10. See again another evident proof of its greatness. Although the heaven may be full of stars without number, the light contributed by them all could not disperse the gloom of night. The sun alone, from the time that it appeared on the horizon, while it was still expected and had not yet risen completely above the earth, dispersed the darkness, outshone the stars, dissolved and diffused the air, which was hitherto thick and condensed over our heads, and produced thus the morning breeze and the dew which in fine weather streams over the earth. Could the earth with such a wide extent be lighted up entirely in one moment if an immense disc were not pouring forth its light over it? Recognise here the wisdom of the Artificer. See how He made the heat of the sun proportionate to this distance. Its heat is so regulated that it neither consumes the earth by excess, nor lets it grow cold and sterile by defect.

To all this the properties of the moon are near akin; she, too, has an immense body, whose splendour only yields to that of the sun. Our eyes, however, do not always see her in her full size. Now she presents a perfectly rounded disc, now when diminished and lessened she shows a deficiency on one side. When waxing she is shadowed on one side, and when she is waning another side is hidden. Now it is not without a secret reason of the divine Maker of the universe, that the moon appears from time to time under such different forms. It presents a striking example of our nature. Nothing is stable in man; here from nothingness he raises himself to perfection; there after having hasted to put forth his strength to attain his full greatness he suddenly is subject to gradual deterioration, and is destroyed by diminution. Thus, the sight of the moon, making us think of the rapid vicissitudes of human things, ought to teach us not to pride ourselves on the good things of this life, and not to glory in our power, not to be carried away by uncertain riches, to despise our flesh which is subject to change, and to take care of the soul, for its good is unmoved. If you cannot behold without sadness the moon losing its splendour by gradual and imperceptible decrease, how much more distressed should you be at the sight of a soul, who, after having possessed virtue, loses its beauty by neglect, and does not remain constant to its affections, but is agitated and constantly changes because its purposes are unstable. What Scripture says is very true, “As for a fool he changeth as the moon.”  33  Ecclus. xxvii. 11.

I believe also that the variations of the moon do not take place without exerting great influence upon the organization of animals and of all living things. This is because bodies are differently disposed at its waxing and waning. When she wanes they lose their density and become void. When she waxes and is approaching her fulness they appear to fill themselves at the same time with her, thanks to an imperceptible moisture that she emits mixed with heat, which penetrates everywhere.  34  cf. Alcman (ap. Plut., Sympos. iii. 10) who calls the dew Διὸς θυγάτηρ καὶ Σελάνας; and Plutarch himself in loc. Virg., Georg. iii. 337, “Roscida Luna,” and Statius, Theb. i. 336: “Iamque per emeriti surgens confinia Phœbi Titanis, late mundo subvecta silenti Rorifera gelidum tenuaverat aera biga.” For proof, see how those who sleep under the moon feel abundant moisture filling their heads;  35  The baleful influence of “iracunda Diana” (Hor., De Art. Poet. 454) is an early belief, not yet extinct. cf. the term σελήνιασμός for epilepsy, and “lunaticus” for the “moonstruck” madman. Vide Cass., Quæst. Med. xxv. 1. Perowne on Ps. cxxi. 6 notes, “De Wette refers to Andersen’s Eastern Travels in proof that this opinion is commonly entertained. Delitzsch mentions having heard from Texas that the consequence of sleeping in the open air, when the moon was shining, was mental aberration, dizziness, and even death.” “Dass auch der Mond in heller Nacht dem ohne gehörigen Schutz Schlafenden schaden könne ist allgemeine Meinung des Orients und der köhlen Nächte wegen leicht möglich. Vgl. Carne ‘Leben und Sitten im Morgenl.’” Ewald, Dichter des A.B. ii. 266. see how fresh meat is quickly turned under the action of the moon;  36  A fact, however explained. Plutarch (Sympos. Prob. iii. 10) discusses the question Διὰ τί τὰ κρέα σήπεται μᾶλλον ὑπὸ τὴν σελήνην ἢ τὸν ἥλιον, and refers the decomposition to the moistening influence of the moon. “Air, moisture, and a certain degree of warmth, are necessary to the decay of animal bodies…where moisture continues present—even though warmth and air be in a great measure excluded—decay still slowly takes place.” J. F. W. Johnston, Chemistry of Common Life, ii. 273. see the brain of animals, the moistest part of marine animals, the pith of trees. Evidently the moon must be, as Scripture says, of enormous size and power to make all nature thus participate in her changes.

Κἀκεῖνο δέ σοι ἐναργὲς ἔστω τοῦ μεγέθους σημεῖον. Ἀπείρων ὄντων τῷ πλήθει τῶν κατ' οὐρανὸν ἀστέρων, τὸ παρ' αὐτῶν συνερανιζόμενον φῶς οὐκ ἐξαρκεῖ τῆς νυκτὸς τὴν κατήφειαν διαλῦσαι. Μόνος δὲ οὗτος ὑπερφανεὶς τοῦ ὁρίζοντος, μᾶλλον δὲ ἔτι καὶ προσδοκώμενος, πρὶν καὶ ὑπερσχεῖν ὅλως τῆς γῆς, ἠφάνισε μὲν τὸ σκότος, ὑπερηύγασε δὲ τοὺς ἀστέρας, καὶ πεπηγότα τέως καὶ συμπεπιλημένον τὸν περὶ γῆν ἀέρα κατέτηξε καὶ διέχεεν. Ὅθεν καὶ ἄνεμοι ἑωθινοὶ καὶ δρόσοι ἐν αἰθρίᾳ τὴν γῆν περιρρέουσι. Τοσαύτην δὲ οὖσαν τὴν γῆν πῶς ἂν ἠδυνήθη ἐν μιᾷ καιροῦ ῥοπῇ τὴν πᾶσαν καταφωτίζειν, εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ μεγάλου τοῦ κύκλου τὴν αὐγὴν ἐπηφίει; Ἐνταῦθά μοι τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ τεχνίτου κατάμαθε, πῶς τῷ διαστήματι τούτῳ σύμμετρον ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ τὴν θερμότητα. Τοσοῦτον γάρ ἐστιν αὐτοῦ τὸ πυρῶδες, ὡς μήτε δι' ὑπερβολὴν καταφλέξαι τὴν γῆν, μήτε διὰ τὴν ἔλλειψιν κατεψυγμένην αὐτὴν καὶ ἄγονον ἀπολιπεῖν. Ἀδελφὰ δὲ τοῖς εἰρημένοις καὶ τὰ περὶ τῆς σελήνης νοείσθω. Μέγα γὰρ καὶ τὸ ταύτης σῶμα, καὶ φανότατόν γε μετὰ τὸν ἥλιον. Οὐκ ἀεὶ μέντοι ὁρατὸν αὐτῆς διαμένει τὸ μέγεθος: ἀλλὰ νῦν μὲν ἀπηρτισμένη τῷ κύκλῳ, νῦν δὲ ἐλλείπουσα καὶ μειουμένη φαίνεται, καθ' ἕτερον ἑαυτῆς μέρος προδεικνῦσα τὸ λεῖπον. Ἄλλῳ μὲν γὰρ μέρει σκιάζεται αὐξομένη, ἄλλο δὲ μέρος αὐτῆς ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς λήξεως ἀποκρύπτεται. Λόγος δέ τις ἄρρητος τοῦ σοφοῦ δημιουργοῦ τῆς ποικίλης ταύτης ἐναλλαγῆς τῶν σχημάτων. Ἢ γὰρ ὥστε ἡμῖν ὑπόδειγμα ἐναργὲς παρέχειν τῆς ἡμετέρας φύσεως: ὅτι οὐδὲν μόνιμον τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων, ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος πρόεισιν εἰς τὸ τέλειον, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τὴν οἰκείαν ἀκμὴν φθάσαντα καὶ τὸ ἀκρότατον μέτρον ἑαυτῶν αὐξηθέντα, πάλιν ταῖς κατὰ μικρὸν ὑφαιρέσεσι φθίνει τε καὶ διόλλυται, καὶ μειούμενα καθαιρεῖται. Ὥστε ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ τὴν σελήνην θεάματος παιδεύεσθαι ἡμᾶς τὰ ἡμέτερα, καὶ τῆς ταχείας τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων περιτροπῆς λαμβάνοντας ἔννοιαν, μὴ μέγα φρονεῖν ταῖς εὐημερίαις τοῦ βίου, μὴ ἐπαγάλλεσθαι δυναστείαις, μὴ ἐπαίρεσθαι πλούτου ἀδηλότητι, περιφρονεῖν τῆς σαρκὸς περὶ ἣν ἡ ἀλλοίωσις, ἐπιμελεῖσθαι δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἧς τὸ ἀγαθόν ἐστιν ἀκίνητον. Εἰ δὲ λυπεῖ σε ἡ σελήνη ταῖς κατὰ μικρὸν ὑφαιρέσεσι τὸ φέγγος ἐξαναλίσκουσα: λυπείτω σε πλέον ψυχὴ ἀρετὴν κτησαμένη, καὶ διὰ ἀπροσεξίας τὸ καλὸν ἀφανίζουσα, καὶ μηδέποτε ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς διαθέσεως μένουσα, ἀλλὰ πυκνὰ τρεπομένη καὶ μεταβαλλομένη διὰ τὸ τῆς γνώμης ἀνίδρυτον. Τῷ ὄντι γὰρ, κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον, Ὁ ἄφρων ὡς σελήνη ἀλλοιοῦται. Οἶμαι δὲ καὶ τῇ τῶν ζῴων κατασκευῇ, καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς τοῖς ἀπὸ γῆς φυομένοις, μὴ μικρὰν ὑπάρχειν ἐκ τῆς κατὰ τὴν σελήνην μεταβολῆς τὴν συντέλειαν. Ἄλλως γὰρ διατίθεται μειουμένης αὐτῆς, καὶ ἄλλως αὐξομένης τὰ σώματα: νῦν μὲν ληγούσης ἀραιὰ γιγνόμενα καὶ κενὰ, νῦν δὲ αὐξομένης καὶ πρὸς τὸ πλῆρες ἐπειγομένης καὶ αὐτὰ πάλιν ἀναπληρούμενα: διότι ὑγρότητά τινα θερμότητι κεκραμένην ἐπὶ τὸ βάθος φθάνουσαν λεληθότως ἐνίησι. Δηλοῦσι δὲ οἱ καθεύδοντες ὑπὸ σελήνην, ὑγρότητος περισσῆς τὰς τῆς κεφαλῆς εὐρυχωρίας πληρούμενοι: καὶ τὰ νεοσφαγῆ τῶν κρεῶν ταχὺ τρεπόμενα τῇ προσβολῇ τῆς σελήνης: καὶ ζῴων ἐγκέφαλοι: καὶ τῶν θαλαττίων τὰ ὑγρότατα: καὶ αἱ τῶν δένδρων ἐντεριῶναι. Ἃ πάντα οὐκ ἂν ἐξήρκεσε τῇ ἑαυτῆς ἀλλοιώσει συμμεθιστᾶν, εἰ μὴ ὑπερφυές τι ἦν καὶ ὑπερέχον δυνάμει κατὰ τὴν τῆς Γραφῆς μαρτυρίαν.