3. The food of fish differs according to their species. Some feed on mud; others eat sea weed; others content themselves with the herbs that grow in water. But the greater part devour each other, and the smaller is food for the larger, and if one which has possessed itself of a fish weaker than itself becomes a prey to another, the conqueror and the conquered are both swallowed up in the belly of the last. And we mortals, do we act otherwise when we press our inferiors?  11  cf. Pericles ii. i. 3 Fish. Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea. 1 Fish. Why, as men do a-land; the great ones eat up the little ones. What difference is there between the last fish and the man who, impelled by devouring greed, swallows the weak in the folds of his insatiable avarice? Yon fellow possessed the goods of the poor; you caught him and made him a part of your abundance. You have shown yourself more unjust than the unjust, and more miserly than the miser. Look to it lest you end like the fish, by hook, by weel, or by net. Surely we too, when we have done the deeds of the wicked, shall not escape punishment at the last.

Now see what tricks, what cunning, are to be found in a weak animal, and learn not to imitate wicked doers. The crab loves the flesh of the oyster; but, sheltered by its shell, a solid rampart with which nature has furnished its soft and delicate flesh, it is a difficult prey to seize. Thus they call the oyster “sherd-hide.”  12  ὀστρακόδερμος. Thanks to the two shells with which it is enveloped, and which adapt themselves perfectly the one to the other, the claws of the crab are quite powerless. What does he do? When he sees it, sheltered from the wind, warming itself with pleasure, and half opening its shells to the sun,  13  Fialon quotes Le Fontaine Le Rat et l’Huitre: Parmi tant d’huitres toutes closes, Une s’était ouverte, et baillant au soleil, Par un doux Zéphyr réjouie, Humait l’air, respirait était épanouie, Blanche, grasse, et d’un goût, à la voir, sans pareil. he secretly throws in a pebble, prevents them from closing, and takes by cunning what force had lost.  14  Pliny ix. 48, says of the octopus: “imposito lapillo extra corpus ne palpitatu ejiciatur: ita securi grassantur, extrahuntque carnes.” Such is the malice of these animals, deprived as they are of reason and of speech. But I would that you should at once rival the crab in cunning and industry, and abstain from harming your neighbour; this animal is the image of him who craftily approaches his brother, takes advantage of his neighbour’s misfortunes, and finds his delight in other men’s troubles. O copy not the damned! Content yourself with your own lot. Poverty, with what is necessary, is of more value in the eyes of the wise than all pleasures.

I will not pass in silence the cunning and trickery of the squid, which takes the colour of the rock to which it attaches itself. Most fish swim idly up to the squid as they might to a rock, and become themselves the prey of the crafty creature.  15  cf. Theog. 215: πούλυπου ὀργὴν ἴσχε πολυπλόκου, ὃς ποτὶ πέτρῃ τῇ προσομιλήσει τοῖος ἰδεῖν ἐφάνη Νῦν μὲν τῇς ἐφέπου, ποτὲ δ᾽ἀλλοῖος χρόα γίγνου, κραιπνόν τοι σοφίη γίγνεται εὐτροπίης . Greg. Naz., Or. xxxvi.: πολλὰς μεταλαμβάνων χρόας ὥσπερ τὰ τῶν πετρῶν εἱ πολύποδες αἷς ἃν ὁμιλήσωσι, and Arist., Hist. An. ix. 37: καὶ θηρεύει τοὺς ἰχθῦς τὸ χρῶμα μεταβάλλων καὶ ποιῶν ὅμοιον οἷς δη πλησιάζῃ λίθοις. Such are men who court ruling powers, bending themselves to all circumstances and not remaining for a moment in the same purpose; who praise self-restraint in the company of the self-restrained, and license in that of the licentious, accommodating their feelings to the pleasure of each. It is difficult to escape them and to put ourselves on guard against their mischief; because it is under the mask of friendship that they hide their clever wickedness. Men like this are ravening wolves covered with sheep’s clothing, as the Lord calls them.  16  cf. Matt. vii. 15. Flee then fickleness and pliability; seek truth, sincerity, simplicity. The serpent is shifty; so he has been condemned to crawl. The just is an honest man, like Job.  17  So the Cod. Colb. and Eustathius, who renders Justus nihil habet fictum sicut Job. The Ben. Ed. suspect that Basil wrote Jacob and Job. Four mss. support Jacob alone, who, whatever may be the meaning of the Hebrew in Gen. xxv. 27, is certainly ἄπλαστος only in the LXX., and a bad instance of guilelessness. Wherefore God setteth the solitary in families.  18  Ps. lxviii. 6. So is this great and wide sea, wherein are things creeping innumerable, both small and great beasts.  19  Ps. civ. 25. Yet a wise and marvellous order reigns among these animals. Fish do not always deserve our reproaches; often they offer us useful examples. How is it that each sort of fish, content with the region that has been assigned to it, never travels over its own limits to pass into foreign seas? No surveyor has ever distributed to them their habitations, nor enclosed them in walls, nor assigned limits to them; each kind has been naturally assigned its own home. One gulf nourishes one kind of fish, another other sorts; those which swarm here are absent elsewhere. No mountain raises its sharp peaks between them; no rivers bar the passage to them; it is a law of nature, which according to the needs of each kind, has allotted to them their dwelling places with equality and justice.  20  cf. Cudworth, Int. Syst. iii. 37, 23: “Besides this plastick Nature which is in animals, forming their several bodies artificially, as so many microcosms or little worlds, there must also be a general plastick Nature in the macrocosm, the whole corporeal universe, that which makes all things thus to conspire everywhere, and agree together into one harmony. Concerning which plastick nature of the universe, the Author De Mundo writes after this manner, καὶ τὸν ὅλον κόσμον, διεκόσμησε μία ἡ διὰ πάντων διήκουσα δύναμις, one power, passing through all things, ordered and formed the whole world. Again he calls the same πνεῦμα καὶ ἔμψυχον καὶ γόνιμον οὐσίαν, a spirit, and a living and Generative Nature, and plainly declares it to be a thing distinct from the Deity, but subordinate to it and dependent on it. But Aristotle himself, in that genuine work of his before mentioned, speaks clearly and positively concerning the Plastick Nature of the Universe, as well as that of animals, in these words: ‘It seemeth that as there is Art in Artificial things, so in the things of Nature, there is another such like Principle or Cause, which we ourselves partake of: in the same manner as we do of Heat and Cold, from the Universe. Wherefore it is more probable that the whole world was at first made by such a cause as this (if at least it were made) and that it is still conserved by the same, than mortal animals should be so: for there is much more of order and determinate Regularity in the Heavenly Bodies that in ourselves; but more of Fortuitousness and inconstant Regularity among these mortal things. Notwithstanding which, some there are, who though they cannot but acknowledge that the Bodies of Animals were all framed by an Artificial Nature, yet they will need contend that the System of the Heavens sprung merely from Fortune and Chance; although there be not the least appearance of Fortuitousness or Temerity in it.’ And then he sums up all into this conclusion: ὥστε εἶναι φανερὸν ὅτι ἔστι τι τοιοῦτον ὃ δὴ καὶ καλοῦμεν φύσιν. ‘Wherefore it is manifest that there is some such thing as that which we call Nature,’ that is, that there is not only an ‘Artificial,’ ‘Methodical,’ and Plastick Nature in Animals, by which their respective Bodies are Framed and Conserved, but also that there is such a General Plastick Nature likewise in the Universe, by which the Heavens and whole World are thus Artificially Ordered and Disposed.”

Τροφὴ δὲ ἰχθύσιν ἄλλοις ἄλλη κατὰ γένος διωρισμένη. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἰλύϊ τρέφονται: οἱ δὲ τοῖς φυκίοις: ἄλλοι ταῖς βοτάναις ταῖς ἐντρεφομέναις τῷ ὕδατι ἀρκοῦνται. Ἀλληλοφάγοι δὲ τῶν ἰχθύων οἱ πλεῖστοι, καὶ ὁ μικρότερος παρ' ἐκείνοις βρῶμά ἐστι τοῦ μείζονος. Κἄν ποτε συμβῇ τὸν τοῦ ἐλάττονος κρατήσαντα ἑτέρου γενέσθαι θήραμα, ὑπὸ τὴν μίαν ἄγονται γαστέρα τοῦ τελευταίου. Τί οὖν ἡμεῖς οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἄλλο τι ποιοῦμεν ἐν τῇ καταδυναστείᾳ τῶν ὑποδεεστέρων; τί διαφέρει τοῦ τελευταίου ἰχθύος ὁ τῇ λαιμάργῳ φιλοπλουτίᾳ τοῖς ἀπληρώτοις τῆς πλεονεξίας αὐτοῦ κόλποις ἐναποκρύπτων τοὺς ἀσθενεῖς; Ἐκεῖνος εἶχε τὰ τοῦ πένητος: σὺ τοῦτον λαβὼν μέρος ἐποιήσω τῆς περιουσίας σεαυτοῦ. Ἀδίκων ἀδικώτερος ἀνεφάνης, καὶ πλεονεκτικώτερος πλεονέκτου. Ὅρα μὴ τὸ αὐτό σε πέρας τῶν ἰχθύων ἐκδέξηται, ἄγκιστρόν που, ἢ κύρτος, ἢ δίκτυον. Πάντως γὰρ καὶ ἡμεῖς πολλὰ τῶν ἀδίκων διεξελθόντες, τὴν τελευταίαν τιμωρίαν οὐκ ἀποδρασόμεθα. Ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἐν ἀσθενεῖ ζῴῳ πολὺ τὸ πανοῦργον καὶ ἐπίβουλον καταμαθὼν, βούλομαί σε φυγεῖν τῶν κακούργων τὴν μίμησιν. Ὁ καρκῖνος τῆς σαρκὸς ἐπιθυμεῖ τοῦ ὀστρέου: ἀλλὰ δυσάλωτος ἡ ἄγρα αὐτῷ διὰ τὴν περιβολὴν τοῦ ὀστράκου γίνεται. Ἀρραγεῖ γὰρ ἑρκίῳ τὸ ἁπαλὸν τῆς σαρκὸς ἡ φύσις κατησφαλίσατο. Διὸ καὶ ὀστρακόδερμον προσηγόρευται. Καὶ ἐπειδὴ δύο κοιλότητες ἀκριβῶς ἀλλήλαις προσηρμοσμέναι τὸ ὄστρεον περιπτύσσονται, ἀναγκαίως ἄπρακτοί εἰσιν αἱ χηλαὶ τοῦ καρκίνου. Τί οὖν ποιεῖ; Ὅταν ἴδῃ ἐν ἀπηνέμοις χωρίοις μεθ' ἡδονῆς διαθαλπόμενον, καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἀκτῖνα τοῦ ἡλίου τὰς πτύχας ἑαυτοῦ διαπλώσαντα, τότε δὴ λάθρᾳ ψηφῖδα παρεμβαλὼν, διακωλύει τὴν σύμπτυξιν, καὶ εὑρίσκεται τὸ ἐλλεῖπον τῆς δυνάμεως διὰ τῆς ἐπινοίας περιεχόμενος. Αὕτη ἡ κακία τῶν μήτε λόγου μήτε φωνῆς μετεχόντων. Ἐγὼ δέ σε βούλομαι τὸ ποριστικὸν καὶ εὐμήχανον τῶν καρκίνων ζηλοῦντα, τῆς βλάβης τῶν πλησίον ἀπέχεσθαι. Τοιοῦτός ἐστιν ὁ πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν πορευόμενος δόλῳ, καὶ ταῖς τῶν πλησίον ἀκαιρίαις ἐπιτιθέμενος, καὶ ταῖς ἀλλοτρίαις συμφοραῖς ἐντρυφῶν. Φεῦγε τὰς μιμήσεις τῶν κατεγνωσμένων. Τοῖς οἰκείοις ἀρκοῦ. Πενία μετὰ αὐταρκείας ἀληθοῦς, πάσης ἀπολαύσεως τοῖς σωφρονοῦσι προτιμοτέρα. Οὐκ ἂν παρέλθοιμι τὸ τοῦ πολύποδος δολερὸν καὶ ἐπίκλοπον, ὃς ὁποίᾳ ποτ' ἂν ἑκάστοτε πέτρᾳ περιπλακῇ, τὴν ἐκείνης ὑπέρχεται χρόαν. Ὥστε τοὺς πολλοὺς τῶν ἰχθύων ἀπροόπτως νηχομένους τῷ πολύποδι περιπίπτειν, ὡς τῇ πέτρᾳ δῆθεν, καὶ ἕτοιμον γίνεσθαι θήραμα τῷ πανούργῳ. Τοιοῦτοί εἰσι τὸ ἦθος οἱ τὰς ἀεὶ κρατούσας δυναστείας ὑπερχόμενοι, καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἑκάστοτε χρείας μεθαρμοζόμενοι, μὴ ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἀεὶ προαιρέσεως βεβηκότες, ἀλλ' ἄλλοι καὶ ἄλλοι ῥᾳδίως γινόμενοι, σωφροσύνην τιμῶντες μετὰ σωφρόνων, ἀκόλαστοι δὲ ἐν ἀκολάστοις, πρὸς τὴν ἑκάστου ἀρέσκειαν τὰς γνώμας μετατιθέμενοι. Οὓς οὐδὲ ῥᾴδιον ἐκκλῖναι, οὐδὲ τὴν ἀπ' αὐτῶν φυλάξασθαι βλάβην, διὰ τὸ ἐν τῷ προσχήματι τῆς φιλίας βαθέως κατεσκευασμένην τὴν πονηρίαν κατακεκρύφθαι. Τὰ τοιαῦτα ἤθη λύκους ἅρπαγας ὀνομάζει ὁ Κύριος, ἐν ἐνδύμασι προβάτων προφαινομένους. Φεῦγε τὸ παντοδαπὸν καὶ πολλαπλοῦν τοῦ τρόπου: δίωκε δὲ ἀλήθειαν, εἰλικρίνειαν, ἁπλότητα. Ὁ ὄφις ποικίλος: διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἕρπειν κατεδικάσθη. Ὁ δίκαιος ἄπλαστος, ὁποῖος ὁ Ἰακώβ. Διὰ τοῦτο Κατοικίζει Κύριος μονοτρόπους ἐν οἴκῳ. Αὕτη ἡ θάλασσα ἡ μεγάλη καὶ εὐρύχωρος: ἐκεῖ ἑρπετὰ, ὧν οὐκ ἔστιν ἀριθμός: ζῷα μικρὰ μετὰ μεγάλων. Ἀλλ' ὅμως σοφή τίς ἐστι παρ' αὐτοῖς καὶ εὔτακτος διακόσμησις. Οὐ γὰρ μόνον κατηγορεῖν ἔχομεν τῶν ἰχθύων, ἀλλ' ἔστιν ἃ καὶ μιμήσασθαι ἄξιον. Πῶς τὰ γένη τῶν ἰχθύων ἕκαστα τὴν ἐπιτηδείαν ἑαυτοῖς διανειμάμενα χώραν, οὐκ ἐπεμβαίνει ἀλλήλοις, ἀλλὰ τοῖς οἰκείοις ὅροις ἐνδιατρίβει; Οὐδεὶς γεωμέτρης παρ' αὐτοῖς κατένειμε τὰς οἰκήσεις: οὐ τείχεσι περιγέγραπται: οὐχ ὁροθεσίοις διῄρηται: καὶ αὐτομάτως ἑκάστῳ τὸ χρήσιμον ἀποτέτακται. Οὗτος μὲν γὰρ ὁ κόλπος τάδε τινὰ γένη τῶν ἰχθύων βόσκει, κἀκεῖνος ἕτερα: καὶ τὰ ὧδε πληθύνοντα, ἄπορα παρ' ἑτέροις. Οὐδὲν ὄρος ὀξείαις κορυφαῖς ἀνατεταμένον διίστησιν, οὐ ποταμὸς τὴν διάβασιν ἀποτέμνεται, ἀλλὰ νόμος τίς ἐστι φύσεως ἴσως καὶ δικαίως κατὰ τὸ ἑκάστου χρειῶδες τὴν δίαιταν ἑκάστοις ἀποκληρῶν.