5. And God said: “  Let the waters be gathered together unto one place and let the dry land appear .” He did not say let the earth appear, so as not to show itself again without form, mud-like, and in combination with the water, nor yet endued with proper form and virtue. At the same time, lest we should attribute the drying of the earth to the sun, the Creator shows it to us dried before the creation of the sun. Let us follow the thought Scripture gives us. Not only the water which was covering the earth flowed off from it, but all that which had filtered into its depths withdrew in obedience to the irresistible order of the sovereign Master. And it was so. This is quite enough to show that the Creator’s voice had effect: however, in several editions, there is added “And the water which was under the heavens gathered itself unto one place and the dry land was seen;” words that other interpreters have not given, and which do not appear conformable to Hebrew usage. In fact, after the assertion, “and it was so,” it is superfluous to repeat exactly the same thing. In accurate copies these words are marked with an obelus,  13  The obelus (†) is used by Jerome to mark superfluous matter in the lxx. cf. Jer. p. 494, in Canon Fremantle’s Translation. The addition in question appears neither in the Vulgate, nor in Aquila, or Symmachus, or Theodotion. Ambrose, however, in Hexæm. iii. 5 approves of it. which is the sign of rejection.

“  And God called the dry land earth; and the gathering together of the waters called He seas .”  14  Gen. i. 10. Why does Scripture say above that the waters were gathered together unto one place, and that the dry earth appeared? Why does it add here the dry land appeared, and God gave it the name of earth? It is that dryness is the property which appears to characterize the nature of the subject, whilst the word earth is only its simple name. Just as reason is the distinctive faculty of man, and the word man serves to designate the being gifted with this faculty, so dryness is the special and peculiar quality of the earth. The element essentially dry receives therefore the name of earth, as the animal who has a neigh for a characteristic cry is called a horse. The other elements, like the earth, have received some peculiar property which distinguishes them from the rest, and makes them known for what they are. Thus water has cold for its distinguishing property; air, moisture; fire, heat. But this theory really applies only to the primitive elements of the world. The elements which contribute to the formation of bodies, and come under our senses, show us these qualities in combination, and in the whole of nature our eyes and senses can find nothing which is completely singular, simple and pure. Earth is at the same time dry and cold; water, cold and moist; air, moist and warm; fire, warm and dry. It is by the combination of their qualities that the different elements can mingle. Thanks to a common quality each of them mixes with a neighbouring element, and this natural alliance attaches it to the contrary element. For example, earth, which is at the same time dry and cold, finds in cold a relationship which unites it to water, and by the means of water unites itself to air. Water placed between the two, appears to give each a hand, and, on account of its double quality, allies itself to earth by cold and to air by moisture. Air, in its turn, takes the middle place and plays the part of a mediator between the inimical natures of water and fire, united to the first by moisture, and to the second by heat. Finally fire, of a nature at the same time warm and dry, is linked to air by warmth, and by its dryness reunites itself to the earth. And from this accord and from this mutual mixture of elements, results a circle and an harmonious choir whence each of the elements deserves its name. I have said this in order to explain why God has given to the dry land the name of earth, without however calling the earth dry. It is because dryness is not one of those qualities which the earth acquired afterwards, but one of those which constituted its essence from the beginning. Now that which causes a body to exist, is naturally antecedent to its posterior qualities and has a pre-eminence over them. It is then with reason that God chose the most ancient characteristic of the earth whereby to designate it.

Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεὸς, συναχθήτω τὰ ὕδατα εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν, καὶ ὀφθήτω ἡ ξηρά. Οὐκ εἶπε, καὶ ὀφθήτω ἡ γῆ, ἵνα μὴ πάλιν αὐτὴν ἀκατάσκευον ἐπιδείξῃ, πηλώδη οὖσαν, καὶ ἀναμεμιγμένην τῷ ὕδατι, οὔπω τὴν οἰκείαν ἀπολαβοῦσαν μορφὴν οὐδὲ δύναμιν. Ὁμοῦ δὲ, ἵνα μὴ τῷ ἡλίῳ τὴν τοῦ ἀναξηραίνειν τὴν γῆν αἰτίαν προσθῶμεν, πρεσβυτέραν τῆς τοῦ ἡλίου γενέσεως τὴν ξηρότητα τῆς γῆς ὁ δημιουργὸς παρεσκεύασεν. Ἐπίστησον δὲ τῇ ἐννοίᾳ τῶν γεγραμμένων, ὅτι οὐ μόνον τὸ πλεονάζον ὕδωρ ἀπερρύη τῆς γῆς, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσον ἀνεμέμικτο αὐτῇ διὰ βάθους, καὶ τοῦτο ὑπεξῆλθε τῷ ἀπαραιτήτῳ προστάγματι τοῦ Δεσπότου πεισθέν. Καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως. Ἀρκοῦσα αὕτη ἡ ἐπαγωγὴ πρὸς τὸ δεῖξαι εἰς ἔργον ἐλθοῦσαν τοῦ δημιουργοῦ τὴν φωνήν. Πρόσκειται δὲ ἐν πολλοῖς τῶν ἀντιγράφων, Καὶ συνήχθη τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ὑποκάτω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἰς τὰς συναγωγὰς αὐτῶν, καὶ ὤφθη ἡ ξηρά: ἅπερ οὔτε τινὲς τῶν λοιπῶν ἐκδεδώκασιν ἑρμηνέων, οὔτε ἡ χρῆσις τῶν Ἑβραίων ἔχουσα φαίνεται. Καὶ γὰρ τῷ ὄντι παρέλκει μετὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν τοῦ, ὅτι Ἐγένετο οὕτως, ἡ τῶν αὐτῶν πάλιν ἐπεκδιήγησις. Τὰ τοίνυν ἀκριβῆ τῶν ἀντιγράφων ὠβέλισται: ὁ δὲ ὀβελὸς, ἀθετήσεως σύμβολον. Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὴν ξηρὰν, γῆν, καὶ τὰ συστήματα τῶν ὑδάτων ἐκάλεσε θαλάσσας. Διὰ τί καὶ ἐν τοῖς κατόπιν εἴρηται, Συναχθήτω τὰ ὕδατα εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν, καὶ ὀφθήτω ἡ ξηρὰ, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ γέγραπται, καὶ ὀφθήτω ἡ γῆ; καὶ ἐνταῦθα πάλιν, Ὤφθη ξηρὰ, καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὴν ξηρὰν, γῆν; Ὅτι ἡ μὲν ξηρὰ τὸ ἰδίωμά ἐστι, τὸ οἱονεὶ χαρακτηριστικὸν τῆς φύσεως τοῦ ὑποκειμένου, ἡ δὲ γῆ προσηγορία τίς ἐστι ψιλὴ τοῦ πράγματος. Ὡς γὰρ τὸ λογικὸν ἴδιόν ἐστι τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ἡ δὲ ἄνθρωπος φωνὴ σημαντική ἐστι τοῦ ζῴου ᾧ ὑπάρχει τὸ ἴδιον: οὕτω καὶ τὸ ξηρὸν ἴδιόν ἐστι τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐξαίρετον. Ὧ| τοίνυν ἰδίως ὑπάρχει τὸ ξηρὸν, τοῦτο ἐπικέκληται γῆ: ὥσπερ ᾧ ἰδίως πρόσεστι τὸ χρεμετιστικὸν, τοῦτο ἐπικέκληται ἵππος. Οὐ μόνον δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔστι τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων στοιχείων ἕκαστον ἰδιάζουσαν καὶ ἀποκεκληρωμένην ἔχει ποιότητα, δι' ἧς τῶν τε λοιπῶν ἀποκρίνεται, καὶ αὐτὸ ἕκαστον ὁποῖόν ἐστιν ἐπιγινώσκεται. Τὸ μὲν ὕδωρ ἰδίαν ποιότητα τὴν ψυχρότητα ἔχει: ὁ δὲ ἀὴρ τὴν ὑγρότητα: τὸ δὲ πῦρ τὴν θερμότητα. Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα μὲν, ὡς πρῶτα στοιχεῖα τῶν συνθέτων κατὰ τὸν εἰρημένον τρόπον τῷ λογισμῷ θεωρεῖται, τὰ δὲ ἤδη ἐν σώματι κατατεταγμένα καὶ ὑποπίπτοντα τῇ αἰσθήσει, συνεζευγμένας ἔχει τὰς ποιότητας. Καὶ οὐδὲν ἀπολελυμένως ἐστὶ μοναχὸν οὐδὲ ἁπλοῦν καὶ εἰλικρινὲς τῶν ὁρωμένων καὶ αἰσθητῶν: ἀλλ' ἡ μὲν γῆ ξηρὰ καὶ ψυχρὰ, τὸ δὲ ὕδωρ ὑγρὸν καὶ ψυχρὸν, ὁ δὲ ἀὴρ θερμὸς καὶ ὑγρὸς, τὸ δὲ πῦρ θερμὸν καὶ ξηρόν, Οὕτω γὰρ, διὰ τῆς συζύγου ποιότητος, ἡ δύναμις προέρχεται τοῦ ἀναμιχθῆναι ἑκάστῳ πρὸς ἕκαστον: τῷ τε γὰρ γείτονι στοιχείῳ διὰ τῆς κοινῆς ποιότητος ἕκαστον ἀνακίρναται, καὶ διὰ τῆς πρὸς τὸ σύνεγγυς κοινωνίας τῷ ἀντικειμένῳ συνάπτεται. Οἷον, ἡ γῆ, ξηρὰ οὖσα καὶ ψυχρὰ, ἑνοῦται μὲν τῷ ὕδατι κατὰ τὴν συγγένειαν τῆς ψυχρότητος, ἑνοῦται δὲ διὰ τοῦ ὕδατος τῷ ἀέρι: ἐπειδὴ μέσον ἀμφοτέρων τεταγμένον τὸ ὕδωρ, οἱονεὶ χειρῶν δύο ἐπιβολῇ ἑκατέρᾳ ποιότητι τῶν παρακειμένων ἐφάπτεται, τῇ μὲν ψυχρότητι τῆς γῆς, τῇ ὑγρότητι δὲ τοῦ ἀέρος. Πάλιν ὁ ἀὴρ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ μεσιτείᾳ διαλλακτὴς γίνεται τῆς μαχομένης φύσεως ὕδατος καὶ πυρὸς, τῷ ὕδατι μὲν διὰ τῆς ὑγρότητος, τῷ πυρὶ δὲ διὰ τοῦ θερμοῦ συμπλεκόμενος. Τὸ δὲ πῦρ θερμὸν καὶ ξηρὸν ὑπάρχον τὴν φύσιν, τῷ μὲν θερμῷ πρὸς τὸν ἀέρα συνδεῖται, τῷ ξηρῷ δὲ πάλιν πρὸς τὴν κοινωνίαν τῆς γῆς ἐπανέρχεται. Καὶ οὕτω γίνεται κύκλος καὶ χορὸς ἐναρμόνιος, συμφωνούντων πάντων καὶ συστοιχούντων ἀλλήλοις. Ὅθεν κυρίως αὐτοῖς καὶ ἡ προσηγορία τῶν στοιχείων ἐφήρμοσται. Ταῦτά μοι εἴρηται παριστῶντι τὴν αἰτίαν δι' ἣν ὁ Θεὸς τὴν ξηρὰν ἐκάλεσε γῆν, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ τὴν γῆν προσεῖπε ξηράν. Διότι τὸ ξηρὸν οὐχὶ τῶν ὕστερον προσγινομένων ἐστὶ τῇ γῇ, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἐξ ἀρχῆς συμπληρούντων αὐτῆς τὴν οὐσίαν. Τὰ δὲ αὐτὴν τοῦ εἶναι αἰτίαν παρέχοντα, πρότερα τῇ φύσει τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα προσγινομένων καὶ προτιμότερα. Ὥστε εἰκότως ἐκ τῶν προϋπαρχόντων καὶ πρεσβυτέρων ἐπενοήθη τῇ γῇ τὰ γνωρίσματα.