8. “  And God called the firmament heaven .”  45  Gen. i. 8. The nature of right belongs to another, and the firmament only shares it on account of its resemblance to heaven. We often find the visible region called heaven, on account of the density and continuity of the air within our ken, and deriving its name “heaven” from the word which means to see.  46  The derivation of οὐρανός from ὁράω is imaginary. Aristotle (De Cœl i. 19, 9) derives it from ὅρος, a boundary. cf. ῾Ορίζων. The real root is the Skt. var=cover. M. Müller, Oxford Essays, 1856. It is of it that Scripture says, “The fowl of the air,”  47  Ps. viii. 8. “Fowl that may fly…in the open firmament of heaven;”  48  Gen. i. 20. and, elsewhere, “They mount up to heaven.”  49  Ps. cvii. 26. Moses, blessing the tribe of Joseph, desires for it the fruits and the dews of heaven, of the suns of summer and the conjunctions of the moon, and blessings from the tops of the mountains and from the everlasting hills,  50  cf. Deut. xxxiii. 13–15, LXX. in one word, from all which fertilises the earth. In the curses on Israel it is said, “And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass.”  51  Deut. xxviii. 23. What does this mean? It threatens him with a complete drought, with an absence of the aerial waters which cause the fruits of the earth to be brought forth and to grow.

Since, then, Scripture says that the dew or the rain falls from heaven, we understand that it is from those waters which have been ordered to occupy the higher regions. When the exhalations from the earth, gathered together in the heights of the air, are condensed under the pressure of the wind, this aerial moisture diffuses itself in vaporous and light clouds; then mingling again, it forms drops which fall, dragged down by their own weight; and this is the origin of rain. When water beaten by the violence of the wind, changes into foam, and passing through excessive cold quite freezes, it breaks the cloud, and falls as snow.  52  cf. Arist., Meteor. i. 9–12, Plutarch περὶ τῶν ἀρέσκ. etc. iii. 4. You can thus account for all the moist substances that the air suspends over our heads.

And do not let any one compare with the inquisitive discussions of philosophers upon the heavens, the simple and inartificial character of the utterances of the Spirit; as the beauty of chaste women surpasses that of a harlot,  53  Fialon quotes Hor., Ep. i. 18: “Ut matrona meretrici dispar erit atque Discolor.” so our arguments are superior to those of our opponents. They only seek to persuade by forced reasoning. With us truth presents itself naked and without artifice. But why torment ourselves to refute the errors of philosophers, when it is sufficient to produce their mutually contradictory books, and, as quiet spectators, to watch the war?  54  The well known “Per campos instructa, tua sine parte pericli suave etiam belli certamina magna tueri” (Lucr. ii. 5) may be an echo of some Greek lines in the preacher’s mind, just as the preceding “suave mari magno” is of Menander. For those thinkers are not less numerous, nor less celebrated, nor more sober in speech in fighting their adversaries, who say that the universe is being consumed by fire, and that from the seeds which remain in the ashes of the burnt world all is being brought to life again. Hence in the world there is destruction and palingenesis to infinity.  55  These Stoical atheists did also agree with the generality of the other Stoical theists in supposing a successive infinity of worlds generated and corrupted” (ἀπειρία κόσμων) “by reason of intervening periodical conflagrations.” Cudworth, I. iii. 23. All, equally far from the truth, find each on their side by-ways which lead them to error.

Καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα οὐρανόν: ὡς κυρίως μὲν ἑτέρῳ τῆς προσηγορίας ἐφαρμοζούσης, καθ' ὁμοίωσιν δὲ καὶ τούτου μεταλαμβάνοντος τῆς κλήσεως. Τετηρήκαμεν δὲ πολλαχοῦ τὸν ὁρώμενον τόπον οὐρανὸν λεγόμενον (διὰ τὸ ναστὸν καὶ συνεχὲς τοῦ ἀέρος ἐναργῶς ἡμῶν ταῖς ὄψεσιν ὑποπίπτοντος, καὶ παρὰ τὸ ὁρᾶσθαι τῆς τοῦ οὐρανοῦ προσηγορίας ἀξιουμένου) ἐν οἷς φησι, Τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. Καὶ πάλιν: Τὰ πετόμενα κατὰ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. Τοιοῦτόν ἐστι καὶ τὸ, Ἀναβαίνουσιν ἕως τῶν οὐρανῶν. Καὶ Μωϋσῆς εὐλογῶν τὴν φυλὴν τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ, ἀπὸ ὡρῶν οὐρανοῦ, καὶ δρόσου, καὶ ἀπὸ ἡλίου τροπῶν, καὶ συνόδων μηνῶν, καὶ ἀπὸ κορυφῆς ὀρέων καὶ βουνῶν ἀεννάων τὰς εὐλογίας δίδωσιν, ὡς τοῦ περὶ γῆν τόπου διὰ τῆς ἐν τούτοις εὐταξίας εὐθηνουμένου. Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ταῖς κατάραις τῷ Ἰσραὴλ, Ἔσται σοι, φησὶν, ὁ ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς οὐρανὸς χαλκοῦς. Τί τοῦτο λέγων; Τὴν παντελῆ ξηρασίαν καὶ ἐπίλειψιν τῶν ἀερίων ὑδάτων, δι' ὧν τῇ γῇ τὸ γόνιμον τῶν καρπῶν ἐνυπάρχει. Ὅταν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ φέρεσθαι λέγῃ δρόσον ἢ ὑετὸν, περὶ ὑδάτων νοοῦμεν ὅσα τὴν ἄνω κατέχειν διατέτακται χώραν. Συναγομένων γὰρ τῶν ἀναθυμιάσεων περὶ τὸ ὕψος, καὶ πυκνουμένου τοῦ ἀέρος ταῖς ἐκ τῶν πνευμάτων πιλήσεσιν, ὅταν μὲν αἱ τέως ἀτμοειδῶς καὶ λεπτῶς ἐνεσπαρμέναι τῷ νέφει νοτίδες ἀλλήλαις προσχωρήσωσι, σταγόνες γίγνονται, τῷ βάρει τῶν συγκριθέντων φερόμεναι πρὸς τὸ κάτω: καὶ αὕτη ὑετοῦ γένεσις. Ὅταν δὲ τὸ ὑγρὸν ἐξαφρισθῇ, ταῖς βίαις τῶν ἀνέμων ἀνακοπὲν, εἶτα εἰς ἄκρον καταψυχθὲν ὅλον διόλου παγῇ, θραυομένου τοῦ νέφους, ἡ χιὼν καταφέρεται. Καὶ ὅλως, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον, ἔξεστί σοι ὁρᾶν πᾶσαν τοῦ ὑγροῦ τὴν φύσιν περὶ τὸν ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς ἡμῶν ἀέρα συνισταμένην. Καὶ μηδεὶς τῇ περιεργίᾳ τῶν περὶ οὐρανοῦ φιλοσοφησάντων τὸ ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἀκατάσκευον τῶν πνευματικῶν λόγων παραβαλλέτω. Ὅσῳ γὰρ τὸ ἐν ταῖς σώφροσι κάλλος τοῦ ἑταιρικοῦ προτιμότερον, τοσοῦτον καὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων λόγων πρὸς τοὺς ἔξωθεν τὸ διάφορον. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ κατηναγκασμένον τὸ πιθανὸν τοῖς λόγοις ἐπάγουσιν: ἐνταῦθα δὲ γυμνὴ τεχνασμάτων ἡ ἀλήθεια πρόκειται. Καὶ τί δεῖ πράγματα ἔχειν ἡμᾶς τὸ ψευδὲς αὐτῶν διελέγχοντας, οἷς ἐξαρκεῖ τὰς αὐτῶν ἐκείνων βίβλους ἀλλήλαις ἀντιπαραθέντας ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ πολλῇ θεατὰς αὐτῶν τοῦ πολέμου καθῆσθαι; Οὔτε γὰρ ἀριθμῷ ἐλάττους, οὔτε ἀξιώματι ὑφειμένοι, πολυφωνίᾳ δὲ καὶ παρὰ πολὺ διαφέροντες πρὸς τὸν ἐναντίον αὐτοῖς ἀντικαθίστανται λόγον, οἱ τὸ πᾶν ἐκπυροῦσθαι λέγοντες, καὶ ἀναβιώσκεσθαι πάλιν ἐκ τῶν σπερματικῶν λόγων τῶν ἐναπομενόντων τοῖς ἐκπυρωθεῖσιν: ὅθεν καὶ ἀπείρους φθορὰς κόσμου καὶ παλιγγενεσίας εἰσάγουσιν. Ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνοι μὲν ἐφ' ἑκάτερα τῆς ἀληθείας ἀποσχιζόμενοι, ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν τὰς ἐπὶ τὴν πλάνην ἑαυτοῖς ἐκτροπὰς ἐξευρίσκουσιν.