Basil of Caesarea, The Hexaemeron

10. “ And God saw that it was good .” God does not judge of the beauty of His work by the charm of the eyes, and He does not form the same idea of beauty that we do. What He esteems beautiful is that which presents in its perfection all the fitness 61 καλον μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ὃ ἂν δ᾽ αὑτὸ αἱρετὸν ὂν ἐπαινετὸν ᾖ, ὃ ἂν ἀγαθὸν ὂν ἡδὺ ᾖ ὅτι ἀγαθόν. Arist., Rhet. i. 9. cf. E. Burke (On the Sublime and Beautiful, iii. § 6): “It is true that the infinitely wise and good creator has, of his bounty, frequently joined beauty to those things which he has made useful to us. But this does not prove that our idea of use and beauty are the same thing, or that they are in any way dependent on each other.” Dr. Johnson instances a painting on a coffee-cup as beautiful, but not useful. “Boswell,” Ann. 1772. St. Basil’s idea is in accord with that of Ruskin (Mod. P. chap. vi.). “In all high ideas of beauty it is more than probable that much of the pleasure depends on delicate and untraceable perception of fitness, propriety, and relation, which are purely intellectual, and through which we arrive at our noblest ideas of what is commonly and rightly called ‘intellectual beauty.’” of art, and that which tends to the usefulness of its end. He, then, who proposed to Himself a manifest design in His works, approved each one of them, as fulfilling its end in accordance with His creative purpose. A hand, an eye, or any portion of a statue lying apart from the rest, would look beautiful to no one. But if each be restored to its own place, the beauty of proportion, until now almost unperceived, would strike even the most uncultivated. But the artist, before uniting the parts of his work, distinguishes and recognises the beauty of each of them, thinking of the object that he has in view. It is thus that Scripture depicts to us the Supreme Artist, praising each one of His works; soon, when His work is complete, He will accord well deserved praise to the whole together. Let me here end my discourse on the second day, to allow my industrious hearers to examine what they have just heard. May their memory retain it for the profit of their soul; may they by careful meditation inwardly digest and benefit by what I say. As for those who live by their work, let me allow them to attend all day to their business, so that they may come, with a soul free from anxiety, to the banquet of my discourse in the evening. May God who, after having made such great things, put such weak words in my mouth, grant you the intelligence of His truth, so that you may raise yourselves from visible things to the invisible Being, and that the grandeur and beauty of creatures may give you a just idea of the Creator. For the visible things of Him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, and His power and divinity are eternal. 62 cf. Rom. i. 20. Thus earth, air, sky, water, day, night, all visible things, remind us of who is our Benefactor. We shall not therefore give occasion to sin, we shall not give place to the enemy within us, if by unbroken recollection we keep God ever dwelling in our hearts, to Whom be all glory and all adoration, now and for ever, world without end. Amen.

61 καλον μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ὃ ἂν δ᾽ αὑτὸ αἱρετὸν ὂν ἐπαινετὸν ᾖ, ὃ ἂν ἀγαθὸν ὂν ἡδὺ ᾖ ὅτι ἀγαθόν. Arist., Rhet. i. 9. cf. E. Burke (On the Sublime and Beautiful, iii. § 6): “It is true that the infinitely wise and good creator has, of his bounty, frequently joined beauty to those things which he has made useful to us. But this does not prove that our idea of use and beauty are the same thing, or that they are in any way dependent on each other.” Dr. Johnson instances a painting on a coffee-cup as beautiful, but not useful. “Boswell,” Ann. 1772. St. Basil’s idea is in accord with that of Ruskin (Mod. P. chap. vi.). “In all high ideas of beauty it is more than probable that much of the pleasure depends on delicate and untraceable perception of fitness, propriety, and relation, which are purely intellectual, and through which we arrive at our noblest ideas of what is commonly and rightly called ‘intellectual beauty.’”

62 cf. Rom. i. 20.

Καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεὸς ὅτι καλόν. Οὐχὶ ὀφθαλμοῖς Θεοῦ τέρψιν παρέχει τὰ παρ' αὐτοῦ γινόμενα, οὐδὲ τοιαύτη παρ' αὐτῷ ἡ ἀποδοχὴ τῶν καλῶν, οἵα καὶ παρ' ἡμῖν: ἀλλὰ καλὸν τὸ τῷ λόγῳ τῆς τέχνης ἐκτελεσθὲν, καὶ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ τέλους εὐχρηστίαν συντεῖνον. Ὁ τοίνυν ἐναργῆ τὸν σκοπὸν τῶν γινομένων προθέμενος, τὰ κατὰ μέρος γινόμενα ὡς συμπληρωτικὰ τοῦ τέλους, τοῖς τεχνικοῖς ἑαυτοῦ λόγοις ἐπελθὼν ἀπεδέξατο. Ἐπεὶ καὶ χεὶρ καθ' ἑαυτὴν, καὶ ὀφθαλμὸς ἰδίᾳ, καὶ ἕκαστον τῶν τοῦ ἀνδριάντος μελῶν διῃρημένως κείμενα, οὐκ ἂν φανείη καλὰ τῷ τυχόντι: πρὸς δὲ τὴν οἰκείαν τάξιν ἀποτεθέντα, τὸ ἐκ τῆς ἀναλογίας, ἐμφανὲς μόλις ποτὲ, καὶ τῷ ἰδιώτῃ παρέχεται γνώριμον. Ὁ μέντοι τεχνίτης καὶ πρὸ τῆς συνθέσεως οἶδε τὸ ἑκάστου καλὸν, καὶ ἐπαινεῖ τὰ καθ' ἕκαστον, πρὸς τὸ τέλος αὐτῶν ἐπαναφέρων τὴν ἔννοιαν. Τοιοῦτος οὖν δή τις καὶ νῦν ἔντεχνος ἐπαινέτης τῶν κατὰ μέρος ἔργων ὁ Θεὸς ἀναγέγραπται: μέλλει δὲ τὸν προσήκοντα ἔπαινον καὶ παντὶ ὁμοῦ τῷ κόσμῳ ἀπαρτισθέντι πληροῦν. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ἡμῖν οἱ περὶ τῆς δευτέρας ἡμέρας καταληξάτωσαν λόγοι, ὥστε τοῖς μὲν φιλοπόνοις ἀκροαταῖς καιρὸν παρασχεῖν τῆς ὧν ἤκουσαν ἐξετάσεως, ὥστε εἴ τι χρήσιμον ἐν αὐτοῖς, τοῦτο τῇ μνήμῃ συσχεῖν, καὶ διὰ τῆς φιλοπόνου μελέτης, οἷον διά τινος πέψεως, τὴν τῶν ὠφελίμων ἀνάδοσιν ἀναμεῖναι: τοῖς δὲ περὶ τὸν βίον ἀσχολουμένοις δοῦναι σχολὴν διὰ τοῦ μέσου χρόνου τὰς φροντίδας διαθεμένοις, καθαρᾷ μεριμνῶν τῇ ψυχῇ πρὸς τὴν ἑσπερινὴν τῶν λόγων ἑστίασιν ἀπαντῆσαι. Ὁ δὲ τὰ μεγάλα δημιουργήσας Θεὸς, καὶ τὰ μικρὰ ταῦτα λεχθῆναι οἰκονομήσας, δώῃ ὑμῖν σύνεσιν ἐν παντὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ἀληθείας, ἵν' ἐκ τῶν ὁρωμένων τὸν ἀόρατον ἐννοῆτε, καὶ ἐκ μεγέθους καὶ καλλονῆς τῶν κτισμάτων τὴν πρέπουσαν δόξαν περὶ τοῦ κτίσαντος ἡμᾶς ἀναλαμβάνητε. Τὰ γὰρ ἀόρατα αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ κτίσεως κόσμου τοῖς ποιήμασι νοούμενα καθορᾶται, ἥ τε ἀΐδιος αὐτοῦ δύναμις καὶ θειότης, ὥστε καὶ ἐν γῇ, καὶ ἐν ἀέρι, καὶ ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ἐν ὕδατι, καὶ ἐν νυκτὶ, καὶ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ, καὶ ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ὁρωμένοις ἐναργῆ λαμβάνειν ἡμᾶς τοῦ εὐεργέτου τὰ ὑπομνήματα. Οὔτε γὰρ ἁμαρτίαις καιρόν τινα δώσομεν, οὔτε τῷ ἐχθρῷ τόπον ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν καταλείψομεν, διὰ τῆς συνεχοῦς μνήμης ἔνοικον ἔχοντες ἑαυτῶν τὸν Θεόν: ᾧ πᾶσα δόξα, καὶ προσκύνησις, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.