Chapter IX.—The Doctrine of the Resurrection. The Body Will Rise Again. Christ’s Judicial Character. Jewish Perversions of Prophecy Exposed and Confuted. Messianic Psalms Vindicated. Jewish and Rationalistic Interpretations on This Point Similar.  Jesus—Not Hezekiah or Solomon—The Subject of These Prophecies in the Psalms. None But He is the Christ of the Old and the New Testaments.

Meanwhile the Marcionite will exhibit nothing of this kind; he is by this time afraid to say which side has the better right to a Christ who is not yet revealed. Just as my Christ is to be expected,3258    He here argues, as it will be readily observed, from the Marcionite theory alluded to, near the end of the last chapter. who was predicted from the beginning, so his Christ therefore has no existence, as not having been announced from the beginning. Ours is a better faith, which believes in a future Christ, than the heretic’s, which has none at all to believe in. Touching the resurrection of the dead,3259    1 Cor. xv. 12. let us first inquire how some persons then denied it. No doubt in the same way in which it is even now denied, since the resurrection of the flesh has at all times men to deny it. But many wise men claim for the soul a divine nature, and are confident of its undying destiny, and even the multitude worship the dead3260    See his treatise, De Resur. Carnis, chap. i. (Oehler). in the presumption which they boldly entertain that their souls survive. As for our bodies, however, it is manifest that they perish either at once by fire or the wild beasts,3261    An allusion to the deaths of martyrs. or even when most carefully kept by length of time. When, therefore, the apostle refutes those who deny the resurrection of the flesh, he indeed defends, in opposition to them, the precise matter of their denial, that is, the resurrection of the body. You have the whole answer wrapped up in this.3262    Compendio. All the rest is superfluous. Now in this very point, which is called the resurrection of the dead, it is requisite that the proper force of the words should be accurately maintained.3263    Defendi. The word dead expresses simply what has lost the vital principle,3264    Animam. by means of which it used to live. Now the body is that which loses life, and as the result of losing it becomes dead. To the body, therefore, the term dead is only suitable. Moreover, as resurrection accrues to what is dead, and dead is a term applicable only to a body, therefore the body alone has a resurrection incidental to it. So again the word Resurrection, or (rising again), embraces only that which has fallen down. “To rise,” indeed, can be predicated of that which has never fallen down, but had already been always lying down. But “to rise again” is predicable only of that which has fallen down; because it is by rising again, in consequence of its having fallen down, that it is said to have re-risen.3265    The reader will readily see how the English fails to complete the illustration with the ease of the Latin, “surgere,” “iterum surgere,” “resurgere.” For the syllable RE always implies iteration (or happening again). We say, therefore, that the body falls to the ground by death, as indeed facts themselves show, in accordance with the law of God. For to the body it was said, (“Till thou return to the ground, for out of it wast thou taken; for) dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.”3266    Gen. iii. 19. [“Was not said unto the Soul”—says our own Longfellow, in corresponding words.] That, therefore, which came from the ground shall return to the ground. Now that falls down which returns to the ground; and that rises again which falls down. “Since by man came death, by man came also the resurrection.”3267    1 Cor. xv. 21. Here in the word man, who consists of bodily substance, as we have often shown already, is presented to me the body of Christ.  But if we are all so made alive in Christ, as we die in Adam, it follows of necessity that we are made alive in Christ as a bodily substance, since we died in Adam as a bodily substance. The similarity, indeed, is not complete, unless our revival3268    Vivificatio. in Christ concur in identity of substance with our mortality3269    Mortificatio. in Adam. But at this point3270    Adhuc. (the apostle) has made a parenthetical statement3271    Interposuit aliquid. concerning Christ, which, bearing as it does on our present discussion, must not pass unnoticed. For the resurrection of the body will receive all the better proof, in proportion as I shall succeed in showing that Christ belongs to that God who is believed to have provided this resurrection of the flesh in His dispensation. When he says, “For He must reign, till He hath put all enemies under His feet,”3272    1 Cor. xv. 25, 27. we can see at once3273    Jam quidem. from this statement that he speaks of a God of vengeance, and therefore of Him who made the following promise to Christ:  “Sit Thou at my right hand, until I make Thine enemies Thy footstool. The rod of Thy strength shall the Lord send forth from Sion, and He shall rule along with Thee in the midst of Thine enemies.”3274    Ps. cx. 1, 2, and viii. 6. It is necessary for me to lay claim to those Scriptures which the Jews endeavour to deprive us of, and to show that they sustain my view. Now they say that this Psalm3275    Ps. cx. was a chant in honour of Hezekiah,3276    In Ezechiam cecinisse. because “he went up to the house of the Lord,”3277    2 Kings xix. 14; but the words are, “quia is sederit ad dexteram templi,” a sentence which occurs neither in the LXX. nor the original. and God turned back and removed his enemies.  Therefore, (as they further hold,) those other words, “Before the morning star did I beget thee from the womb,”3278    Tertullian, as usual, argues from the Septuagint, which in the latter clause of Ps. cx. 3 has ἐκ γαστρὸς πρὸ ἑωσφόρου ἐγέννησά σε; and so the Vulgate version has it. This Psalm has been variously applied by the Jews. Raschi (or Rabbi Sol. Jarchi) thinks it is most suitable to Abraham, and possibly to David, in which latter view D. Kimchi agrees with him.  Others find in Solomon the best application; but more frequently is Hezekiah thought to be the subject of the Psalm, as Tertullian observes. Justin Martyr (in Dial. cum Tryph.) also notices this application of the Psalm. But Tertullian in the next sentence appears to recognize the sounder opinion of the older Jews, who saw in this Ps. cx. a prediction of Messiah.  This opinion occurs in the Jerusalem Talmud, in the tract Berachoth, 5. Amongst the more recent Jews who also hold the sounder view, may be mentioned Rabbi Saadias Gaon, on Dan. vii. 13, and R. Moses Hadarsan [singularly enough quoted by Raschi in another part of his commentary (Gen. xxxv. 8)], with others who are mentioned by Wetstein, On the New Testament, Matt. xxii. 44. Modern Jews, such as Moses Mendelsohn, reject the Messianic sense; and they are followed by the commentators of the Rationalist school amongst ourselves and in Germany. J. Olshausen, after Hitzig, comes down in his interpretation of the Psalm as late as the Maccabees, and sees a suitable accomplishment of its words in the honours heaped upon Jonathan by Alexander son of Antiochus Epiphanes (see 1 Macc. x. 20). For the refutation of so inadequate a commentary, the reader is referred to Delitzch on Ps. cx. The variations of opinion, however, in this school, are as remarkable as the fluctuations of the Jewish writers. The latest work on the Psalms which has appeared amongst us (Psalms, chronologically arranged, by four Friends), after Ewald, places the accomplishment of Ps. cx. in what may be allowed to have been its occasion—David’s victories over the neighboring heathen. are applicable to Hezekiah, and to the birth of Hezekiah. We on our side3279    Nos. have published Gospels (to the credibility of which we have to thank3280    Debemus. them3281    Istos: that is, the Jews (Rigalt.). for having given some confirmation, indeed, already in so great a subject3282    Utique jam in tanto opere.); and these declare that the Lord was born at night, that so it might be “before the morning star,” as is evident both from the star especially, and from the testimony of the angel, who at night announced to the shepherds that Christ had at that moment been born,3283    Natum esse quum maxime. and again from the place of the birth, for it is towards night that persons arrive at the (eastern) “inn.” Perhaps, too, there was a mystic purpose in Christ’s being born at night, destined, as He was, to be the light of the truth amidst the dark shadows of ignorance. Nor, again, would God have said, “I have begotten Thee,” except to His true Son.  For although He says of all the people (Israel), “I have begotten3284    Generavi: Sept. ἐγέννησα. children,”3285    Isa. i. 2. yet He added not “from the womb.” Now, why should He have added so superfluously this phrase “from the womb” (as if there could be any doubt about any one’s having been born from the womb), unless the Holy Ghost had wished the words to be with especial care3286    Curiosius. understood of Christ? “I have begotten Thee from the womb,” that is to say, from a womb only, without a man’s seed, making it a condition of a fleshly body3287    Deputans carni: a note against Docetism. that it should come out of a womb. What is here added (in the Psalm), “Thou art a priest for ever,”3288    Ps. cx. 4. relates to (Christ) Himself. Hezekiah was no priest; and even if he had been one, he would not have been a priest for ever. “After the order,” says He, “of Melchizedek.” Now what had Hezekiah to do with Melchizedek, the priest of the most high God, and him uncircumcised too, who blessed the circumcised Abraham, after receiving from him the offering of tithes? To Christ, however, “the order of Melchizedek” will be very suitable; for Christ is the proper and legitimate High Priest of God. He is the Pontiff of the priesthood of the uncircumcision, constituted such, even then, for the Gentiles, by whom He was to be more fully received, although at His last coming He will favour with His acceptance and blessing the circumcision also, even the race of Abraham, which by and by is to acknowledge Him. Well, then, there is also another Psalm, which begins with these words: “Give Thy judgments, O God, to the King,” that is, to Christ who was to come as King, “and Thy righteousness unto the King’s son,”3289    Ps. lxxii. 1. that is, to Christ’s people; for His sons are they who are born again in Him. But it will here be said that this Psalm has reference to Solomon.  However, will not those portions of the Psalm which apply to Christ alone, be enough to teach us that all the rest, too, relates to Christ, and not to Solomon? “He shall come down,” says He, “like rain upon a fleece,3290    Super vellus: so Sept. ἐπὶ πόκον. and like dropping showers upon the earth,”3291    Ps. lxxii. 6. describing His descent from heaven to the flesh as gentle and unobserved.3292    Similarly the Rabbis Saadias Gaon and Hadarsan, above mentioned in our note, beautifully applied to Messiah’s placid birth, “without a human father,” the figures of Ps. cx. 3, “womb of the morning,” “dew of thy birth.” Solomon, however, if he had indeed any descent at all, came not down like a shower, because he descended not from heaven. But I will set before you more literal points.3293    Simpliciora. “He shall have dominion,” says the Psalmist, “from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth.”3294    Ps. lxx. 8. To Christ alone was this given; whilst Solomon reigned over only the moderately-sized kingdom of Judah. “Yea, all kings shall fall down before Him.” Whom, indeed, shall they all thus worship, except Christ? “All nations shall serve Him.”3295    Ps. lxx. 11. To whom shall all thus do homage, but Christ? “His name shall endure for ever.” Whose name has this eternity of fame, but Christ’s? “Longer than the sun shall His name remain,” for longer than the sun shall be the Word of God, even Christ. “And in Him shall all nations be blessed.”3296    Ps. lxx. 17. In Solomon was no nation blessed; in Christ every nation. And what if the Psalm proves Him to be even God? “They shall call Him blessed.”3297    Ps. lxx. 17. (On what ground?) Because blessed is the Lord God of Israel, who only doeth wonderful things.”3298    Ps. lxx. 18. “Blessed also is His glorious name, and with His glory shall all the earth be filled.”3299    Ps. lxx. 19. On the contrary, Solomon (as I make bold to affirm) lost even the glory which he had from God, seduced by his love of women even into idolatry. And thus, the statement which occurs in about the middle of this Psalm, “His enemies shall lick the dust”3300    Ps. lxx. 9. (of course, as having been, (to use the apostle’s phrase,) “put under His feet”3301    1 Cor. xv. 25, 27.), will bear upon the very object which I had in view, when I both introduced the Psalm, and insisted on my opinion of its sense,—namely, that I might demonstrate both the glory of His kingdom and the subjection of His enemies in pursuance of the Creator’s own plans, with the view of laying down3302    Consecuturus. this conclusion, that none but He can be believed to be the Christ of the Creator.

CAPUT IX.

Interim Marcionites nihil hujusmodi (I Cor. XV) exhibebit, qui timet jam pronuntiare, cujus magis Christus nondum sit revelatus. Sicut 0491B meus expectandus est, qui a primordio praedicatus est, illius idcirco non est, quia non a primordio sit. Melius non credimus in Christum futurum, quam haereticus in nullum. Mortuorum resurrectionem quomodo quidam tunc negarint, prius dispiciendum est. Utique eodem modo quo et nunc. Siquidem semper resurrectio carnis negatur. Caeterum, animam et sapientium plures divinam vindicantes, salvam repromittunt; et vulgus ipsum ea praesumptione defunctos colit, qua animas eorum manere confidit. Caeterum, corpora aut ignibus statim, aut feris, aut etiam diligentissime condita, temporibus tamen aboleri manifestum est. Si ergo carnis resurrectionem negantes Apostolus retundit, utique adversus illos tuetur, quod illi negabant, carnis scilicet resurrectionem. 0491C Habes compendio responsum. Caetera jam ex abundanti. Nam et ipsum quod mortuorum resurrectio dicitur, exigit defendi proprietates vocabulorum. Mortuum itaque vocabulo non est, nisi quod amisit animam, de cujus facultate vivebat. Corpus est quod amittit animam, et amittendo fit mortuum: ita mortui vocabulum corpori competit. Porro, si resurrectio mortui est, mortuum autem non aliud est quam corpus, corporis erit resurrectio. Sic et resurrectionis vocabulum non aliam rem vindicat, quam quae cecidit. Surgere enim potest dici et quod 0492A omnino non cecidit, quod semper retro jacuit; resurgere autem non est nisi ejus quod cecidit. Iterum enim surgendo quia cecidit, resurgere dicitur. Re enim syllaba iterationi semper adhibetur. Cadere ergo dicimus corpus in terram per mortem, sicut et res ipsa testatur, ex Dei lege; corpori enim dictum est (Gen. III, 19): Terra es et in terram ibis. Ita quod de terra est, ibit in terram. Hoc abit, quod in terram ibit ; hoc resurgit, quod cadit. Quia per hominem mors, et per hominem resurrectio. Hic mihi et Christi corpus ostenditur in nomine hominis, qui constat ex corpore, ut saepe jam docuimus. Quod si sic in Christo vivificamur omnes, sicut mortificamur in Adam: quando in Adam corpore mortificamur, sic necesse est et in Christo corpore vivificemur. Caeterum, 0492B similitudo non constat, si non in eadem substantia mortificationis in Adam, vivificatio concurrat in Christo. Sed interposuit adhuc aliquid de Christo, et propter praesentem disceptationem non omittendum. Tanto magis enim probabitur carnis resurrectio, quanto Christum ejus Dei ostendero, apud quem creditur carnis resurrectio. Cum dicit: Oportet enim regnare eum, donec ponat inimicos ejus sub pedes ejus; jam quidem et ex hoc ultorem Deum edicit, atque exinde ipsum qui hoc Christo repromiserit (Ps. CIX): Sede ad dexteram meam, donec ponam inimicos tuos scabellum pedum tuorum; Virgam virtutis tuae emittet Dominus ex Sion, et dominabitur in medio inimicorum tuorum; tecum, et caetera . Sed necesse est, ad meam sententiam 0492C pertinere defendam eas Scripturas, quas et Judaei nobis avocare conantur. Dicunt denique hunc Psalmum (Ps. CIX) in Ezechiam cecinisse, quia is sederit ad dexteram templi, et hostes ejus averterit Deus et absumpserit (IV Reg. XIX); propterea igitur, et ante luciferum ex utero generavi te, in Ezechiam convenire, et in Ezechiae nativitatem. Nos edimus Evangelia, de quorum fide aliquid utique jam in tanto opere istos confirmasse debemus, nocturna nativitate declarantia Dominum, ut hoc sit ante luciferum, et ex stella Magis intellecta, et ex testimonio 0493A angeli, qui nocte pastoribus annuntiavit natum esse cum maxime Christum; et ex loco partus: in diversorium enim ad noctem convenitur. Fortasse an et mystice factum sit ut nocte Christus nasceretur, lux veritatis futurus ignorantiae tenebris. Sed nec generavi te edixisset Deus, nisi filio puero . Nam etsi de toto populo ait (Is. I): Filios generavi; sed non adjecit: Ex utero. Cur autem adjecit Ex utero, tam vane, quasi aliquis hominum ex utero natus dubitaretur, nisi quia curiosius voluit intelligi in Christum: Ex utero generavi te, id est, ex solo utero, sine viri semine, carni deputans ex utero spiritus? Quod et in ipso hic accedit: Tu es sacerdos in aevum. Nec sacerdos autem Ezechias, nec in aevum, etsi fuisset. Secundum ordinem, inquit, Melchisedech. Quid 0493B Ezechias, ad Melchisedech Altissimi sacerdotem, et quidem non circumcisum, qui Abraham circumcisum jam accepta decimarum oblatione benedixit? At in Christum conveniet ordo Melchisedech, quoniam quidem Christus proprius et legitimus Dei antistes, praeputiati sacerdotii pontifex, tum in nationibus constitutus, a quibus magis suspici habebat, cognituram se quandoque circumcisionem, et Abrahae gentem, cum ultimo venerit, acceptatione et benedictione dignabitur. Est et alius Psalmus (Ps. LXXI) ita incipiens: Deus judicium tuum regi da, id est, Christo regnaturo: Et justitiam tuam filio regis, id est, populo Christi. Filii enim ejus sunt, qui in ipso renascuntur. Sed et hic Psalmus Salomoni canere dicetur; quae tamen soli competunt Christo, docere 0493C non potuerunt etiam caetera non ad Salomonem, sed ad Christum pertinere? Descendit, inquit, tanquam imber super vellus, et velut stillae destillantes in terram. Placidum descensum ejus et insensibilem describens 0494A de coelo in carnem. Salomon autem etsi descendit alicunde, non tamen sicut imber, quia non de coelo. Sed simpliciora quaeque proponam. Dominabitur, inquit, a mari ad mare, et a flumine usque ad terminos terrae. Hoc soli datum est Christo. Caeterum, Salomon uni et modicae Judaeae imperavit. Adorabunt illum omnes reges; quem omnes, nisi Christum? Et servient ei omnes nationes; cui omnes, nisi Christo? Sit nomen ejus in aevum; cujus nomen in aeternum, nisi Christi? Ante solem manebit nomen ejus, ante solem enim Sermo Dei, id est Christus. Et benedicentur in illo universae gentes; in Salomone nulla natio benedicitur, in Christo vero omnis. Quid nunc si et Deum eum Psalmus iste demonstrat? Et beatum eum dicent; quoniam benedictus Dominus Deus Israelis, 0494B qui facit mirabilia solus. Benedictum nomen gloriae ejus, et replebitur universa terra gloria ejus. Contra, Salomon, audeo dicere, etiam quam habuit in Deo gloriam amisit, per mulierem in idololatriam usque pertractus. Itaque cum in medio psalmo illud quoque positum sit: Inimici ejus pulverem lingent, subjecti utique pedibus ipsius, ad illud pertinebit, propter quod hunc psalmum et intuli, et ad meam sententiam defendi, ut confirmaverim et regni gloriam, et inimicorum subjectionem, secundum dispositionem Creatoris, consecuturus , non alium credendum, quam Creatoris.