But if any one would give a more sensuous interpretation to the words “God said,” as proving that articulate speech was His creation, by a parity of reason he must understand by the words “God saw,” that He did so by faculties of perception like our own, through the organs of vision; and so again by the words “The Lord heard me and had mercy upon me,” and again, “He smelled a sweet savour46    Ps. xxx. 10 (LXX.). Gen. viii. 21.,” and whatever other sensuous expressions are employed by Scripture in reference to head, or foot, or hand, or eyes, or fingers, or sandals, as appertaining to God, taking them, I say, in their plain literal acceptation, he will present to us an anthropomorphous deity, after the similitude of what is seen among ourselves. But if any one hearing that the heavens are the work of His fingers, that He has a strong hand, and a mighty arm, and eyes, and feet, and sandals, deduces from such words ideas worthy of God, and does not degrade the idea of His pure nature by carnal and sensuous imaginations, it will follow that on the one hand he will regard the verbal utterances as indications of the Divine will, but on the other he will not conceive of them as articulate sounds, but will reason thus; that the Creator of human reason has gifted us with speech proportionally to the capacity of our nature, so that we might be able thereby to signify the thoughts of our minds; but that, so far as the Divine nature differs from ours, so great will be the degree of difference between our notions respecting it and its own inherent majesty and godhead. And as our power compared with God’s, and our life with His life, is as nothing, and all else that is ours, compared with what is in Him, is “as nothing in comparison47    Ps. xxxix. 5.” with Him, as saith the inspired Teaching, so also our word as compared with Him, Who is the Word indeed, is as nothing48    Or. Cat. c. 1. “For since our nature is liable to corruption, and weak, therefore is our life short, our strength unsubstantial, our word unstable (ἀπαγὴς);” and see note.. For this word of yours was not in the beginning, but was created along with our nature, nor is it to be regarded as having any reality of its own, but, as our master (Basil) somewhere has said, it vanishes along with the sound of the voice, nor is any operation of the word discernible, but it has its subsistence in voice only, or in written characters. But the word of God is God Himself, the Word that was in the beginning and that abideth for ever, through Whom all things were and are, Who ruleth over all, and hath all power over the things in heaven and the things on earth, being Life, and Truth, and Righteousness, and Light, and all that is good, and upholding all things in being. Such, then, and so great being the word, as we understand it, of God, our opponent allows God, as some great thing, the power of language, made up of nouns, verbs, and conjunctions, not perceiving that, as He Who conferred practical powers on our nature is not spoken of as fabricating each of their several results, but, while He gave our nature its ability, it is by us that a house is constructed, or a bench, or a sword, or a plough, and whatsoever thing our life happens to be in need of, each of which things is our own work, although it may be ascribed to Him Who is the author of our being, and Who created our nature capable of every science,—so also our power of speech is the work of Him Who made our nature what it is, but the invention of each several term required to denote objects in hand is of our own devising. And this is proved by the fact that many terms in use are of a base and unseemly character, of which no man of sense would conceive God the inventor: so that, if certain of our familiar expressions are ascribed by Holy Scripture to God as the speaker, we should remember that the Holy Spirit is addressing us in language of our own, as e.g. in the history of the Acts we are told that each man received the teaching of the disciples in his own language wherein he was born, understanding the sense of the words by the language which he knew. And, that this is true, may be seen yet more clearly by a careful examination of the enactments of the Levitical law. For they make mention of pans, and cakes, and fine flour49    Lev. ii. 5, seqq., and the like, in the mystic sacrifices, instilling wholesome doctrine under the veil of symbol and enigma. Mention, too, is made of certain measures then in use, such as ephah, and nebel50    Nebel is defined by Epiphanius de pond. et mens. c. 24, as follows, Νέβελ οἴνου, ὅπερ ἐστὶ μέτρον ξεστῶν ρ'ν' (150 pints). The word is merely a transcription of the Hebrew for a skin, i.e. wine-skin, “bottle.” Cf. Hosea iii. 2, νέβελ οἴνου (LXX.): Symmachus has ἀσκος., and hin, and the like. Are we, then, to suppose that God made these names and appellations, or that in the beginning He commanded them to be such, and to be so named, calling one kind of grain wheat, and its pith flour, and flat sweetmeats, whether heavy or light, cakes; and that He commanded a vessel of the kind in which a moist lump is boiled or baked to be called a pan, or that He spoke of a certain liquid measure by the name of hin or nebel, and measured dry produce by the homer? surely it is trifling and mere Jewish folly, far removed from the grandeur of Christian simplicity, to think that God, Who is the Most High and above every name and thought, Who by sole virtue of His will governs the world, which He brought into existence, and upholds it in being, should set Himself like some schoolmaster to settle the niceties of terminology. Rather let us say, that as we indicate to the deaf what we want them to do, by gestures and signs, not because we have no voice of our own, but because a verbal communication would be utterly useless to those who cannot hear, so, in as much as human nature is in a sense deaf and insensible to higher truths, we maintain that the grace of God at sundry times and in divers manners spake by the Prophets, ordering their voices conformably to our capacity and the modes of expression with which we are familiar, and that by such means it leads us, as with a guiding hand, to the knowledge of higher truths, not teaching us in terms proportioned to their inherent sublimity, (for how can the great be contained by the little?) but descending to the lower level of our limited comprehension. And as God, after giving animals their power of motion, no longer prescribes each step they take, for their nature, having once for all taken its beginning from the Creator, moves of itself, and makes its way, adapting its power of motion to its object from time to time (except in so far as it is said that a man’s steps are directed by the Lord), so our nature, having received from God the power of speech and utterance and of expressing the will by the voice, proceeds on its way through things, giving them distinctive names by varying inflections of sound; and these signs are the verbs and nouns which we use, and through which we signify the meaning of the things. And though the word “fruit” is made use of by Moses before the creation of fruit, and “seed” before that of seed, this does not disprove our assertion, nor is the sense of the lawgiver opposed to what we have said in respect to thought and conception. For that end of past husbandry which we speak of as fruit, and that beginning of future husbandry which we speak of as seed, this thing, I mean, underlying these names,—whether wheat or some other produce which is increased and multiplied by sowing—does not, he teaches us, grow spontaneously, but by the will of Him Who created them to grow with their peculiar power, so as to be the same fruit and to reproduce themselves as seed, and to support mankind with their increase. And by the Divine will the thing is produced, not the name, so that the substantial thing51    Here is the answer to Eunomius’ contention above (p. 270), that “in the earliest of the sacred records before the creation of man, the naming of fruit and seed are mentioned in Holy Writ.” He calls Basil, for not observing this, a pagan and atheist. So below he calls him a follower of Valentinus, “a sower of tares,” for making the human faculty (ἐπίνοια) the maker of names, even of those of the Only-begotten; apparently, as Valentinus multiplied the names of Christ. is the work of the Creator, but the distinguishing names of things, by which speech furnishes us with a clear and accurate description of them, are the work and the invention of man’s reasoning faculty, though the reasoning faculty itself and its nature are a work of God. And since all men are endowed with reason, differences of language will of necessity be found according to differences of country. But if any one maintain that light, or heaven, or earth, or seed were named after human fashion by God, he will certainly conclude that they were named in some special language. What that was, let him show. For he who knows the one thing will not, in all probability, be ignorant of the other. For at the river Jordan, after the descent of the Holy Ghost, and again in the hearing of the Jews, and at the Transfiguration, there came a voice from heaven, teaching men not only to regard the phenomenon as something more than a figure, but also to believe the beloved Son of God to be truly God. Now that voice was fashioned by God, suitably to the understanding of the hearers, in airy substance, and adapted to the language of the day, God, “who willeth that all men should be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth52    1 Tim. ii. 4.,” having so articulated His words in the air with a view to the salvation of the hearers, as our Lord also saith to the Jews, when they thought it thundered because the sound took place in the air. “This voice came not because of Me, but for your sakes53    S. John xii. 30.” But before the creation of the world, inasmuch as there was no one to hear the word, and no bodily element capable of accentuating the articulate voice, how can he who says that God used words give any air of probability to his assertion? God Himself is without body, creation did not yet exist. Reason does not suffer us to conceive of anything material in respect to Him. They who might have been benefited by the hearing were not yet created. And if men were not yet in being, neither had any form of language been struck out in accordance with national peculiarities, by what arguments, then, can he who looks to the bare letter make good his assertion, that God spoke thus using human parts of speech?

Εἰ δέ τις τὸ Εἶπεν ὁ θεὸς σαρκικώτερον ἑρμηνεύοι, ὡς διὰ τοῦτο τὸν ἔναρθρον λόγον παρ' αὐτοῦ γεγενῆσθαι κατασκευάζειν, ὁ αὐτὸς οὗτος καὶ τὸ Εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς κατὰ τὴν ἀντιληπτικὴν ἡμῶν αἴσθησιν διὰ τῆς τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ἐνεργείας πάντως ὑπονοήσει καὶ τὸ Ἤκουσε κύριος καὶ ἠλέησέ με καὶ Ὠσφράνθη ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας καὶ ὅσα περὶ κεφαλῆς θείας ἢ ποδὸς ἢ χειρὸς ἢ ῥινὸς ἢ βλεφάρων ἢ δακτύλων ἢ ὑποδήματος ἡ γραφὴ σωματικώτερον διεξέρχεται, πάντα κατὰ τὸ προχείρως σημαινόμενον ἐκλαβὼν ἀνθρωποειδὲς ἡμῖν διαγράψει τὸ θεῖον καθ' ὁμοιότητα τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν φαινομένων. εἰ δὲ δακτύλων τις ἔργα τοὺς οὐρανοὺς ἀκούων καὶ χεῖρα κραταιὰν καὶ βραχίονα ὑψηλὸν καὶ ὀφθαλμὸν καὶ βλέφαρα καὶ πόδα καὶ ὑποδήματα θεοπρεπεῖς ἐννοίας δι' ἑκάστου τῶν εἰρημένων ἀναλογίζεται καὶ οὐ διαμολύνει τὸν περὶ τῆς καθαρᾶς φύσεως λόγον ταῖς σωματικαῖς ὑπολήψεσι καταρρυπαίνων, ἀκόλουθον ἂν εἴη καὶ τὰς τῶν ῥημάτων ἐκφωνήσεις ἐνδεικτικὰς μὲν ἡγεῖσθαι τοῦ θείου βουλήματος, μὴ μέντοι φωνὰς ἐνάρθρους ὑπολαμβάνειν, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνο λογίζεσθαι, ὅτι ὁ τῆς λογικῆς φύσεως δημιουργὸς ἀναλογοῦντα τῷ μέτρῳ τῆς φύσεως τὸν λόγον ἡμῖν δεδώρηται, ὡς ἂν ἔχοιμεν ἐξαγγέλλειν δι' αὐτοῦ τῆς ψυχῆς τὰ κινήματα. ὅσον δὲ ἀπέχει ἡ φύσις τῆς φύσεως, ἡ θεία λέγω τῆς ἡμετέρας, κατὰ τὸ ἴσον μέτρον τῆς ἀποστάσεως πάντα τὰ περὶ αὐτὴν ὄντα τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν θεωρουμένων πρὸς τὸ μεγαλειότερόν τε καὶ θεοπρεπέστερον τὴν παραλλαγὴν ἔχει: καὶ ὡς ἡ δύναμις ἡ καθ' ἡμᾶς πρὸς τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ κρινομένη τὸ μηδέν ἐστι καὶ ἡ ζωὴ πρὸς τὴν ζωὴν καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα τὰ ἡμέτερα πρὸς τὰ ἐν ἐκείνῳ κρινόμενα ὡς οὐδὲν ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ, καθὼς ἡ προφητεία φησίν, οὕτως καὶ ὁ ἡμέτερος λόγος πρὸς τὸν ὄντως ὄντα λόγον κρινόμενός ἐστιν οὐδέν. οὗτος μὲν γὰρ ἐν ἀρχῇ οὐκ ἦν, ἀλλὰ τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ συγκατεσκευάσθη φύσει, οὔτε κατ' ἰδίαν θεωρεῖται ὑπόστασιν, ἀλλ' ὥς φησί που ὁ διδάσκαλος τῷ ψόφῳ τῆς γλώσσης συναφανίζεται, οὔτε τι ἔργον ἔστι τούτου νοῆσαι τοῦ λόγου, ἀλλ' ἐν μόνῃ φωνῇ καὶ γράμματι τὴν ὑπόστασιν ἔχει: ὁ δὲ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ λόγος θεός ἐστι, λόγος ἐν ἀρχῇ ὢν καὶ εἰσαεὶ διαμένων, δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα ἔστι καὶ συνέστηκε, καὶ τοῦ παντὸς ἐπιστατεῖ καὶ πᾶσαν ἔχει τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῶν ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς, ζωὴ καὶ ἀλήθεια καὶ δικαιοσύνη καὶ φῶς καὶ πᾶν ἀγαθὸν ὢν καὶ πάντα τὰ ἐν τῷ εἶναι διακρατῶν. τοιούτου τοίνυν ὄντος καὶ τοσούτου τοῦ λόγου τοῦ περὶ τὸν θεὸν νοουμένου οὗτος τὸν ἐν ὀνόμασι καὶ ῥήμασι καὶ συνδέσμοις συναπαρτιζόμενον λόγον ὥς τι μέγα χαρίζεται τῷ θεῷ, ἀγνοῶν ὅτι ὥσπερ ὁ τὴν πρακτικὴν τῇ φύσει ἡμῶν χαρισάμενος δύναμιν οὐ τὰ καθ' ἕκαστον ἡμῶν ἔργα δημιουργεῖν λέγεται, ἀλλ' ὁ μὲν ἔδωκε τῇ φύσει τὴν δύναμιν, ἐνεργεῖται δὲ παρ' ἡμῶν οἰκία καὶ βάθρον καὶ ῥομφαία καὶ ἄροτρον καὶ ὅτουπερ ἂν ὁ βίος τύχῃ δεόμενος, ὧν τὰ καθ' ἕκαστόν ἐστι μὲν ἔργα ἡμέτερα, εἰς δὲ τὸν ἡμῶν αὐτῶν αἴτιον τὴν ἀναφορὰν ἔχει τὸν δεκτικὴν πάσης ἐπιστήμης τὴν φύσιν ἡμῶν δημιουργήσαντα, οὕτως καὶ ἡ τοῦ λόγου δύναμις ἔργον μέν ἐστι τοῦ τοιαύτην ἡμῶν πεποιηκότος τὴν φύσιν, ἡ δὲ τῶν καθ' ἕκαστον ῥημάτων εὕρεσις πρὸς τὴν χρείαν τῆς τῶν ὑποκειμένων σημασίας παρ' ἡμῶν αὐτῶν ἐπενοήθη. τεκμήριον δὲ ὅτι πολλὰ τῶν λεγομένων αἰσχρά τε καὶ ἀπρεπῆ παντάπασιν εἶναι νενόμισται, ὧν οὐκ ἄν τις τῶν νοῦν ἐχόντων εὑρετὴν τὸν θεὸν ὑπολάβοι: ὥστε κἂν ἐκ προσώπου τοῦ θεοῦ λέγηταί τινα παρὰ τῆς θείας γραφῆς τῶν ἡμῖν συνήθων ῥημάτων, γνωστέον ὅτι τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἐκ τῶν ἡμετέρων ἡμῖν διαλέγεται, καθάπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς τῶν Πράξεων ἱστορίας ἐμάθομεν ὅτι ἕκαστος ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἐν ᾗ ἐγεννήθη τὴν διδασκαλίαν ἐδέχετο, διὰ τῶν γνωρίμων αὐτῷ ῥημάτων τῆς δυνάμεως ἐπαΐων τῶν λόγων. Καὶ ὅτι ἀληθῆ ταῦτα, μᾶλλον ἄν τις μάθοι φιλοπονώτερον τὴν Λεϋιτικὴν νομοθεσίαν κατεξετάζων. τηγάνου γὰρ ἐκεῖ καὶ λαγάνου καὶ σεμιδάλεως καὶ τοιούτων μέμνηται ὀνομάτων ἐν ταῖς μυστικαῖς ἱερουργίαις συμβολικῶς καὶ δι' αἰνίγματος ψυχωφελῆ τινα δόγματα ὑφηγούμενος, καὶ μέτρα τινὰ κατονομάζει κατὰ τὴν τότε συνήθειαν ὕφι τι λέγων καὶ νέβελ καὶ ἲν καὶ πολλὰ τοιαῦτα: ἆρα ποιήσας τὰς προσηγορίας ταύτας καὶ ὀνομάσας, ἢ τὴν ἀρχὴν οὕτω διαταξάμενος γίνεσθαί τε καὶ λέγεσθαι, ὥστε τὸ μὲν τοιοῦτον σπέρμα σῖτον εἰπεῖν, τούτου δὲ τὴν ἐντεριώνην ὀνομάσαι σεμίδαλιν, καὶ τὰ ἐπιπόλαια καὶ ὑμενώδη καὶ διηπλωμένα τῶν πεμμάτων λάγανα προσειπεῖν καὶ τὸ τοιόνδε σκεῦος, ἐν ᾧ τὸ ὑγρὸν τοῦ φυράματος ἐξοπτᾶται καὶ ἐξικμάζεται, τήγανον ὀνομασθῆναι προστάξαι τοῦ τε ὑγροῦ τὴν τοσήνδε ποσότητα τῷ τοῦ ἲν ἢ τῷ τοῦ νέβελ ὀνόματι διαγορεύειν καὶ τοὺς ξηροτέρους καρποὺς διαμετρεῖσθαι τῷ γόμορ; φλυαρία ταῦτα καὶ ματαιότης Ἰουδαϊκὴ πάμπολυ τῆς τῶν Χριστιανῶν μεγαλοφυΐας ἐκπεπτωκυῖα, τὸ οἴεσθαι τὸν μέγαν καὶ ὕψιστον καὶ ὑπὲρ πᾶν ὄνομά τε καὶ νόημα θεόν, τὸν μόνῃ τῇ τοῦ βουλήματος δυνάμει τὸ πᾶν διακρατοῦντα καὶ εἰς γένεσιν ἄγοντα καὶ ἐν τῷ εἶναι διατηροῦντα, τοῦτον ὥς τινα γραμματιστὴν τὰς τοιάσδε τῶν ὀνομάτων θέσεις διαλεπτουργοῦντα καθῆσθαι. ἀλλ' ὥσπερ τοῖς κωφοῖς διασχηματιζόμενοι καὶ χειρονομοῦντες τὸ πρακτέον ὑποσημαίνομεν, οὐχὶ τῷ μὴ ἔχειν ἰδίαν αὐτοὶ φωνὴν ὅταν τοῦτο ποιῶμεν, ἀλλὰ τῷ παντάπασιν ἄχρηστον εἶναι τοῖς οὐκ ἀκούουσι τὴν διὰ τῶν ῥημάτων ὑφήγησιν, οὕτω καὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως κωφευούσης τρόπον τινὰ καὶ οὐδενὸς τῶν ὑψηλῶν ἐπαϊούσης τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ χάριν φαμὲν πολυμερῶς καὶ πολυτρόπως ἐν τοῖς προφήταις λαλοῦσαν, κατὰ τὸ ἡμῖν εὐσύνοπτόν τε καὶ σύνηθες τὰς τῶν ἁγίων προφητῶν διασχηματίζουσαν γλώσσας, διὰ τούτων ἡμᾶς εἰς τὴν τῶν ὑψηλῶν χειραγωγεῖν κατανόησιν, οὐ κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν μεγαλοφυΐαν ποιουμένην τὴν διδασκαλίαν (πῶς γὰρ ἂν ἐν τῷ μικρῷ χωρηθείη τὸ μέγα;), ἀλλὰ τῇ βραχύτητι τῆς ἡμετέρας συγκατιοῦσαν δυνάμεως. καὶ ὥσπερ τὴν κινητικὴν τῷ ζῴῳ δύναμιν δοὺς ὁ θεὸς οὐκέτι δημιουργεῖ καὶ τὰ καθ' ἕκαστον διαβήματα (ἅπαξ γὰρ τὴν ἀρχὴν λαβοῦσα παρὰ τοῦ πεποιηκότος ἡ φύσις ἑαυτὴν κινεῖ τε καὶ διεξάγει πρὸς τὸ ἑκάστοτε δοκοῦν ἐνεργοῦσα τὴν κίνησιν, πλὴν παρὰ κυρίου λέγεται τῷ ἀνδρὶ τὰ διαβήματα κατευθύνεσθαι), οὕτως καὶ τὸ δύνασθαι λαλεῖν τε καὶ φθέγγεσθαι καὶ τὸ διὰ φωνῆς ἐξαγγέλλειν τὸ βούλημα παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λαβοῦσα ὁδῷ πορεύεται διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων ἡ φύσις, σημεῖά τινα τοῖς οὖσι διὰ τῆς ποιᾶς τῶν φθόγγων διαφορᾶς ἐπιβάλλουσα. καὶ ταῦτά ἐστι τὰ παρ' ἡμῶν λεγόμενα ῥήματά τε καὶ ὀνόματα, οἷς τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πραγμάτων διασημαίνομεν. κἂν λέγηται παρὰ τοῦ Μωϋσέως πρὸ τῆς τῶν καρπῶν γενέσεως ὁ καρπὸς καὶ πρὸ τῆς τῶν σπερμάτων τὰ σπέρματα, οὐκ ἐλέγχει τὸν ἡμέτερον λόγον, οὐδὲ μάχεται τοῖς περὶ τῆς ἐπινοίας εἰρημένοις ἡ τοῦ νομοθέτου διάνοια. ὃ γὰρ ἡμεῖς πέρας ὀνομάζομεν τῆς παρελθούσης γεωργίας καρπὸν λέγοντες, ἀρχὴν δὲ τῆς μελλούσης σπέρμα προσαγορεύοντες, τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμα τὸ τοῖς ὀνόμασιν ὑποκείμενον, εἴτε σῖτον εἴτε τι ἄλλο τῶν διὰ σπορᾶς πληθυνόντων, διδάσκει μὴ αὐτομάτως γενέσθαι, ἀλλ' ἐν θελήματι τοῦ πεποιηκότος μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ταύτης ἀναφυῆναι: ὥστε τὸν αὐτόν τε γίνεσθαι καρπὸν ἑαυτόν τε πάλιν ἄγειν σπέρμα γινόμενον καὶ τῷ περιττεύοντι τρέφειν τὸν ἄνθρωπον. φύεται δὲ κατὰ θεῖον βούλημα πρᾶγμα, οὐκ ὄνομα: ὥστε τὸ μὲν καθ' ὑπόστασιν ὂν πρᾶγμα τῆς τοῦ πεποιηκότος δυνάμεως ἔργον εἶναι, τὰς δὲ γνωριστικὰς τῶν ὄντων φωνάς, δι' ὧν τὰ καθ' ἕκαστον πρὸς ἀκριβῆ τε καὶ ἀσύγχυτον διδασκαλίαν ἐπισημειοῦται ὁ λόγος, ταῦτα τῆς λογικῆς δυνάμεως ἔργα τε καὶ εὑρήματα, αὐτὴν δὲ ταύτην τὴν λογικὴν δύναμίν τε καὶ φύσιν ἔργον θεοῦ. καὶ ἐπειδὴ τὸ λογικὸν ἐν πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις, ἀναγκαίως κατὰ τὰς τῶν ἐθνῶν διαφορὰς καὶ αἱ τῶν ὀνομάτων διαφοραὶ θεωροῦνται. εἰ δή τις ἀνθρωπικῶς τὸ φῶς ἢ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἢ τὴν γῆν ἢ τὰ σπέρματα παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ προσειρῆσθαι λέγοι, πάντως ὅτι κατὰ μίαν τινὰ γλώσσης ἰδιότητα γεγενῆσθαι κατασκευάσει τὸν λόγον. τίς οὖν αὕτη, δειξάτω. τὸν γὰρ ἐκεῖνο γινώσκοντα καὶ τοῦτο μὴ ἀγνοεῖν πάντως οὐκ ἔξω τοῦ εἰκότος ἐστί. καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πνεύματος κάθοδον καὶ πάλιν ἐν ἀκοαῖς τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ ἐν τῇ μεταμορφώσει φωνὴ γίνεται ἄνωθεν διδάσκουσα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ σχῆμά τι, μὴ τὸ φαινόμενον οἴεσθαι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν ἀγαπητὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ πιστεύειν εἶναι ἀληθῆ. ἡ τοιαύτη φωνὴ πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἀκουόντων σύνεσιν ἐν τῷ ἀερίῳ σώματι παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ διετυπώθη κατὰ τὴν ἐπικρατοῦσαν τότε τῶν φθεγγομένων συνήθειαν γενομένη, οὕτω τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ πάντας θέλοντος σωθῆναι καὶ εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθείας ἐλθεῖν πρὸς τὸν σκοπὸν τῆς σωτηρίας τῶν ἀκουόντων ἐν τῷ ἀέρι τὸν λόγον ἀρθρώσαντος, καθώς φησι καὶ πρὸς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους ὁ κύριος τοὺς οἰομένους βροντὴν γεγονέναι, διὰ τὸ ἐν ἀέρι συστῆναι τὸν ἦχον, ὅτι Οὐ δι' ἐμὲ ἡ φωνὴ αὕτη γέγονεν, ἀλλὰ δι' ὑμᾶς. πρὸ δὲ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς συστάσεως οὐδενὸς ὄντος τοῦ ὑποδεχομένου τὸν λόγον ἢ σωματώδους στοιχείου τινὸς τοῦ τυπῶσαι τὴν ἔναρθρον δυναμένου φωνήν, ὁ λέγων ῥήμασι τὸν θεὸν κεχρῆσθαι πῶς ἀποδώσει τὸ εἰκὸς τῷ λόγῳ; αὐτὸς ἀσώματος, ἡ κτίσις οὐκ ἦν, οὐδὲν περὶ αὐτὸν ὑλῶδες ὁ λόγος ἐννοεῖν δίδωσιν, οἱ ὠφεληθέντες ἂν διὰ τῆς ἀκοῆς οὔπω συνέστησαν. ἀνθρώπων δὲ μὴ ὄντων οὐδὲ διαλέκτου τρόπος κατά τινα ἔθνους ἰδιότητα τετύπωτο πάντως. ὁ τοίνυν πρὸς τὸ γράμμα ψιλὸν βλέπων τίσι λογισμοῖς τῇ τοιαύτῃ διανοίᾳ παρίσταται ὡς τοῦ θεοῦ ταῦτα φθεγγομένου τὰ ῥήματά τε καὶ τὰ ὀνόματα;