Basil of Caesarea, The Hexaemeron

8. Plants reproduce themselves in so many different ways, that we can only touch upon the chief among them. As to fruits themselves, who could review their varieties, their forms, their colours, the peculiar flavour, and the use of each of them? Why do some fruits ripen when exposed bare to the rays of the sun, while others fill out while encased in shells? Trees of which the fruit is tender have, like the fig tree, a thick shade of leaves; those, on the contrary, of which the fruits are stouter, like the nut, are only covered by a light shade. The delicacy of the first requires more care; if the latter had a thicker case, the shade of the leaves would be harmful. Why is the vine leaf serrated, if not that the bunches of grapes may at the same time resist the injuries of the air and receive through the openings all the rays of the sun? Nothing has been done without motive, nothing by chance. All shows ineffable wisdom. 27 On the argument from design, cf. Aristotle, De Part. Anim. iii. 1, as quoted and translated by Cudworth, III. xxxvii. 3: “A carpenter would give a better account than so, for he would not think it sufficient to say that the fabric came to be of such a form because the instruments happened to fall so and so, but he will tell you that it is because himself made such strokes, and that he directed the instruments and determined their motion after such a manner, to this end that he might make the whole a fabric fit and useful for such purposes.” On the strength and weakness of the argument from design, in view of modern speculation, suggestive matter is contained in Dr. Eagar’s Buther’s Analogy and Modern Thought, p. 49 et sq.

What discourse can touch all? Can the human mind make an exact review, remark every distinctive property, exhibit all the differences, unveil with certainty so many mysterious causes? The same water, pumped up through the root, nourishes in a different way the root itself, the bark of the trunk, the wood and the pith. It becomes leaf, it distributes itself among the branches and twigs and makes the fruits swell—it gives to the plant its gum and its sap. Who will explain to us the difference between all these? There is a difference between the gum of the mastich and the juice of the balsam, a difference between that which distils in Egypt and Libya from the fennel. Amber is, they say, the crystallized sap of plants. And for a proof, see the bits of straws and little insects which have been caught in the sap while still liquid and imprisoned there. In one word, no one without long experience could find terms to express the virtue of it. How, again, does this water become wine in the vine, and oil in the olive tree? Yet what is marvellous is, not to see it become sweet in one fruit, fat and unctuous in another, but to see in sweet fruits an inexpressible variety of flavour. There is one sweetness of the grape, another of the apple, another of the fig, another of the date. I shall willingly give you the gratification of continuing this research. How is it that this same water has sometimes a sweet taste, softened by its remaining in certain plants, and at other times stings the palate because it has become acid by passing through others? How is it, again, that it attains extreme bitterness, and makes the mouth rough when it is found in wormwood and in scammony? That it has in acorns and dogwood a sharp and rough flavour? That in the turpentine tree and the walnut tree it is changed into a soft and oily matter?

27 On the argument from design, cf. Aristotle, De Part. Anim. iii. 1, as quoted and translated by Cudworth, III. xxxvii. 3: “A carpenter would give a better account than so, for he would not think it sufficient to say that the fabric came to be of such a form because the instruments happened to fall so and so, but he will tell you that it is because himself made such strokes, and that he directed the instruments and determined their motion after such a manner, to this end that he might make the whole a fabric fit and useful for such purposes.” On the strength and weakness of the argument from design, in view of modern speculation, suggestive matter is contained in Dr. Eagar’s Buther’s Analogy and Modern Thought, p. 49 et sq.

Τοιαῦται μὲν οὖν αἱ περὶ τὸν τρόπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτῶν διαφοραὶ, ὡς ἐλάχιστα εἰπεῖν ἀπὸ πλείστων. Αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν καρπῶν τίς ἂν ἐπέλθοι τὴν ποικιλίαν, τὰ σχήματα, τὰς χρόας, τῶν χυμῶν τὴν ἰδιότητα, τὸ ἀφ' ἑκάστου χρήσιμον; Πῶς τινὰ μὲν γυμνὰ πέπτεται τῷ ἡλίῳ, τινὰ δὲ ἐν ἐλύτροις κεκαλυμμένα πληροῦται; καὶ ὧν μὲν ἁπαλὸς ὁ καρπὸς, παχὺ τοῦ φύλλου τὸ σκεπαστήριον, ὡς ἐπὶ τῆς συκῆς; ὧν δὲ οἱ καρποὶ στεγανώτεροι, ἐλαφρὰ τῶν φύλλων ἡ προβολὴ, ὡς ἐπὶ τῆς καρύας; Ὅτι ἐκεῖνα μὲν, διὰ τὸ ἀσθενὲς, πλείονος ἐδεῖτο τῆς βοηθείας, τούτοις δ' ἂν προσβλαβὴς ἐγένετο ἡ παχυτέρα περιβολὴ ἐκ τῆς ἀπ' αὐτῶν σκιᾶς. Πῶς κατέσχισται τῆς ἀμπέλου τὸ φῦλλον, ἵνα καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἐκ τοῦ ἀέρος βλάβας ὁ βότρυς ἀντέχῃ, καὶ τὴν ἀκτῖνα τοῦ ἡλίου διὰ τῆς ἀραιότητος δαψιλῶς ὑποδέχηται; Οὐδὲν ἀναίτιον: οὐδὲν ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου: πάντα ἔχει τινὰ σοφίαν ἀπόρρητον. Τίς ἂν ἐφίκοιτο λόγος; Πῶς ἀνθρώπινος νοῦς πάντα μετ' ἀκριβείας ἐπέλθοι, ὥστε καὶ κατιδεῖν τὰς ἰδιότητας, καὶ τὰς πρὸς ἕκαστον διαφορὰς ἐναργῶς διακρῖναι, καὶ τὰς κεκρυμμένας αἰτίας ἀνενδεῶς παραστῆσαι; Ἓν ὕδωρ διὰ τῆς ῥίζης ἑλκόμενον, ἄλλως μὲν τρέφει τὴν ῥίζαν αὐτὴν, ἄλλως δὲ τὸν φλοιὸν τοῦ στελέχους, καὶ ἄλλως τὸ ξύλον, καὶ τὴν ἐντεριώνην ἑτέρως. Τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ φῦλλον γίνεται, καὶ εἰς ἀκρέμονας καὶ κλάδους κατασχίζεται, καὶ τοῖς καρποῖς παρέχει τὴν αὔξησιν, καὶ δάκρυον τοῦ φυτοῦ καὶ ὀπὸς ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς αἰτίας προέρχεται: οἷς πόση πρὸς ἄλληλά ἐστιν ἡ διαφορὰ, οὐδεὶς ἂν λόγος ἐξίκοιτο. Ἄλλο γὰρ τοῦ σχίνου τὸ δάκρυον, καὶ ἄλλος ὁ ὀπὸς τοῦ βαλσάμου: καὶ νάρθηκές τινες ἐπὶ τῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ Λιβύης ἕτερον ὀπῶν γένος ἀποδακρύουσι. Λόγος δέ τίς ἐστι, καὶ τὸ ἤλεκτρον ὀπὸν εἶναι φυτῶν εἰς λίθου φύσιν ἀποπηγνύμενον. Μαρτυρεῖ δὲ τῷ λόγῳ τὰ ἐμφαινόμενα κάρφη καὶ τὰ λεπτότατα τῶν ζῴων, ἅπερ, ἁπαλοῦ ὄντος τοῦ ὀποῦ, ἐναποληφθέντα κατέχεται. Καὶ ὅλως τὴν κατὰ τὰς ποιότητας τῶν ὀπῶν διαφορὰν ὁ μὴ τῇ πείρᾳ διδαχθεὶς, οὐδένα λόγον εὑρήσει τὴν ἐνέργειαν παριστῶντα. Πῶς πάλιν ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς νοτίδος ἐν μὲν τῇ ἀμπέλῳ οἶνος συνίσταται, ἐν δὲ τῇ ἐλαίᾳ τὸ ἔλαιον; Καὶ οὐ τοῦτο μόνον θαυμαστὸν, πῶς ὧδε μὲν τὸ ὑγρὸν ἀπεγλυκάνθη, ἐκεῖ δὲ λιπαρὸν γέγονεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ ἐν τοῖς γλυκέσι καρποῖς ἀμύθητος ἡ παραλλαγὴ τῆς ποιότητος. Ἄλλο γὰρ τὸ ἐν ἀμπέλῳ γλυκὺ, καὶ ἄλλο τὸ ἐν μηλέᾳ, καὶ σύκῳ, καὶ φοίνικι. Ἔτι σε βούλομαι περὶ τὴν ἐξέτασιν ταύτην φιλοτεχνῆσαι, πῶς τὸ αὐτὸ ὕδωρ νῦν μὲν λεῖόν ἐστι τῇ αἰσθήσει, ὅταν ἐν τοῖσδέ τισι τοῖς φυτοῖς γενόμενον ἀπογλυκανθῇ: νῦν δὲ πληκτικόν ἐστι τῆς γεύσεως, ὅταν δι' ἄλλων φυτῶν ἐνεχθὲν ἀποξύνηται. Καὶ πάλιν εἰς τὴν ἐσχάτην πικρότητα μεταβάλλον ἐκτραχύνει τὴν αἴσθησιν, ὅταν ἐν ἀψίνθῳ ἢ σκαμμωνίᾳ γένηται. Καὶ ἐν μὲν ταῖς βαλάνοις, ἢ τῷ καρπῷ τῆς κρανείας, πρὸς τὴν στυφὴν καὶ αὐστηρὰν ποιότητα μεταβάλλει: ἐν δὲ ταῖς τερεβίνθοις, καὶ ταῖς καρύαις, πρὸς ἁπαλὴν καὶ ἐλαιώδη φύσιν μεθίσταται.