9. “  And God made two great lights .”  29  Gen. i. 16. The word “great,” if, for example we say it of the heaven of the earth or of the sea, may have an absolute sense; but ordinarily it has only a relative meaning, as a great horse, or a great ox. It is not that these animals are of an immoderate size, but that in comparison with their like they deserve the title of great. What idea shall we ourselves form here of greatness? Shall it be the idea that we have of it in the ant and in all the little creatures of nature, which we call great in comparison with those like themselves, and to show their superiority over them? Or shall we predicate greatness of the luminaries, as of the natural greatness inherent in them? As for me, I think so. If the sun and moon are great, it is not in comparison with the smaller stars, but because they have such a circumference that the splendour which they diffuse lights up the heavens and the air, embracing at the same time earth and sea. In whatever part of heaven they may be, whether rising, or setting, or in mid heaven, they appear always the same in the eyes of men, a manifest proof of their prodigious size. For the whole extent of heaven cannot make them appear greater in one place and smaller in another. Objects which we see afar off appear dwarfed to our eyes, and in measure as they approach us we can form a juster idea of their size. But there is no one who can be nearer or more distant from the sun. All the inhabitants of the earth see it at the same distance. Indians and Britons see it of the same size. The people of the East do not see it decrease in magnitude when it sets; those of the West do not find it smaller when it rises. If it is in the middle of the heavens it does not vary in either aspect. Do not be deceived by mere appearance, and because it looks a cubit’s breadth, imagine it to be no bigger.  30  “Tertia ex utroque vastitas solis aperitur, ut non sit necesse amplitudinem ejus oculorum argumentis, atque conjectura animi scrutari: immensum esse quia arborum in limitibus porrectarum in quotlibet passuum millia umbras paribus jaciat intervallis, tanquam toto spatio medius: et quia per æquinoctium omnibus in meridiana plaga habitantibus, simul fiat a vertice: ita quia circa solstitialem circulum habitantium meridie ad Septemtrionem umbræ cadant, ortu vero ad occasum. Quæ fieri nullo modo possent nisi multo quam terra major esset.” Plin. ii. 8. At a very great distance objects always lose size in our eyes; sight, not being able to clear the intermediary space, is as it were exhausted in the middle of its course, and only a small part of it reaches the visible object.  31  Πλάτων κατὰ συναύγειαν, τοῦ μὲν ἐκ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν φωτὸς ἐπὶ ποσὸν ἀποῤ& 191·έοντος εἰς τὸν ὁμογενῆ ἀ& 153·ρα, τοῦ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος φερομένου ἀποῤ& 191·εῖν· τὸν δὲ μεταξὺ ἀ& 153·ρα εὐδιάχυτον ὄντα καὶ εὔτρεπτον, συνεκτείνοντος τῷ πυρώδει τῆς ὄψεως, αὕτη, λέγεται πλατωνικὴ συναύγεια. Plut. περὶ τῶν ἀρεσκ. iv. 13. The Platonic theory of night is explained in the Timæus, Chap. xix. Our power of sight is small and makes all we see seem small, affecting what it sees by its own condition. Thus, then, if sight is mistaken its testimony is fallible. Recall your own impressions and you will find in yourself the proof of my words. If you have ever from the top of a high mountain looked at a large and level plain, how big did the yokes of oxen appear to you? How big were the ploughmen themselves? Did they not look like ants?  32  Plato (Phæd. § 133) makes the same comparison. ῎Ετι τοίνον, ἔφη, πάμμεγά τε εἶναι αὐτό, καὶ ἡμᾶς οἰκεϊν τοὺς μέχρι ῾Ηρακλείων στηλῶν ἀπὸ Φάσιδος ἐν σμικρῷ τινὶ μορί& 251· ὥςπερ περι τέλμα μύρμηκας ἢ βατράχους περὶ τὴν θάλατταν ὀικοῦντας. Fialon names Seneca (Quæst. Nat. i. præf. 505) and Lucian (Hermotimus v. and Icaromenippus xix.) as following him. To these may be added Celsus “καταγελῶν τὸ ᾽Ιουδαιων καὶ Χριστιανῶν γενος” in Origen, C. Cels iv. 517, B. If from the top of a commanding rock, looking over the wide sea, you cast your eyes over the vast extent how big did the greatest islands appear to you? How large did one of those barks of great tonnage, which unfurl their white sails to the blue sea, appear to you. Did it not look smaller than a dove? It is because sight, as I have just told you, loses itself in the air, becomes weak and cannot seize with exactness the object which it sees. And further: your sight shows you high mountains intersected by valleys as rounded and smooth, because it reaches only to the salient parts, and is not able, on account of its weakness, to penetrate into the valleys which separate them. It does not even preserve the form of objects, and thinks that all square towers are round. Thus all proves that at a great distance sight only presents to us obscure and confused objects. The luminary is then great, according to the witness of Scripture, and infinitely greater than it appears.

Καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς δύο φωστῆρας τοὺς μεγάλους. Ἐπειδὴ τὸ μέγα τὸ μὲν ἀπόλυτον ἔχει τὴν ἔννοιαν: ὡς μέγας ὁ οὐρανὸς, καὶ μεγάλη ἡ γῆ, καὶ μεγάλη ἡ θάλασσα: τὰ δὲ ὡς τὰ πολλὰ πέφυκε πρὸς ἕτερον ἀναφέρεσθαι: ὡς μέγας ὁ ἵππος, καὶ ὁ βοῦς μέγας (οὐ γὰρ ἐν τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν τοῦ σώματος ὄγκων, ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ πρὸς τὰ ὅμοια παραθέσει τὴν μαρτυρίαν τοῦ μεγέθους τὰ τοιαῦτα λαμβάνει): πῶς τοίνυν τοῦ μεγάλου τὴν ἔννοιαν ἐκδεξόμεθα; Πότερον ὡς τὸν μύρμηκα, ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν φύσει μικρῶν, μέγα προσαγορεύομεν διὰ τὴν πρὸς τὰ ὁμογενῆ σύγκρισιν τὴν ὑπεροχὴν μαρτυροῦντες; ἢ τὸ μέγα νῦν οὕτως, ὡς ἐν τῇ οἰκείᾳ τῶν φωστήρων κατασκευῇ τοῦ μεγέθους ἐμφαινομένου; Ἐγὼ μὲν οἶμαι τοῦτο. Οὐ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ μείζους τῶν μικροτέρων ἀστέρων, διὰ τοῦτο μεγάλοι: ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τοσοῦτοι τὴν περιγραφὴν, ὥστε ἐξαρκεῖν τὴν ἀπ' αὐτῶν ἀναχεομένην αὐγὴν καὶ οὐρανὸν περιλάμπειν καὶ τὸν ἀέρα, καὶ ὁμοῦ πάσῃ τῇ γῇ καὶ τῇ θαλάσσῃ συμπαρεκτείνεσθαι. Οἵ γε κατὰ πᾶν μέρος τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινόμενοι, καὶ ἀνατέλλοντες καὶ δυόμενοι καὶ τὸ μέσον ἐπέχοντες, ἴσοι πανταχόθεν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις προφαίνονται, ὅπερ ἀπόδειξιν ἔχει σαφῆ τῆς τοῦ μεγέθους περιουσίας, τῷ μηδὲν αὐτοῖς ἐπισημαίνειν τὸ πλάτος τῆς γῆς πρὸς τὸ μείζονας δοκεῖν ἢ ἐλάττονας εἶναι. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ πόρρωθεν ἀφεστῶτα μικρότερά πως ὁρῶμεν, οἷς δ' ἂν μᾶλλον ἐγγίσωμεν, μᾶλλον αὐτῶν τὸ μέγεθος ἐξευρίσκομεν. Τῷ δὲ ἡλίῳ οὐδείς ἐστιν ἐγγυτέρω καὶ οὐδεὶς πορρωτέρω, ἀλλὰ ἀπ' ἴσου τοῦ διαστήματος τοῖς κατὰ πᾶν μέρος τῆς γῆς κατῳκισμένοις προσβάλλει. Σημεῖον δὲ, ὅτι καὶ Ἰνδοὶ καὶ Βρεττανοὶ τὸν ἴσον βλέπουσιν. Οὔτε γὰρ τοῖς τὴν ἑῴαν οἰκοῦσι καταδυόμενος τοῦ μεγέθους ὑφίησιν, οὔτε τοῖς πρὸς δυσμαῖς κατῳκισμένοις ἀνατέλλων ἐλάττων φαίνεται: οὔτε μὴν ἐν τῷ μεσουρανήματι γινόμενος, τῆς ἐφ' ἑκάτερα ὄψεως παραλλάττει. Μὴ ἐξαπατάτω σε τὸ φαινόμενον: μηδ' ὅτι πηχυαῖος τοῖς ὁρῶσι δοκεῖ, τοσοῦτον αὐτὸν εἶναι λογίσῃ. Συναιρεῖσθαι γὰρ πέφυκεν ἐν τοῖς μεγίστοις διαστήμασι τὰ μεγέθη τῶν ὁρωμένων, τῆς ὁρατικῆς δυνάμεως οὐκ ἐξικνουμένης τὸν μεταξὺ τόπον διαπερᾶν, ἀλλ' οἱονεὶ ἐνδαπανωμένης τῷ μέσῳ, καὶ κατ' ὀλίγον αὐτῆς μέρος προσβαλλούσης τοῖς ὁρατοῖς. Μικρὰ οὖν ἡ ὄψις ἡμῶν γινομένη, μικρὰ ἐποίησε νομίζεσθαι τὰ ὁρώμενα, τὸ οἰκεῖον πάθος τοῖς ὁρατοῖς ἐπιφέρουσα. Ὥστε ψεύδεται ἡ ὄψις, ἄπιστον τὸ κριτήριον. Ὑπομνήσθητι δὲ τῶν οἰκείων παθῶν, καὶ παρὰ σεαυτοῦ ἕξεις τῶν λεγομένων τὴν πίστιν. Εἴ ποτε ἀπὸ ἀκρωρείας μεγάλης πεδίον εἶδες πολύ τε καὶ ὕπτιον, ἡλίκα μέν σοι τῶν βοῶν κατεφάνη τὰ ζεύγη; πηλίκοι δὲ οἱ ἀροτῆρες αὐτοί; Εἰ μὴ μυρμήκων τινά σοι παρέσχον φαντασίαν; Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ σκοπιᾶς ἐπὶ μέγα πέλαγος τετραμμένης τῇ θαλάσσῃ τὰς ὄψεις ἐπέβαλες, ἡλίκαι μέν σοι ἔδοξαν εἶναι τῶν νήσων αἱ μέγισται; πηλίκη δέ σοι κατεφάνη μία τῶν μυριοφόρων ὁλκάδων λευκοῖς ἱστίοις ὑπὲρ κυανῆς κομιζομένη θαλάσσης; Εἰ μὴ πάσης περιστερᾶς μικροτέραν σοι παρέσχετο τὴν φαντασίαν; Διότι, καθάπερ ἔφην, ἐνδαπανηθεῖσα τῷ ἀέρι ἡ ὄψις, ἐξίτηλος γινομένη, πρὸς τὴν ἀκριβῆ κατάληψιν τῶν ὁρωμένων οὐκ ἐξαρκεῖ. Ἤδη δέ που καὶ τῶν ὀρῶν τὰ μέγιστα βαθείαις φάραγξιν ἐκτετμημένα, περιφερῆ καὶ λεῖα ἡ ὄψις εἶναί φησι, ταῖς ἐξοχαῖς προσβάλλουσα μόναις, ταῖς δὲ μεταξὺ κοιλότησιν ἐμβῆναι δι' ἀτονίαν μὴ δυναμένη. Οὕτως οὐδὲ τὰ σχήματα τῶν σωμάτων ὁποῖά ἐστι διασώζει, ἀλλὰ περιφερεῖς οἴεται εἶναι τοὺς τετραγώνους τῶν πύργων. Ὥστε πανταχόθεν δῆλον, ὅτι ἐν ταῖς μεγίσταις ἀποστάσεσιν οὐκ ἔναρθρον ἀλλὰ συγκεχυμένην τῶν σωμάτων λαμβάνει τὴν εἰκασίαν. Μέγας οὖν ὁ φωστὴρ, κατὰ τὴν τῆς Γραφῆς μαρτυρίαν, καὶ ἀπειροπλασίων τοῦ φαινομένου.