6. It is said that the turtle-dove, once separated from her mate, does not contract a new union, but remains in widowhood, in remembrance of her first alliance.  30  Arist., H.A. ix. 7. Listen, O women! What veneration for widowhood, even in these creatures devoid of reason, how they prefer it to an unbecoming multiplicity of marriages. The eagle shows the greatest injustice in the education which she gives to her young. When she has hatched two little ones, she throws one on the ground, thrusting it out with blows from her wings, and only acknowledges the remaining one. It is the difficulty of finding food which has made her repulse the offspring she has brought forth. But the osprey, it is said, will not allow it to perish, she carries it away and brings it up with her young ones.  31  Ar. vi. 6 and ix. 34. “Melanaetos…sola aquilarum fœtus suos alit; ceteræ…fugant.” Plin. x. 3. “Pariunt ova terna: excludunt pullos binos: visi sunt et tres aliquando.” id. 4, following Musæus (apud Plutarch, In Mario, p. 426). ὡς τρία μὲν τίκτει, δύο δ᾽ ἔκλεπει, ἓν δ᾽ ἀλεγίζει. On the osprey, see Arist., H.A. ix. 44 and Pliny loc. “Sed ejectos ab his cognatum genus ossifragi excipiunt, et educant cum suis.” Such are parents who, under the plea of poverty, expose their children; such are again those who, in the distribution of their inheritance, make unequal divisions. Since they have given existence equally to each of their children, it is just that they should equally and without preference furnish them with the means of livelihood. Beware of imitating the cruelty of birds with hooked talons. When they see their young are from henceforth capable of encountering the air in their flight, they throw them out of the nest, striking them and pushing them with their wings, and do not take the least care of them. The love of the crow for its young is laudable! When they begin to fly, she follows them, gives them food, and for a very long time provides for their nourishment. Many birds have no need of union with males to conceive. But their eggs are unfruitful, except those of vultures, who more often, it is said, bring forth without coupling:  32  Arist., Hist. An. vi. 6 and ix. 15. So Pliny x. vii. “Nidos nemo attigit: ideo etiam fuere qui putarent illos ex adverso orbe advolare, nidificant enim in excelsissimis rupibus.” cf. also Ælian, ii. 46: γῦπα δὲ ἄρρενα οὔ φασι γίγνεσθαί ποτε ἀλλὰ θηλείας ἁπάσας. and this although they have a very long life, which often reaches its hundredth year. Note and retain, I pray you, this point in the history of birds; and if ever you see any one laugh at our mystery, as if it were impossible and contrary to nature that a virgin should become a mother without losing the purity of her virginity, bethink you that He who would save the faithful by the foolishness of preaching, has given us beforehand in nature a thousand reasons for believing in the marvellous.  33  This analogy is repeated almost in identical words in Basil’s Hom. xxii. De Providentia. cf. also his Com. on Isaiah. St. Ambrose repeats the illustration (Hex. v. 20). The analogy, even if the facts were true, would be false and misleading. But it is curious to note that were any modern divine desirous of here following in Basil’s track, he might find the alleged facts in the latest modern science,—e.g. in the so-called Parthenogenesis, or virginal reproduction, among insects, as said to be demonstrated by Siebold. Haeckel (Hist. of Creation, Lankester’s ed. ii. p. 198) represents sexual reproduction as quite a recent development of non-sexual reproduction.

Τὴν τρυγόνα φασὶ διαζευχθεῖσάν ποτε τοῦ ὁμόζυγος, μηκέτι τὴν πρὸς ἕτερον καταδέχεσθαι κοινωνίαν, ἀλλὰ μένειν ἀσυνδύαστον, μνήμῃ τοῦ ποτὲ συζευχθέντος τὴν πρὸς ἕτερον κοινωνίαν ἀπαρνουμένην. Ἀκουέτωσαν αἱ γυναῖκες, ὅπως τὸ σεμνὸν τῆς χηρείας, καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἀλόγοις, τοῦ ἐν ταῖς πολυγαμίαις ἀπρεποῦς προτιμότερον. Ἀδικώτατος περὶ τὴν τῶν ἐκγόνων ἐκτροφὴν ὁ ἀετός. Δύο γὰρ ἐξαγαγὼν νεοσσοὺς, τὸν ἕτερον αὐτῶν εἰς γῆν καταρρήγνυσι, ταῖς πληγαῖς τῶν πτερῶν ἀπωθούμενος: τὸν δὲ ἕτερον μόνον ἀναλαβὼν, οἰκειοῦται, διὰ τὸ τῆς τροφῆς ἐπίπονον ἀποποιούμενος ὃν ἐγέννησεν. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐᾷ τοῦτον, ὥς φασι, διαφθαρῆναι ἡ φήνη: ἀλλ' ὑπολαβοῦσα αὐτὸν τοῖς οἰκείοις ἑαυτῆς νεοσσοῖς συνεκτρέφει. Τοιοῦτοι, τῶν γονέων, οἱ ἐπὶ προφάσει πενίας ἐκτιθέμενοι τὰ νήπια: ἢ καὶ ἐν τῇ διανομῇ τοῦ κλήρου ἀνισότατοι πρὸς τὰ ἔκγονα. Δίκαιον γὰρ, ὥσπερ ἐξ ἴσου μεταδεδώκασιν ἑκάστῳ τοῦ εἶναι, οὕτω καὶ τὰς πρὸς τὸ ζῆν ἀφορμὰς ἴσως αὐτοῖς καὶ ὁμοτίμως παρέχειν. Μὴ μιμήσῃ τῶν γαμψωνύχων ὀρνίθων τὸ ἀπηνές: οἳ ἐπειδὰν ἴδωσι τοὺς ἑαυτῶν νεοττοὺς κατατολμῶντας λοιπὸν τῆς πτήσεως, ἐκβάλλουσι τῆς καλιᾶς, τύπτοντες τοῖς πτεροῖς καὶ ὠθοῦντες, καὶ οὐδεμίαν ἐπιμέλειαν ποιοῦνται πρὸς τὸ λοιπόν. Ἐπαινετὸν τῆς κορώνης τὸ φιλότεκνον: ἣ καὶ πετομένων ἤδη παρέπεται, σιτίζουσα αὐτοὺς καὶ ἐκτρέφουσα μέχρι πλείστου. Πολλὰ τῶν ὀρνίθων γένη οὐδὲν πρὸς τὴν κύησιν δεῖται τῆς τῶν ἀρρένων ἐπιπλοκῆς: ἀλλ' ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἄγονά ἐστι τὰ ὑπηνέμια, τοὺς δὲ γύπας φασὶν ἀσυνδυάστως τίκτειν ὡς τὰ πολλὰ, καὶ ταῦτα μακροβιωτάτους ὄντας: οἷς γε μέχρις ἑκατὸν ἐτῶν, ὡς τὰ πολλὰ, παρατείνεται ἡ ζωή. Τοῦτό μοι ἔχε παρασεσημειωμένον ἐκ τῆς περὶ τοὺς ὄρνιθας ἱστορίας, ἵν' ἐπειδάν ποτε ἴδῃς γελῶντάς τινας τὸ μυστήριον ἡμῶν, ὡς ἀδυνάτου ὄντος καὶ ἔξω τῆς φύσεως, παρθένον τεκεῖν, τῆς παρθενίας αὐτῆς φυλαττομένης ἀχράντου, ἐνθυμηθῇς ὅτι ὁ εὐδοκήσας ἐν τῇ μωρίᾳ τοῦ κηρύγματος σῶσαι τοὺς πιστεύοντας, μυρίας ἐκ τῆς φύσεως ἀφορμὰς πρὸς τὴν πίστιν τῶν παραδόξων προλαβὼν κατεβάλετο.