Chapter III.—St. Paul Quite in Accordance with St. Peter and Other Apostles of the Circumcision. His Censure of St. Peter Explained, and Rescued from Marcion’s Misapplication. The Strong Protests of This Epistle Against Judaizers. Yet Its Teaching is Shown to Be in Keeping with the Law and the Prophets. Marcion’s Tampering with St. Paul’s Writings Censured.

But with regard to the countenance2945    Ad patrocinium. of Peter and the rest of the apostles, he tells us2946    Scribit often takes the place of inquit; naturally enough as referring to the epistles. that “fourteen years after he went up to Jerusalem,” in order to confer with them2947    Gal. ii. 1, 2. about the rule which he followed in his gospel, lest perchance he should all those years have been running, and be running still, in vain, (which would be the case,) of course, if his preaching of the gospel fell short of their method.2948    Formam. So great had been his desire to be approved and supported by those whom you wish on all occasions2949    Si quando. to be understood as in alliance with Judaism!  When indeed he says, that “neither was Titus circumcised,”2950    Gal. ii. 3. he for the first time shows us that circumcision was the only question connected with the maintenance2951    Ex defensione. of the law, which had been as yet agitated by those whom he therefore calls “false brethren unawares brought in.”2952    Gal. ii. 4. These persons went no further than to insist on a continuance of the law, retaining unquestionably a sincere belief in the Creator. They perverted the gospel in their teaching, not indeed by such a tampering with the Scripture2953    Interpolatione Scripturæ. as should enable them to expunge2954    Qua effingerent. the Creator’s Christ, but by so retaining the ancient régime as not to exclude the Creator’s law. Therefore he says: “Because of false brethren unawares brought in, who came in privily to spy out our liberty which we have in Christ, that they might bring us into bondage, to whom we gave place by subjection not even for an hour.”2955    Gal. ii. 4, 5. Let us only attend to the clear2956    Ipsi. sense and to the reason of the thing, and the perversion of the Scripture will be apparent. When he first says, “Neither Titus, who was with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised,” and then adds, “And that because of false brethren unawares brought in,”2957    Gal. ii. 3, 4. etc., he gives us an insight into his reason2958    Incipit reddere rationem. for acting in a clean contrary way,2959    Contrarii utique facti. [Farrar, St. Paul, pp. 232 and 261.] showing us wherefore he did that which he would neither have done nor shown to us, if that had not happened which induced him to act as he did. But then2960    Denique. I want you to tell us whether they would have yielded to the subjection that was demanded,2961    See Conybeare and Howson, in loc. if these false brethren had not crept in to spy out their liberty? I apprehend not. They therefore gave way (in a partial concession), because there were persons whose weak faith required consideration.2962    Fuerunt propter quos crederetur. For their rudimentary belief, which was still in suspense about the observance of the law, deserved this concessive treatment,2963    The following statement will throw light upon the character of the two classes of Jewish professors of Christianity referred to by Tertullian: “A pharisaic section was sheltered in its bosom (of the church at Jerusalem), which continually strove to turn Christianity into a sect of Judaism.  These men were restless agitators, animated by the bitterest sectarian spirit; and although they were numerically a small party, yet we know the power of the turbulent minority. But besides these Judaizing zealots, there was a large proportion of the Christians at Jerusalem, whose Christianity, though more sincere than that of those just mentioned, was yet very weak and imperfect…Many of them still only knew of a Christ after the flesh—a Saviour of Israel—a Jewish Messiah. Their minds were in a state of transition between the law and the gospel; and it was of great consequence not to shock their prejudices too rudely; lest they should be tempted to make shipwreck of their faith and renounce their Christianity altogether.” These were they whose prejudices required to be wisely consulted in things which did not touch the foundation of the gospel. (Conybeare and Howson’s St. Paul, People’s Edition, vol. ii. pp. 259, 260.) when even the apostle himself had some suspicion that he might have run, and be still running, in vain.2964    Gal. ii. 2. Accordingly, the false brethren who were the spies of their Christian liberty must be thwarted in their efforts to bring it under the yoke of their own Judaism before that Paul discovered whether his labour had been in vain, before that those who preceded him in the apostolate gave him their right hands of fellowship, before that he entered on the office of preaching to the Gentiles, according to their arrangement with him.2965    Ex censu eorum: see Gal. ii. 9, 10. He therefore made some concession, as was necessary, for a time; and this was the reason why he had Timothy circumcised,2966    Acts xvi. 3. and the Nazarites introduced into the temple,2967    Acts xxi. 23–26. which incidents are described in the Acts.  Their truth may be inferred from their agreement with the apostle’s own profession, how “to the Jews he became as a Jew, that he might gain the Jews, and to them that were under the law, as under the law,”—and so here with respect to those who come in secretly,—“and lastly, how he became all things to all men, that he might gain all.”2968    1 Cor. ix. 20, 22. Now, inasmuch as the circumstances require such an interpretation as this, no one will refuse to admit that Paul preached that God and that Christ whose law he was excluding all the while, however much he allowed it, owing to the times, but which he would have had summarily to abolish if he had published a new god. Rightly, then, did Peter and James and John give their right hand of fellowship to Paul, and agree on such a division of their work, as that Paul should go to the heathen, and themselves to the circumcision.2969    Gal. ii. 9. Their agreement, also, “to remember the poor”2970    Gal. ii. 10. was in complete conformity with the law of the Creator, which cherished the poor and needy, as has been shown in our observations on your Gospel.2971    See above, book iv. chap. xiv. p. 365. It is thus certain that the question was one which simply regarded the law, while at the same time it is apparent what portion of the law it was convenient to have observed. Paul, however, censures Peter for not walking straightforwardly according to the truth of the gospel. No doubt he blames him; but it was solely because of his inconsistency in the matter of “eating,”2972    Victus: see Gal. ii. 12; or, living, see ver. 14. which he varied according to the sort of persons (whom he associated with) “fearing them which were of the circumcision,”2973    Gal. ii. 12. but not on account of any perverse opinion touching another god. For if such a question had arisen, others also would have been “resisted face to face” by the man who had not even spared Peter on the comparatively small matter of his doubtful conversation. But what do the Marcionites wish to have believed (on the point)? For the rest, the apostle must (be permitted to) go on with his own statement, wherein he says that “a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by faith:”2974    Gal. ii. 16. faith, however, in the same God to whom belongs the law also. For of course he would have bestowed no labour on severing faith from the law, when the difference of the god would, if there had only been any, have of itself produced such a severance. Justly, therefore, did he refuse to “build up again (the structure of the law) which he had overthrown.”2975    Gal. ii. 18 (see Conybeare and Howson). The law, indeed, had to be overthrown, from the moment when John “cried in the wilderness, Prepare ye the ways of the Lord,” that valleys2976    Rivi: the wadys of the East. and hills and mountains may be filled up and levelled, and the crooked and the rough ways be made straight and smooth2977    Luke iii. 4, 5.—in other words, that the difficulties of the law might be changed into the facilities of the gospel.

For he remembered that the time was come of which the Psalm spake, “Let us break their bands asunder, and cast off their yoke from us;”2978    Ps. ii. 3. since the time when “the nations became tumultuous, and the people imagined vain counsels;” when “the kings of the earth stood up, and the rulers were gathered together against the Lord, and against His Christ,”2979    Ps. ii. 1, 2. in order that thenceforward man might be justified by the liberty of faith, not by servitude to the law,2980    Gal. ii. 16 and iii. 11. “because the just shall live by his faith.”2981    Hab. ii. 4. Now, although the prophet Habakkuk first said this, yet you have the apostle here confirming the prophets, even as Christ did. The object, therefore, of the faith whereby the just man shall live, will be that same God to whom likewise belongs the law, by doing which no man is justified.  Since, then, there equally are found the curse in the law and the blessing in faith, you have both conditions set forth by2982    Apud. the Creator: “Behold,” says He, “I have set before you a blessing and a curse.”2983    Deut. xi. 26. You cannot establish a diversity of authors because there happens to be one of things; for the diversity is itself proposed by one and the same author. Why, however, “Christ was made a curse for us,”2984    Gal. iii. 13. is declared by the apostle himself in a way which quite helps our side, as being the result of the Creator’s appointment.  But yet it by no means follows, because the Creator said of old, “Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree,”2985    The LXX. version of Deut. xxi. 23 is quoted by St. Paul in Gal. iii. 13. that Christ belonged to another god, and on that account was accursed even then in the law. And how, indeed, could the Creator have cursed by anticipation one whom He knew not of? Why, however, may it not be more suitable for the Creator to have delivered His own Son to His own curse, than to have submitted Him to the malediction of that god of yours,—in behalf, too, of man, who is an alien to him? Now, if this appointment of the Creator respecting His Son appears to you to be a cruel one, it is equally so in the case of your own god; if, on the contrary, it be in accordance with reason in your god, it is equally so—nay, much more so—in mine. For it would be more credible that that God had provided blessing for man, through the curse of Christ, who formerly set both a blessing and a curse before man, than that he had done so, who, according to you,2986    Apud te. never at any time pronounced either. “We have received therefore, the promise of the Spirit,” as the apostle says, “through faith,” even that faith by which the just man lives, in accordance with the Creator’s purpose.2987    According to the promise of a prophet of the Creator. See Hab. ii. 4. What I say, then, is this, that that God is the object of faith who prefigured the grace of faith. But when he also adds, “For ye are all the children of faith,”2988    Gal. iii. 26. it becomes clear that what the heretic’s industry erased was the mention of Abraham’s name; for by faith the apostle declares us to be “children of Abraham,”2989    Gal. iii. 7, 9, 29. and after mentioning him he expressly called us “children of faith” also. But how are we children of faith? and of whose faith, if not Abraham’s? For since “Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him for righteousness;”2990    Gal. iii. 6. since, also, he deserved for that reason to be called “the father of many nations,” whilst we, who are even more like him2991    Magis proinde: as sharing in the faith he had, “being yet uncircumcised.” See Rom. iv. 11. in believing in God, are thereby justified as Abraham was, and thereby also obtain life—since the just lives by his faith,—it therefore happens that, as he in the previous passage called us “sons of Abraham,” since he is in faith our (common) father,2992    Patris fidei. so here also he named us “children of faith,” for it was owing to his faith that it was promised that Abraham should be the father of (many) nations. As to the fact itself of his calling off faith from circumcision, did he not seek thereby to constitute us the children of Abraham, who had believed previous to his circumcision in the flesh?2993    In integritate carnis. In short,2994    Denique. faith in one of two gods cannot possibly admit us to the dispensation2995    Formam: “plan” or “arrangement.” of the other,2996    Alterius dei…dei alterius. so that it should impute righteousness to those who believe in him, and make the just live through him, and declare the Gentiles to be his children through faith. Such a dispensation as this belongs wholly to Him through whose appointment it was already made known by the call of this self-same Abraham, as is conclusively shown2997    Revincatur. by the natural meaning.2998    Ipso sensu.

CAPUT III.

Denique (Gal., II et III), ad patrocinium Petri caeterorumque 0473A apostolorum ascendisse Hierosolymam post annos quatuordecim, scribit, ut conferret cum illis de Evangelii sui regula, ne in vacuum tot annis cucurrisset, aut curreret; si quid scilicet citra formam illorum evangelizaret. Adeo ab illis probari, et constabiliri desiderarat . Quod si quando vultis judaismi magis affines subintelligi , cum nec Titum dicit circumcisum; jam incipit ostendere solam circumcisionis quaestionem ex defensione adhuc Legis concussam ab eis, quos propterea falsos et superinductitios fratres appellat, non aliud statuere pergentes quam perseverantiam Legis, ex fide sinc dubio integra Creatoris; atque ita pervertentes Evangelium, non interpolatione Scripturae , qua Christum Creatoris effingerent, sed retentione 0473B veteris disciplinae, ne legem Creatoris excluderent. Ergo, Propter superinductitios, inquit, falsos fratres, qui subintraverant ad speculandam libertatem nostram, quam habemus in Christo, ut nos subigerent servituti, nec ad horam cessimus subjectioni. Intendamus enim et sensui ipsi, et caussae ejus, et apparebit vitiatio scripturae, cum praemittit: Sed nec Titus, qui mecum erat, cum esset graecus, coactus est circumcidi: dehinc subjungit: propter superinductitios falsos fratres, et reliqua: contrarii utique facti incipit reddere rationem, osteadens propter quid fecerit; quod nec fecisset, nec ostendisset, si illud propter quod fecit, non accidisset. Denique, dicas velim, si subintroissent falsi illi fratres ad speculandam libertatem eorum, cessissent subjectioni? non opinor. Ergo cesserunt, 0473C quia fuerunt propter quos cederetur, hoc enim rudi fidei et adhuc de legis observatione suspensae competebat, ipso quoque apostolo, ne in vacuum cucurrisset aut curreret, suspecto. Itaque frustrandi erant falsi fratres, speculantes libertatem christianam, ne ante eam in servi utem abducerent judaismi, quam Paulus sciret se non in vacuum cucurrisse, quam dexteras ei darent antecessores, quam ex censu eorum in nationes praedicandi munus subiret . Necessario igitur cessit ad tempus. Sic ei ratio constat, Timotheum circumcidendi, et rasos introducendi in templum, quae in Actis (Act. XVI, 21) edicuntur, adeo vera, ut Apostolo consonent profitenti (I Cor. IX, 20): Factum se Judaeis judaeum, ut Judaeos lucrifaceret, et sub Lege agentem, propter 0473D eos qui sub Lege agerent: sic et propter superinductitios illos, et omnibus novissime omnia factum, 0474A ut omnes lucraretur. Si haec quoque intelligi ex hoc postulant, id quoque nemo dubitavit , ejus Dei et Christi praedicatorem Paulum, cujus legem, quamvis excludens, interim tamen pro temporibus admiserat, statim amoliendam si novum Deum protulisset. Bene igitur quod et dexteras Paulo dederunt Petrus et Jacobus et Joannes; et de officii distributione pepigerunt, ut Paulus in nationes, illi in circumcisionem; tantum ut meminissent egenorum, et hoc secundum legem Creatoris, pauperes et egenos foventis, sicut in Evangelii vestri retractatu probatum est. Adeo constat de Lege sola fuisse quaestionem, dum ostenditur quid ex Lege custodiri convenerit. Sed reprehendit Petrum, non recto pede incedentem ad Evangelii veritatem. Plane reprehendit; non ob aliud 0474B tamen, quam ob inconstantiam victus, quem pro personarum qualitate variabat, timens eos qui erant ex circumcisione; non ob aliquam divinitatis perversitatem, de qua et aliis in faciem restitisset, qui de minore caussa conversationis ambiguae Petro ipsi non pepercit. Sed quomodo Marcionitae volunt credi? De caetero pergat Apostolus, negans ex operibus Legis justificari hominem, sed ex fide, ejusdem tamen Dei, cujus et Lex. Nec enim laborasset fidem a lege discernere, quam diversitas ultro ipsius divinitatis discrevisset, si fuisset. Merito non reaedificabat quae destruxit. Destrui autem Lex habuit, ex quo vox Joannis clamavit (Luc. III) in eremo: Parate vias Domini; ut fierent rivi et colles et montes repleti et humiliati, et tortuosa et aspera in rectitudinem et in campos, id est, 0474C Legis difficultates in Evangelii facilitates. Meminerat jam et Psalmi (Ps. II) esse tempus: Disrumpamus a nobis vincula eorum, et abjiciamus a nobis jugum ipsorum: Ex quo tumultuatae sunt gentes, et populi meditati sunt inania, astiterunt reges terrae, et magistratus congregati sunt in unum adversus Dominum et adversus Christum ipsius; ut jam ex fidei libertate justificetur homo, non ex legis servitute: Quia (Hebr. X, 38) justus ex fide vivit. Quod si prophetes Habacuc (Habac. II, 4) praenuntiavit, habes et apostolum Prophetas confirmantem, sicut et Christus. Ejus ergo Dei erit fides in qua vivet justus; cujus et lex, in qua non justificatur operarius. Proinde, si in lege maledictio est, in fide vero benedictio; utrumque habes propositum apud Creatorem: Ecce posui, inquit (Deut. XI, 26), ante 0474D te maledictionem et benedictionem. Non potest distantiam vindicare; quae etsi rerum est, non ideo auctorum; 0475A quae ab uno auctore proponitur. Cur autem Christus factus sit pro nobis maledictio, ipso Apostolo edocente manifestum est, quam nobiscum faciat, id est, secundum fidem Creatoris. Neque enim quia Creator pronuntiavit: Maledictus omnis in ligno suspensus; ideo videbitur alterius Dei esse Christus, et idcirco a Creatore jam tunc in lege maledictus. Et quomodo praemaledixisset eum Creator, quem ignorat? Cur autem non magis competat Creatori, Filium suum dedisse maledictioni suae, quam illi Deo tuo subdidisse maledictioni, et quidem pro homine alieno? Denique, si atrox videtur hoc in Creatore circa Filium, proinde tuo in Deo. Si vero rationale et in tuo, proinde et in meo, et magis in meo. Facilius enim crederetur, ejus esse per maledictionem Christi benedictionem 0475B prospexisse homini, qui et maledictionem aliquando et benedictionem proposuerit ante hominem, quam qui neutrum unquam sit apud te professus. Accepimus igitur benedictionem spiritalem per fidem, inquit, ex qua scilicet vivet justus secundum Creatorem. Hoc est ergo quod dico, ejus Dei fidem esse, cujus est forma gratiae fidei. Sed et cum adjicit: Omnes enim filii estis fidei, ostenditur quid supra haeretica industria eraserit; mentionem scilicet Abrahae, qua nos Apostolus filios Abrahae per fidem affirmat, secundum quam mentionem hic quoque filios fidei notavit. Caeterum, quomodo filii fidei? et cujus fidei, si non Abrahae! Si enim Abraham Deo credidit, et deputatum est justitiae, atque exinde pater multarum nationum meruit nuncupari; nos 0475C autem credendo Deo magis, proinde justificamur, sicut Abraham; et vitam proinde consequimur, sicut justus ex fide vivit; sic fit ut et supra, filios nos Abrahae pronuntiarit, qua patris fidei, et hic filios fidei, per quam Abraham pater nationum fuerat repromissus. Ipsum quod fidem a circumcisione revocabat, nonne Abrahae filios constituere quaerebat, qui in carnis integritate crediderat? Denique, alterius Dei fides, ad formam Dei alterius non potest admitti, ut credentes justitiae deputet, ut justos vivere faciat, ut nationes filios fidei dicat: totum hoc ejus est, apud quem ante jam notum est sub eadem Abrahae mentione, dum ipso sensu revincatur.