A bona illa coelestia, quorum magnitudinem, terreno adhuc corpore obvoluti, sensu capere non possumus, jam se cum his officiis inanibus stultissimos esse cognoscant. Vel si coeleste lumen, quod dicimus solem, contemplari velint, jam sentient quam non indigeat lucernis eorum Deus, qui ipse in usum hominis tam claram, tam candidam lucem dedit. Et tamen cum in tam parvo circulo, qui propter longinquitatem non amplius quam humani capitis videtur habere mensuram, tantum sit fulgoris, ut eum mortalium luminum acies non queat contueri; et si paulisper intenderis, hebetatos oculos caligo ac tenebrae consequantur: quid tandem luminis, quid claritatis apud ipsum Deum, penes quem nulla nox est, esse arbitremur? 0638B qui hanc ipsam lucem sic moderatus est, ut neque nimio fulgore, neque calore vehementi noceret animantibus; tantumque istarum rerum dedit 0639A ei, quantum aut mortalia corpora pati possent, 0639A aut frugum maturitas postularet. Num igitur mentis suae compos putandus est, qui auctori et datori luminis candelarum ac cerarum lumen offert pro munere? Aliud vero ille a nobis exigit lumen, et quidem non fumidum, sed (ut ait poeta) liquidum atque clarum, mentis scilicet, propter quod a poetis φῶτες nuncupamur, quod exhibere non potest, nisi qui Deum agnoverit. Illorum autem dii, quia terreni sunt, egent luminibus, ne in tenebris sint: quorum cultores, quia coeleste nihil sapiunt, etiam religiones, quibus deserviunt, ad terram revocant. In ea enim lumine opus est quia ratio ejus, et natura tenebrosa est. Itaque diis non coelestem sensum, sed humanum potius attribuunt. Ideoque illis necessaria et grata credunt esse, quae nobis; quibus aut esurientibus 0639B opus est cibo, aut sitientibus, potu, aut veste algentibus, aut cum sol decesserit, lumine, ut videre possimus.

Nullis igitur ex rebus tam probari et intelligi potest, deos istos, cum aliquando vixerint, mortuos esse, quam ex ipso ritu qui est totus e terra. Quid enim coelestis in se boni potest habere pecudum sanguis effusus quo aras inquinant? nisi forte deos existimant eo vesci, quod homines aspernantur attingere. Et quisquis illis hanc saginam praestiterit, quamvis ille grassator, adulter, veneficus, parricida sit, beatus ac felix erit. Hunc diligunt, hunc tuentur; huic omnia, quae optaverit, praestant. Merito ergo 0639C Persius hujusmodi superstitiones suo more deridet: 0640A Qua tu (inquit) mercede deorum Emeris auriculas; pulmone et lactibus unctis?Sentiebat videlicet non carne opus esse ad placandam coelestem majestatem, sed mente sancta, et justo animo, et pectore (ut ipse ait) quod naturali sit honestate generosum. Haec est religio coelestis, non quae constat ex rebus corruptis, sed quae virtutibus animi, qui oritur e coelo. Hic verus est cultus, in quo mens colentis seipsam Deo immaculatam victimam sistit. Id autem ipsum quomodo consequendum, quomodo praestandum sit, docebit hujus libri disputatio. Nihil enim tam praeclarum, hominique conveniens potest esse, quam erudire homines ad justitiam.

Apud Ciceronem Catulus in Hortensio philosophiam rebus omnibus praeferens, malle se dicit vel unum 0640B parvum de Officio libellum, quam longam orationem pro seditioso homine Cornelio. Quae sententia non utique Catuli, qui fortasse illud non dixit, sed Ciceronis est putanda, qui scripsit. Credo, ut libros, quos de Officiis erat scripturus, commendaret: in quibus ipsis, nihil esse testatur in omni philosophia melius et fructuosius, quam praecepta vitae dare. Quod si hoc illi faciunt, quibus non est veritas cognita; quanto magis nos facere debemus, qui a Deo eruditi et illuminati possumus vera praecipere? Nec tamen sic docebimus, ut quasi prima virtutis elementa tradamus, quod est infinitum: sed tanquam docendum susceperimus eum, qui apud illos jam perfectus esse 0640C videatur. Manentibus enim praeceptis eorum, quae 0641A solent ad probitatem recte dare, 0641A ignota illis superstruemus, ad perficiendam consummandamque justitiam, quam non tenent. Ea vero, quae possunt cum illis esse communia, praetermittam; ne quid ab iis videar mutuari, quorum errores coarguere atque aperire decreverim.