Chap. XIX.—Of the Affections and Their Use; And of the Three Furies.

When the Stoics attempt to uproot the affections from man as diseases, they are opposed by the Peripatetics, who not only retain, but also defend them, and say that there is nothing in man which is not produced in him with great reason and foresight. They say this indeed rightly, if they know the true limits of each subject. Accordingly they say that this very affection of anger is the whetstone of virtue, as though no one could fight bravely against enemies unless he were excited by anger; by which they plainly show that they neither know what virtue is, nor why God gave anger to man. And if this was given to us for this purpose, that we may employ it for the slaying of men, what is to be thought more savage than man, what more resembling the wild beasts, than that animal which God formed for communion and innocence? There are, then, three affections which drive men headlong to all crimes: (1) anger, (2) desire, and (3) lust.1202    [Rather, indignation, cupidity, and concupiscence, answering to our author’s “ira, cupiditas, libido.” The difference involved in this choice of words, I shall have occasion to point out.]   On which account the poets have said that there are three furies which harass the minds of men: anger longs for revenge, desire for riches, lust for pleasures. But God has appointed fixed limits to all of these; and if they pass these limits and begin to be too great, they must necessarily pervert their nature, and be changed into diseases and vices. And it is a matter of no great labour to show what these limits are.1203    [Here he treats the “three furies” as not in themselves vices, but implanted for good purposes, and becoming “diseases” only when they pass the limits he now defines. Hence, while indignation is virtuous anger, it is not a disease; cupidity, while amounting to honest thrift, is not evil; and concupiscence, until it becomes “evil concupiscence” (επιθυμίαν κακὴν, Col. iii. 5), is but natural appetite, working to good ends.]   Cupidity1204    Desire. [See note 6, supra.]   is given us for providing those things which are necessary for life; concupiscence,1205    Lust.   for the procreation of offspring; the affection of indignation,1206    Anger.   for restraining the faults of those who are in our power, that is, in order that tender age may be formed by a severer discipline to integrity and justice: for if this time of life is not restrained by fear,1207    [Quæ, nisi in metu cohibetur.]   licence will produce boldness, and this will break out into every disgraceful and daring action. Therefore, as it is both just and necessary to employ anger towards the young, so it is both pernicious and impious to use it towards those of our own age. It is impious, because humanity is injured; pernicious, because if they oppose, it is necessary either to destroy them or to perish. But that this which I have spoken of is the reason why the affection of anger has been given to man, may be understood from the precepts of God Himself, who commands that we should not be angry with those who revile and injure us, but that we should always have our hands over the young; that is, that when they err, we should correct them with continual stripes,1208    [Assiduis verberibus. This might be rendered “careful punishments.”]   lest by useless love and excessive indulgence they should be trained to evil and nourished to vices. But those who are inexperienced in affairs and ignorant of reason, have expelled those affections which have been given to man for good uses, and they wander more widely than reason demands. From this cause they live unjustly and impiously. They employ anger against their equals in age: hence disagreements, hence banishments, hence wars have arisen contrary to justice. They use desire for the amassing of riches: hence frauds, hence robberies, hence all kinds of crimes have originated. They use lust only for the enjoyment of pleasures: hence debaucheries, hence adulteries, hence all corruptions have proceeded. Whoever, therefore, has reduced those affections within their proper limits, which they who are ignorant of God cannot do, he is patient, he is brave, he is just.1209    [Quod ignorantes Deum facere non possunt. In a later age Lactantius might have been charged with Semi-Pelagianism, many of his expressions about human nature being unstudied. But I note this passage, as, like many others, proving that he recognizes the need of divine grace.]    

CAPUT XIX. De affectibus eorumque usu, atque de tribus furiis.

Stoicis, cum affectus ex homine, tanquam morbos, conantur evellere, Peripatetici se opponunt; eosque non modo retinent, sed etiam defendunt; nihilque in homine esse dicunt, quod non magna ratione 0703B ac providentia sit innatum. Recte id quidem, si singularum rerum veros terminos scirent. Itaque hanc ipsam iram, cotem dicunt esse virtutis, tanquam nemo possit adversus hostes fortiter dimicare, nisi fuerit ira concitatus. Quo plane ostendunt, nec quid sit virtus scire se, nec cur homini tribuerit iram Deus. Quae si nobis ideo data est, ut ea utamur ad occidendos homines, quid immanius homine? quid similius feris belluis existimandum est, quam id animal, quod ad communionem et innocentiam Deus fecit? Tres sunt igitur affectus, qui homines in omnia 0704A facinora praecipites agant; ira, cupiditas, libido. Propterea poetae tres Furias esse dixerunt, quae mentes hominum exagitent: ira ultionem desiderat, cupiditas opes, libido voluptates. Sed his omnibus Deus certos limites statuit: quos si transcenderint, majoresque esse coeperint, necesse est naturam suam depravent, et in morbos ac vitia vertantur. Qui autem sint isti limites, non est magni laboris ostendere.

Cupiditas ad ea comparanda nobis data est, quae sunt ad vitam necessaria; libido, ad sobolem propagandam; irae affectus, ad coercenda peccata eorum, qui sunt in nostra potestate, id est, ut arctiore disciplina minor aetas ad probitatem justitiamque formetur: quae nisi metu cohibeatur, licentia pariet audaciam, quae ad omne flagitium et facinus evadet. Itaque ut ira uti adversus minores et justum est, et 0704B necessarium: sic et adversus pares et perniciosum est, et impium. Impium, quod violatur humanitas; perniciosum, quod, illis repugnantibus, aut perdere necesse est, aut perire. Hanc autem quam dixi esse rationem, cur homini sit irae affectus datus, ex ipsius Dei praeceptis intelligi potest, qui jubet uti maledicis et laedentibus non irascamur; manus autem nostras supra minores semper habeamus; hoc est, ut peccantes eos assiduis verberibus corrigamus; ne amore inutili et indulgentia nimia educentur ad malum, et ad vitia nutriantur. Sed rerum imperiti et 0705A rationis ignari, eos affectus, qui sunt homini ad usus bonos dati, exterminaverunt; 0705A et latius, quam ratio postulat, evagantur. Inde injuste atque impie vivitur. Utuntur ira contra pares: hinc dissidia, hinc expulsiones, hinc bella contra justitiam nata sunt. Utuntur cupiditate ad congerendas opes: hinc fraudes, hinc latrocinia, hinc omnia scelerum genera exorta sunt. Utuntur libidine ad capiendas tantum voluptates: hinc stupra, hinc adulteria, hinc corruptelae omnes extiterunt. Quicumque igitur illos affectus intra fines suos redegerit (quod ignorantes Deum facere non possunt) hic patiens, hic fortis, hic justus est.