3. “Let the waters be gathered together.” It was ordered that it should be the natural property of water to flow, and in obedience to this order, the waters are never weary in their course. In speaking thus, I have only in view the flowing property of waters. Some flow of their own accord like springs and rivers, others are collected and stationary. But I speak now of flowing waters. “Let the waters be gathered together unto one place.” Have you never thought, when standing near a spring which is sending forth water abundantly, Who makes this water spring from the bowels of the earth? Who forced it up? Where are the store-houses which send it forth? To what place is it hastening? How is it that it is never exhausted here, and never overflows there? All this comes from that first command; it was for the waters a signal for their course.

In all the story of the waters remember this first order, “let the waters be gathered together.” To take their assigned places they were obliged to flow, and, once arrived there, to remain in their place and not to go farther. Thus in the language of Ecclesiastes, “All the waters run into the sea; yet the sea is not full.”  6  Eccl. i. 6, 7. Waters flow in virtue of God’s order, and the sea is enclosed in limits according to this first law, “Let the waters be gathered together unto one place.” For fear the water should spread beyond its bed, and in its successive invasions cover one by one all countries, and end by flooding the whole earth, it received the order to gather unto one place. Thus we often see the furious sea raising mighty waves to the heaven, and, when once it has touched the shore, break its impetuosity in foam and retire. “Fear ye not me, saith the Lord.…which have placed the sand for the bound of the sea.”  7  Jer. v. 22. A grain of sand, the weakest thing possible, curbs the violence of the ocean. For what would prevent the Red Sea from invading the whole of Egypt, which lies lower, and uniting itself to the other sea which bathes its shores, were it not fettered by the fiat of the Creator? And if I say that Egypt is lower than the Red Sea, it is because experience has convinced us of it every time that an attempt has been made to join the sea of Egypt  8  i.e. the Mediterranean. to the Indian Ocean, of which the Red Sea is a part.  9  Geminum mare…quod Rubrum dixere nostri…in duos dividitur sinus. Is qui ab oriente Persicus est…altero sinu Arabico nominato. Plin. vi. 28. Thus we have renounced this enterprise, as also have the Egyptian Sesostris, who conceived the idea, and Darius the Mede who afterwards wished to carry it out.  10  This illustration is taken from the work on which Basil has been so largely dependent, the Meterology of Aristotle (i. 14, 548). Pliny (vi. 33) writes: “Daneos Portus, ex quo navigabilem alveum perducere in Nilum, qua parte ad Delta dictum decurrit lxii. mill. D. Pass. intervallo, quod inter flumen et Rubrum mare inter est, primus omnium Sesostris Ægypti rex cogitavit; mox Darius Persarum; deinde Ptolemæus sequens” (i.e. Ptolemy II.) “…deterruit inundationis metus, excelsiore tribus cubitis Rubro mari comperto quam terra Ægypti.” Herodotus (ii. 158) attributes the canal to Necho. Strabo (xvii. 804) says Darius, in supposing Egypt to lie lower than the sea, was ψευδεῖ πεισθείς. The early canal, choked by sand, was reopened by Trajan, and choked again. Amron, Omar’s general, again cleared it, but it was blocked a.d. 767. The present Suez Canal, opened in 1869, follows a new course.

I report this fact to make you understand the full force of the command, “Let the waters be gathered unto one place”; that is to say, let there be no other gathering, and, once gathered, let them not disperse.

Συναχθήτω τὰ ὕδατα. Ἐκελεύσθη τρέχειν τῶν ὑδάτων ἡ φύσις, καὶ οὐδέποτε κάμνει τῷ προστάγματι ἐκείνῳ κατασπευδομένη διηνεκῶς. Τοῦτο δὲ λέγω, πρὸς τὴν ῥυτὴν ἀφορῶν τῶν ὑδάτων μοῖραν. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ αὐτόματα ῥεῖ, οἷον τὰ κρηναῖα καὶ τὰ ποτάμια: τὰ δὲ συλλογιμαῖά ἐστι καὶ ἀπόρευτα. Ἀλλ' ἐμοὶ νῦν περὶ τῶν ὁρμητικῶν ὑδάτων ὁ λόγος. Συναχθήτω τὰ ὕδατα εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν. Εἴ ποτέ σοι ἐπὶ κρήνης ἑστῶτι ἄφθονον ὕδωρ ἀναδιδούσης ἔννοια ἐγένετο, τίς ὁ ὠθῶν ἐκ τῶν λαγόνων τῆς γῆς τοῦτο τὸ ὕδωρ; τίς ὁ ἐπείγων ἐπὶ τὰ πρόσω; ποῖα ταμεῖα ὅθεν προέρχεται; τίς ὁ τόπος ἐφ' ὃν ἐπείγεται; πῶς καὶ ταῦτα οὐκ ἐκλείπει, κἀκεῖνα οὐκ ἀποπίμπλαται; Ταῦτα τῆς πρώτης ἐκείνης φωνῆς ἤρτηται. Ἐκεῖθεν τοῦ τρέχειν τῷ ὕδατι τὸ ἐνδόσιμον. Κατὰ πᾶσαν ἱστορίαν ὑδάτων μέμνησο τῆς πρώτης φωνῆς, Συναχθήτω τὰ ὕδατα. Ἔδει δραμεῖν αὐτὰ, ἵνα τὴν οἰκείαν καταλάβῃ χώραν: εἶτα γενόμενα ἐν τοῖς ἀφωρισμένοις τόποις, μένειν ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν, καὶ μὴ χωρεῖν περαιτέρω. Διὰ τοῦτο κατὰ τὸν τοῦ Ἐκκλησιαστοῦ λόγον, Πάντες οἱ χείμαρροι ἐπὶ τὴν θάλασσαν πορεύονται, καὶ ἡ θάλασσα οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμπιμπλαμένη. Ἐπειδὴ καὶ τὸ ῥεῖν τοῖς ὕδασι διὰ τὸ θεῖον πρόσταγμα, καὶ τὸ εἴσω τῶν ὅρων περιγεγράφθαι τὴν θάλασσαν, ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἐστὶ νομοθεσίας: Συναχθήτω τὰ ὕδατα εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν. Ἵνα μὴ τὸ ἐπιρρέον ὕδωρ τῶν δεχομένων αὐτὸ χωρίων ὑπερχεόμενον, μετεκβαῖνον ἀεὶ καὶ ἄλλα ἐξ ἄλλων πληροῦν, πᾶσαν κατὰ τὸ συνεχὲς ἐπικλύσῃ τὴν ἤπειρον, ἐκελεύσθη συναχθῆναι εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν. Διὰ τοῦτο μαινομένη πολλάκις ἐξ ἀνέμων ἡ θάλασσα, καὶ εἰς ὕψος μέγιστον διανισταμένη τοῖς κύμασιν, ἐπειδὰν μόνον τῶν αἰγιαλῶν ἅψηται, εἰς ἀφρὸν διαλύσασα τὴν ὁρμὴν ἐπανῆλθεν. Ἢ ἐμὲ οὐ φοβηθήσεσθε, λέγει Κύριος, τὸν τιθέντα ἄμμον ὅριον τῇ θαλάσσῃ; Τῷ ἀσθενεστάτῳ πάντων τῇ ψάμμῳ ἡ ταῖς βίαις ἀφόρητος χαλινοῦται. Ἐπεὶ τί ἐκώλυε τὴν ἐρυθρὰν θάλασσαν πᾶσαν τὴν Αἴγυπτον κοιλοτέραν οὖσαν ἑαυτῆς ἐπελθεῖν, καὶ συναφθῆναι τῷ παρακειμένῳ τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ πελάγει, εἰ μὴ τῷ προστάγματι ἦν πεπεδημένη τοῦ κτίσαντος; Ὅτι γὰρ ταπεινοτέρα τῆς ἐρυθρᾶς θαλάσσης ἡ Αἴγυπτος, ἔργῳ ἔπεισαν ἡμᾶς οἱ θελήσαντες ἀλλήλοις τὰ πελάγη συνάψαι, τό τε Αἰγύπτιον καὶ τὸ Ἰνδικὸν, ἐν ᾧ ἡ ἐρυθρά ἐστι θάλασσα. Διόπερ ἐπέσχον τὴν ἐπιχείρησιν, ὅ τε πρῶτος ἀρξάμενος Σέσωστρις ὁ Αἰγύπτιος, καὶ ὁ μετὰ ταῦτα βουληθεὶς ἐπεξεργάσασθαι Δαρεῖος ὁ Μῆδος. Ταῦτα μοι εἴρηται, ἵνα νοήσωμεν τοῦ προστάγματος τὴν δύναμιν: Συναχθήτω τὰ ὕδατα εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν. Τουτέστιν, ἄλλη ἀπὸ ταύτης μὴ ἀπογενηθήτω, ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ συλλογῇ ἀπομεινάτω τὸ συναγόμενον.