8. “In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.” If we were to wish to discover the essence of each of the beings which are offered for our contemplation, or come under our senses, we should be drawn away into long digressions, and the solution of the problem would require more words than I possess, to examine fully the matter. To spend time on such points would not prove to be to the edification of the Church. Upon the essence of the heavens we are contented with what Isaiah says, for, in simple language, he gives us sufficient idea of their nature, “The heaven was made like smoke,”  34  Isa. li. 6, LXX. that is to say, He created a subtle substance, without solidity or density, from which to form the heavens. As to the form of them we also content ourselves with the language of the same prophet, when praising God “that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in.”  35  Isa. xl. 22, LXX. In the same way, as concerns the earth, let us resolve not to torment ourselves by trying to find out its essence, not to tire our reason by seeking for the substance which it conceals. Do not let us seek for any nature devoid of qualities by the conditions of its existence, but let us know that all the phenomena with which we see it clothed regard the conditions of its existence and complete its essence. Try to take away by reason each of the qualities it possesses, and you will arrive at nothing. Take away black, cold, weight, density, the qualities which concern taste, in one word all these which we see in it, and the substance vanishes.  36  Fialon points to the coincidence with Arist., Met. vii. 3. ᾽Αλλὰ μὴν ἀφαιρουμένου μήκους καὶ πλάτους καὶ βάθους, οὐδὲν ὁρῶμεν ὑπολειπόμενον πλὴν ἐ& 176· τι ἐστὶ τὸ ὁριζόμενον ὑπὸ τούτων, ὥστε τὴν ὕλην ἀνάγκη φαὶνεσθαι μόνην οὐσίαν οὕτω σκοπουμένοις. Λέγω δ᾽ ὕλην ἢ καθ᾽ αὑτὴν μήτε τὶ, μήτε ποσὸν, μήτε ἄλλο μηδὲν λέγεται οἷς ὥρισται τὸ ὄν· ἔστι γὰρ τι καθ᾽ οὗ κατηγορεῖται τούτων ἕκαστον, ᾧ τὸ εἶναι ἕτερον, καὶ τῶν κατηγορεῶν ἑκάστῃ. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἄλλα τῆς οὐσίας κατηγορεῖται· αὕτη δὲ, τῆς ὕλης. & 169·Ωστε τὸ ἔσχατον, καθ᾽ αὑτὸ οὔτε τὶ, οὔτε ποσὸν, οὔτε ἄλλο οὐδέν ἐστιν· οὐδὲ δὴ αἰ ἀποφάσεις

If I ask you to leave these vain questions, I will not expect you to try and find out the earth’s point of support. The mind would reel on beholding its reasonings losing themselves without end. Do you say that the earth reposes on a bed of air?  37  cf. Arist., De Cœlo. ii. 13, 16. ᾽Αναξιμένης δὲ καὶ ᾽Αναξάγο ρας καὶ Δημόκριτος τὸ πλάτος αἴτιον εἶναί φασι τοῦ μένειν αὐτήν· οὐ γὰρ τέμνειν ἀλλ᾽ ἐπιπωματίζειν (covers like a lid) τὸν ἀ& 153·ρα τὸν κάτωθεν, ὅπερ φαίνεται τὰ πλάτος ἔχοντα τῶν σωματων ποιεῖν How, then, can this soft substance, without consistency, resist the enormous weight which presses upon it? How is it that it does not slip away in all directions, to avoid the sinking weight, and to spread itself over the mass which overwhelms it? Do you suppose that water is the foundation of the earth?  38  The theory of Thales. cf. note on Letter viii. 2 and Arist., De Cœlo. ii. 13, 13 where he speaks of Thales describing the earth floating like wood on water. You will then always have to ask yourself how it is that so heavy and opaque a body does not pass through the water; how a mass of such a weight is held up by a nature weaker than itself. Then you must seek a base for the waters, and you will be in much difficulty to say upon what the water itself rests.

Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν. Ἡ περὶ τῆς οὐσίας ἔρευνα ἑκάστου τῶν ὄντων, ἢ τῶν κατὰ θεωρίαν ὑποπιπτόντων ἡμῖν, ἢ τῶν προκειμένων ἡμῶν τῇ αἰσθήσει, μακρὸν καὶ ἀπηρτημένον λόγον ἐπεισάγει τῇ ἐξηγήσει, ὡς πλείονας ἐν τῇ περὶ τοῦ προβλήματος τούτου σκέψει καταναλίσκεσθαι λόγους τῶν λοιπῶν, ὅσα ἐνδέχεται ῥηθῆναι περὶ ἑκάστου τῶν ζητουμένων: πρὸς τὸ, μηδὲ προύργου τι εἶναι εἰς τὴν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας οἰκοδομὴν τὸ περὶ ταῦτα κατασχολεῖσθαι. Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀρκούμεθα τοῖς παρὰ τοῦ Ἡσαΐου εἰρημένοις: ὃς ἐν ἰδιωτικοῖς ῥήμασιν ἱκανὴν ἡμῖν τῆς φύσεως αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν ἐνεποίησεν, εἰπών: Ὁ στερεώσας τὸν οὐρανὸν ὡσεὶ καπνόν: τουτέστι, λεπτὴν φύσιν καὶ οὐ στερεὰν οὐδὲ παχεῖαν εἰς τὴν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ σύστασιν οὐσιώσας. Καὶ περὶ τοῦ σχήματος δὲ ἱκανὰ ἡμῖν τὰ παρ' αὐτοῦ, εἰπόντος ἐν δοξολογίᾳ Θεοῦ: Ὁ στήσας τὸν οὐρανὸν ὡσεὶ καμάραν. Τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ ταῦτα καὶ περὶ τῆς γῆς συμβουλεύωμεν ἑαυτοῖς, μὴ πολυπραγμονεῖν αὐτῆς τὴν οὐσίαν ἥτις ποτέ ἐστι, μηδὲ κατατρίβεσθαι τοῖς λογισμοῖς αὐτὸ τὸ ὑποκείμενον ἐκζητοῦντας, μηδὲ ζητεῖν τινα φύσιν ἔρημον ποιοτήτων, ἄποιον ὑπάρχουσαν τῷ ἑαυτῆς λόγῳ, ἀλλ' εὖ εἰδέναι, ὅτι πάντα τὰ περὶ αὐτὴν θεωρούμενα εἰς τὸν τοῦ εἶναι κατατέτακται λόγον, συμπληρωτικὰ τῆς οὐσίας ὑπάρχοντα. Εἰς οὐδὲν γὰρ καταλήξεις, ἑκάστην τῶν ἐνυπαρχουσῶν αὐτῇ ποιοτήτων ὑπεξαιρεῖσθαι τῷ λόγῳ πειρώμενος. Ἐὰν γὰρ ἀποστήσῃς τὸ μέλαν, τὸ ψυχρὸν, τὸ βαρὺ, τὸ πυκνὸν, τὰς κατὰ γεῦσιν ἐνυπαρχούσας αὐτῇ ποιότητας, ἢ εἴ τινες ἄλλαι περὶ αὐτὴν θεωροῦνται, οὐδὲν ἔσται τὸ ὑποκείμενον. Ταῦτά τε οὖν καταλιπόντα σε, μηδὲ ἐκεῖνο ζητεῖν παραινῶ, ἐπὶ τίνος ἕστηκεν. Ἰλιγγιάσει γὰρ καὶ οὕτως ἡ διάνοια, πρὸς οὐδὲν ὁμολογούμενον πέρας διεξιόντος τοῦ λογισμοῦ. Ἐάν τε γὰρ ἀέρα φῇς ὑπεστρῶσθαι πλάτει τῆς γῆς, ἀπορήσεις, πῶς ἡ μαλθακὴ καὶ πολύκενος φύσις ἀντέχει ὑπὸ τοσούτου βάρους συνθλιβομένη, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ διολισθαίνει πάντοθεν τὴν συνίζησιν ὑποφεύγουσα, καὶ ἀεὶ πρὸς τὸ ἄνω ὑπερχεομένη τοῦ συμπιέζοντος. Πάλιν, ἐὰν ὑποθῇς ἑαυτῷ ὕδωρ εἶναι τὸ ὑποβεβλημένον τῇ γῇ, καὶ οὕτως ἐπιζητήσεις, πῶς τὸ βαρὺ καὶ πυκνὸν οὐ διαδύνει τοῦ ὕδατος, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τῆς ἀσθενεστέρας φύσεως τὸ τοσοῦτον ὑπερφέρον τῷ βάρει κρατεῖται: πρὸς τὸ καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὕδατος τὴν ἕδραν ἐπιζητεῖν, καὶ πάλιν διαπορεῖν τίνι στεγανῷ καὶ ἀντερείδοντι ὁ τελευταῖος αὐτοῦ πυθμὴν ἐπιβαίνει.