Chapter V.—Sundry Features of the Prophetic Style: Principles of Its Interpretation.

These preliminary remarks I have ventured to make822    Proluserim. at this first step of the discussion and while the conflict is, as it were, from a distance. But inasmuch as I shall now from this point have to grapple with my opponent on a distinct issue and in close combat, I perceive that I must advance even here some lines, at which the battle will have to be delivered; they are the Scriptures of the Creator. For as I shall have to prove that Christ was from the Creator, according to these (Scriptures), which were afterwards accomplished in the Creator’s Christ, I find it necessary to set forth the form and, so to speak, the nature of the Scriptures themselves, that they may not distract the reader’s attention by being called into controversy at the moment of their application to subjects of discussion, and by their proof being confounded with the proof of the subjects themselves. Now there are two conditions of prophetic announcement which I adduce, as requiring the assent of our adversaries in the future stages of the discussion. One, that future events are sometimes announced as if they were already passed. For it is823    [An important principle, see Kaye, p. 325.] consistent with Deity to regard as accomplished facts whatever It has determined on, because there is no difference of time with that Being in whom eternity itself directs a uniform condition of seasons. It is indeed more natural824    Familiare. to the prophetic divination to represent as seen and already brought to pass,825    Expunctum. even while forseeing it, that which it foresees; in other words, that which is by all means future. As for instance, in Isaiah: “I gave my back to the smiters, and my cheeks (I exposed) to their hands.  I hid not my face from shame and spitting.”826    Ch. l. 6, slightly altered. For whether it was Christ even then, as we hold, or the prophet, as the Jews say, who pronounced these words concerning himself, in either case, that which as yet had not happened sounded as if it had been already accomplished. Another characteristic will be, that very many events are figuratively predicted by means of enigmas and allegories and parables, and that they must be understood in a sense different from the literal description. For we both read of “the mountains dropping down new wine,”827    Joel iii. 18. but not as if one might expect “must” from the stones, or its decoction from the rocks; and also hear of “a land flowing with milk and honey,”828    Ex. iii. 8, 17; Deut. xxvi. 9, 15. but not as if you were to suppose that you would ever gather Samian cakes from the ground; nor does God, forsooth, offer His services as a water-bailiff or a farmer when He says, “I will open rivers in a land; I will plant in the wilderness the cedar and the box-tree.”829    Isa. xli. 18, 19, inexactly quoted. In like manner, when, foretelling the conversion of the Gentiles, He says, “The beasts of the field shall honour me, the dragons and the owls,” He surely never meant to derive830    Relaturus. His fortunate omens from the young of birds and foxes, and from the songsters of marvel and fable. But why enlarge on such a subject? When the very apostle whom our heretics adopt,831    Hæreticorum apostolus. We have already referred to Marcion’s acceptance of St. Paul’s epistles. It has been suggested that Tertullian in the text uses hæreticorum apostolus as synonymous with ethnicorum apostolus="apostle of the Gentiles,” in which case allusion to St. Paul would of course be equally clear. But this interpretation is unnecessary. interprets the law which allows an unmuzzled mouth to the oxen that tread out the corn, not of cattle, but of ourselves;832    1 Cor. ix. 9. and also alleges that the rock which followed (the Israelites) and supplied them with drink was Christ;833    1 Cor. x. 4; compare below, book v., chap. vii. teaching the Galatians, moreover, that the two narratives of the sons of Abraham had an allegorical meaning in their course;834    Gal. iv. 22, 24. and to the Ephesians giving an intimation that, when it was declared in the beginning that a man should leave his father and mother and become one flesh with his wife, he applied this to Christ and the church.835    Eph. v. 31, 32.

CAPUT V.

His praeluserim quasi de gradu primo adhuc, et quasi de longinquo. Sed et hinc jam ad certum et cominus dimicaturus , video aliquas etiam nunc lineas praeducendas, ad quas erit dimicandum, ad Scripturas scilicet Creatoris. Secundum eas enim probaturus Christum Creatoris fuisse, ut postea Christo suo adimpletas, necesse habeo ipsarum quoque scripturam formam , et (ut ita dixerim) naturam demandare, ne tunc in controversiam deductae, cum adhibentur ad caussas, et sua et caussarum defensione 0326B commixtae, obtundant lectoris intentionem. Duas itaque caussas prophetici eloquii allego agnoscendas abhinc adversariis nostris: unam, qua futura interdum pro jam transactis enuntiantur. Nam et Divinitati competit, quaecumque decreverit, ut perfecta reputare, quia non sit apud illam differentia temporis, apud quam uniformem statum temporum dirigit aeternitas ipsa, et divinationi propheticae magis familiare est id quod prospiciat, dum prospicit, jam visum, atque ita jam expunctum, id est, omni modo futurum demonstrare, sicut per Isaiam (Is. L. 6): Dorsum meum posui in flagella, maxillas autem meas in palmas; faciem meam vero non averti a sputaminibus. Sive enim Christus jam tunc in semetipsum secundum nos, sive prophetes de semetipso secundum Judaeos pronuntiabat, 0326C nondum tamen factum pro jam transacto sonabat. Alia species erit, qua pleraque figurate portenduntur per aenigmata et allegorias et parabolas, aliter intelligenda quam scripta sunt. Nam et montes legimus distillaturos dulcorem (Joel. III, 18); non tamen ut sapam de petris , aut defrutum de rupibus speres: et terram audimus lacte et melle manantem; non tamen ut de glebis credas te unquam placentas et samias coacturum: quia nec statim aquilicem et agricolam os Dei repromisit, dicens (Is. XLI, 19): Ponam flumina in regione sitienti, et in solitudine cedrum et buxum. Sicut et praedicans de Nationum conversione: Benedicent me bestiae agri, sirenes et filiae passerum (Is. XLIII, 20); non utique ab hirundinum pullis et vulpeculis, et illis monstruosis fabulosisque cantricibus fausta 0326D omina relaturus est. Et quid ego de isto genere amplius? 0327A cum etiam (I Cor. IX, 9), haereticorum apostolus , ipsam legem indulgentem bobus terentibus os liberum, non de bubus, sed de nobis interpretetur: et petram potui subministrando comitem, Christum alleget (I Cor. X, 4) fuisse, docens proinde et Galatas (Gal. IV, 22), duo argumenta filiorum Abrahae allegorice cucurrisse, et suggerens Ephesiis (Eph. V, 51), quod in primordio de homine praedicatum est, relicturo patrem et matrem, et futuris duobus in unam carnem, id se in Christum et Ecclesiam agnoscere.