4. What shall I say? What shall I leave unsaid? In the rich treasures of creation it is difficult to select what is most precious; the loss of what is omitted is too severe. “Let the earth bring forth grass;” and instantly, with useful plants, appear noxious plants; with corn, hemlock; with the other nutritious plants, hellebore, monkshood, mandrake and the juice of the poppy. What then? Shall we show no gratitude for so many beneficial gifts, and reproach the Creator for those which may be harmful to our life? And shall we not reflect that all has not been created in view of the wants of our bellies? The nourishing plants, which are destined for our use, are close at hand, and known by all the world. But in creation nothing exists without a reason. The blood of the bull is a poison:  7  “Taurorum (sanguis) pestifer potu maxime.” Plin. xi. 90. Taurinus recens inter venena est. 2d. xxviii. 41. cf. Dioscorid. in Alexiph. 25. ought this animal then, whose strength is so serviceable to man, not to have been created, or, if created, to have been bloodless? But you have sense enough in yourself to keep you free from deadly things. What! Sheep and goats know how to turn away from what threatens their life, discerning danger by instinct alone: and you, who have reason and the art of medicine to supply what you need, and the experience of your forebears to tell you to avoid all that is dangerous, you tell me that you find it difficult to keep yourself from poisons! But not a single thing has been created without reason, not a single thing is useless. One serves as food to some animal; medicine has found in another a relief for one of our maladies. Thus the starling eats hemlock, its constitution rendering it insusceptible to the action of the poison. Thanks to the tenuity of the pores of its heart, the malignant juice is no sooner swallowed than it is digested, before its chill can attack the vital parts.  8  cf. Galen. De Simp. Pac. iii. The quail, thanks to its peculiar temperament, whereby it escapes the dangerous effects, feeds on hellebore. There are even circumstances where poisons are useful to men; with mandrake  9  ὁ μανδραγόρας τους ἀνθρώπους κοιμίζει. Xen., Symp. ii. 24. doctors give us sleep; with opium they lull violent pain. Hemlock has ere now been used to appease the rage of unruly diseases;  10  cf. Aratæus, De Morb. Aent. ii. 11. and many times hellebore has taken away long standing disease.  11  The Black Hellebore, or Christmas Rose, is a recognised alternative. Whether this is the plant of Anticyra is doubtful. These plants, then, instead of making you accuse the Creator, give you a new subject for gratitude.

Τί εἴπω; τί σιωπήσω; Ἐν πλουσίοις τῆς κτίσεως θησαυροῖς ἄπορος μὲν ἡ εὕρεσις τοῦ τιμιωτέρου, δυσφορωτάτη δὲ ἡ ζημία τοῦ παρεθέντος. Βλαστησάτω ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου. Καὶ εὐθέως συνεξεδόθη τοῖς τροφίμοις τὰ δηλητήρια: μετὰ τοῦ σίτου τὸ κώνειον: μετὰ τῶν λοιπῶν τροφίμων ἑλλέβορος, καὶ ἀκόνιτον, καὶ μανδραγόρας, καὶ ὁ τῆς μήκωνος ὀπός. Τί οὖν; ἀφέντες τὸ ἐπὶ τοῖς χρησίμοις τὴν χάριν ὁμολογεῖν, ἐγκαλέσομεν τῷ δημιουργῷ ἐπὶ τοῖς φθαρτικοῖς ἡμῶν τῆς ζωῆς; ἐκεῖνο δὲ οὐ λογισόμεθα, ὅτι οὐ πάντα τῆς γαστρὸς ἕνεκεν τῆς ἡμετέρας δεδημιούργηται; Ἀλλ' ἡμῖν μὲν αἱ ἀποτεταγμέναι τροφαὶ πρόχειροι καὶ πᾶσιν εὔγνωστοι: ἕκαστον δὲ τῶν γενομένων ἴδιόν τινα λόγον ἐν τῇ κτίσει πληροῖ. Μὴ γὰρ ἐπειδή σοι δηλητήριον τὸ ταύριον αἷμα, τούτου ἕνεκεν ἔδει ἢ μὴ παραχθῆναι τὸ ζῷον, ἢ παραχθὲν ἄναιμον εἶναι, οὗ τῆς ἰσχύος πρὸς τοσαῦτα ἡμῶν ἐπιδεῖται ὁ βίος; Ἀλλά σοι μὲν αὐτάρκης ὁ σύνοικος λόγος πρὸς τὴν φυλακὴν τῶν ὀλεθρίων. Οὐ δήπου γὰρ πρόβατα μὲν καὶ αἶγες ἴσασιν ἀποφεύγειν τὰ κακοῦντα αὐτῶν τὴν ζωὴν, μόνῃ τῇ αἰσθήσει τὸ βλαβερὸν διακρίνοντα: σοὶ δὲ ᾧ καὶ λόγος πάρεστι, καὶ ἰατρικὴ τέχνη τὸ χρήσιμον ἐκπορίζουσα, καὶ ἡ τῶν προλαβόντων πεῖρα τῶν βλαπτόντων τὴν φυγὴν ὑποβάλλουσα, χαλεπόν ἐστιν, εἰπέ μοι, ἐκκλῖναι τὰ δηλητήρια; Ἔστι δὲ τούτων οὐδὲν ἀργῶς, οὐδὲν ἀχρήστως γεγενημένον. Ἢ γὰρ τροφὴν παρέχει τινὶ τῶν ἀλόγων: ἢ καὶ ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς παρὰ τῆς ἰατρικῆς τέχνης εἰς παραμυθίαν τινῶν ἀρρωστημάτων ἐξεύρηται. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ κώνειον οἱ ψᾶρες βόσκονται, διὰ τὴν κατασκευὴν τοῦ σώματος τὴν ἐκ τοῦ δηλητηρίου βλάβην ἀποδιδράσκοντες. Λεπτοὺς γὰρ ἔχοντες τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς καρδίας πόρους, φθάνουσιν ἐκπέψαι τὸ καταποθὲν, πρὶν τὴν ἀπ' αὐτοῦ ψύξιν τῶν καιρίων καθάψασθαι. Ἑλλέβορος δὲ ὀρτύγων ἐστὶ τροφὴ, ἰδιότητι κράσεως τὴν βλάβην ἀποφευγόντων. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἐν καιρῷ ποτε καὶ ἡμῖν χρήσιμα. Διὰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ μανδραγόρου ὕπνον ἰατροὶ κατεπάγουσιν: ὀπίῳ δὲ τὰς σφοδρὰς ὀδύνας τῶν σωμάτων κατακοιμίζουσιν. Ἤδη δέ τινες τῷ κωνείῳ καὶ τὸ λυσσῶδες τῶν ὀρέξεων κατεμάραναν: καὶ τῷ ἑλλεβόρῳ πολλὰ τῶν χρονίων παθῶν ἐξεμόχλευσαν. Ὥστε ὃ ἐνόμιζες ἔχειν κατὰ τοῦ κτίσαντος ἔγκλημα, τοῦτό σοι εἰς προσθήκην εὐχαριστίας περιελήλυθε.