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was granted, not for adultery nor corruption. The laws also know how to pardon sins of necessity; or rather, there is no sin that comes from necessity, but all from insolence. For God did not so create nature as to have a necessity of sinning; for if this were so, there would be no punishment. For we do not demand an account for things done by necessity and force, much less God who is so loving and good. But what? Is stealing a matter of necessity? Yes, he says; for poverty does this. Poverty rather compels one to work, not to steal. Poverty, therefore, does the opposite; for stealing comes from idleness, but poverty is accustomed to beget industry, not idleness. So this too is a matter of sloth. And learn this from the following: for what, tell me, is more difficult, what more unpleasant, to go about sleepless at night, and to dig through walls, and to walk in darkness, and to hold one's life in one's hands, and to be arrayed for murder, and to tremble, and to be dead with fear, than to attend to daily labors, and enjoy safety with security? This is easy; and because this is easy, most people do this, rather than that. 62.21 4. Do you see that virtue is according to nature, but vice is contrary to nature, just like sickness and health? But what about lying and committing perjury, what necessity could that have? None at all, nor any force, but we come to this willingly. We are disbelieved, he says. We are disbelieved, because we wish it; for it was possible for us to be believed from our character rather than from oaths. For why, tell me, do we believe some who do not even swear, and consider others trustworthy even without oaths? Do you see that there is no need of oaths anywhere? If so-and-so says it, he says, I believe it even without oaths; but you I do not believe even with oaths. Therefore the oath is superfluous, and this is a proof of disbelief rather than of belief. For being ready to swear does not allow one to have a reputation for piety. So that he who most constantly uses an oath has no necessary need of the oath; but he who uses it not at all, enjoys the benefit of it for himself. Is there any longer a need for an oath to be believed? Not at all; for we see that those who do not swear are believed more. But what? Is being insolent a matter of necessity? Yes, he says; for anger leads one astray, and burns, and does not allow the soul to be at rest. It is not of anger, O man, but of faintheartedness to be insolent; for if it were of anger, all men when angry would not cease from being insolent. We have anger, not that we might be insolent to our neighbors, but that we might turn back sinners, that we might be stirred up, that we might not be sluggish. Anger is placed in us like a goad, that we might gnash our teeth against the devil, that we might be fierce toward him, not that we should stand against one another. We have weapons, not that we should fight ourselves, but that we should use the whole armor against the enemy. Are you quick to anger? Be so against your own sins, rebuke your soul, scourge your conscience, be a vehement critic and a bitter judge of your own sins. This is the benefit of anger; for this reason God placed it in us. But is robbery from necessity? Not at all; for what necessity is there to rob, tell me? What force? Poverty, he says, does it, and the fear of lacking necessities. For this reason, therefore, you ought not to rob; for such wealth is not secure. But you do the same thing as if someone, being asked why he lays the foundations of his house on sand, should say, Because of the frost, because of the rain. For this very reason, therefore, one ought not to lay them on sand; for rain and winds and breezes quickly overturn them. So if you wish to be rich, do not be greedy. If you wish to hand down wealth to your children, 62.22 acquire it justly, if any such there be; for this remains, and stands firm; but what is not such quickly perishes and is destroyed. You wish to be rich, tell me, and you take the things of others? And yet this is not wealth, but to possess one's own things; for he who has the things of others could not be rich; since in that case even those who sell silk garments, receiving clothes from others, would be called more prosperous and richer than all; and yet for the time they are theirs, but nevertheless them not

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παρεσχέθη, οὐ διὰ μοιχείαν οὐδὲ διαφθοράν. Ἴσασι καὶ οἱ νόμοι τοῖς ἐξ ἀνάγκης συγγινώσκειν ἁμαρτήμασι· μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἁμάρτημα ἐξ ἀνάγκης γινόμενον, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἀπὸ ὕβρεως. Οὐ γὰρ οὕτως ὁ Θεὸς τὴν φύσιν ἐδημιούργησεν, ὡς ἀνάγκην ἔχειν ἁμαρτάνειν· ἐπεὶ εἰ τοῦτο ἦν, κόλασις οὐκ ἦν. Τῶν γὰρ κατὰ ἀνάγκην καὶ βίαν οὐδὲ ἡμεῖς ἀπαιτοῦμεν λόγον, μήτιγε ὁ Θεὸς ὁ οὕτω φιλάνθρωπος καὶ ἀγαθός. Ἀλλὰ τί; τὸ κλέπτειν ἀνάγκης ἐστί; Ναὶ, φησίν· ἡ γὰρ πενία τοῦτο ποιεῖ. Ἡ πενία ἐργάζεσθαι μᾶλλον ἀναγκάζει, οὐ κλέπτειν. Ἡ πενία τοίνυν τοὐναντίον ποιεῖ· τὸ γὰρ κλέπτειν, ἀργίας ἐστὶν, ἡ δὲ πενία οὐκ ἀργίαν, ἀλλὰ φιλοπονίαν τίκτειν εἴωθεν. Ὥστε καὶ τοῦτο ῥᾳθυμίας ἐστί. Καὶ ὧδε μάθῃς· τί γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, δυσκολώτερον, τί δὲ ἀηδέστερον, τὰς νύκτας ἀγρυπνοῦντα περιιέναι, καὶ τοίχους διορύττειν, καὶ ἐν σκότει βαδίζειν, καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἔχειν ἐν χερσὶ, καὶ πρὸς φόνον παρατετάχθαι, καὶ τρέμειν, καὶ τεθνηκέναι τῷ δέει, ἢ πόνοις προσέχειν καθημερινοῖς, καὶ ἀσφαλείας ἀπολαύειν μετὰ ἀδείας; Τοῦτο εὔκολον· καὶ ὅτι τοῦτο εὔκολον, οἱ πλείους τοῦτο πράττουσιν, ἢ ἐκεῖνο. 62.21 δʹ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι κατὰ φύσιν μὲν ἡ ἀρετὴ, παρὰ φύσιν δὲ ἡ κακία, καθάπερ ἡ νόσος καὶ ἡ ὑγεία; Τί δὲ τὸ ψεύδεσθαι καὶ ἐπιορκεῖν, ποίαν ἂν ἔχοι ἀνάγκην; Οὐδεμίαν, οὐδὲ βίαν, ἀλλ' ἑκόντες ἐπὶ τοῦτο ἐρχόμεθα. Ἀπιστούμεθα, φησίν. Ἀπιστούμεθα, ἐπειδὴ βουλόμεθα· ἐξῆν γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ τρόπου πιστεύεσθαι μᾶλλον ἡμᾶς, ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν ὅρκων. ∆ιὰ τί γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, τοῖς μὲν οὐδὲ ὀμνύουσι πιστεύομεν, τοὺς δὲ καὶ χωρὶς ὅρκων πιστοὺς ἡγούμεθα; Ὁρᾷς ὅτι οὐδαμοῦ χρεία ὅρκων; Ἂν ὁ δεῖνα εἴπῃ, φησὶ, καὶ χωρὶς ὅρκων πιστεύω· σοὶ δὲ οὐδὲ μεθ' ὅρκων. Ἄρα περιττὸν ὁ ὅρκος, καὶ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἀπιστίας, ἢ πίστεως τεκμήριον. Τὸ γὰρ εὔκολον εἶναι πρὸς τὸ ὀμόσαι οὐκ ἀφίησι δόξαν εὐλαβείας ἔχειν. Ὥστε ὁ μάλιστα συνεχῶς τῷ ὅρκῳ κεχρημένος, οὗτος οὐδαμοῦ τοῦ ὅρκου τὴν χρείαν ἔχει ἀναγκαίαν· ὁ δὲ μηδαμοῦ κεχρημένος, αὐτὸς αὐτοῦ τῆς χρείας ἀπολαύει. Χρεία ὅρκου πρὸς τὸ πιστεύεσθαι λοιπόν; Οὐδαμῶς· ὁρῶμεν γὰρ, ὅτι οἱ μὴ ὀμνύοντες, οὗτοι μᾶλλον πιστεύονται. Ἀλλὰ τί; τὸ ὑβριστὴν εἶναι ἀνάγκης ἐστί; Ναὶ, φησίν· ὁ γὰρ θυμὸς ἐξάγει, καὶ φλέγει, καὶ οὐκ ἀφίησι τὴν ψυχὴν ἠρεμεῖν. Οὐ τοῦ θυμοῦ ἐστιν, ἄνθρωπε, ἀλλὰ τῆς μικροψυχίας τὸ ὑβρίζειν· εἰ δὲ θυμοῦ ἦν, πάντες ἄνθρωποι ὀργιζόμενοι, οὐκ ἂν διέλειπον ὑβρίζοντες. Θυμὸν ἔχομεν, οὐχ ἵνα ὑβρίζωμεν τοὺς πλησίον, ἀλλ' ἵνα τοὺς ἁμαρτάνοντας ἐπιστρέφωμεν, ἵνα διανιστώμεθα, ἵνα μὴ νωθεῖς ὦμεν. Ὥσπερ τι κέντρον ἔγκειται ἡμῖν ὁ θυμὸς, ἵνα κατὰ τοῦ διαβόλου βρύχωμεν τοὺς ὀδόντας, ἵνα σφοδροὶ ὦμεν πρὸς αὐτὸν, οὐχ ἵνα κατ' ἀλλήλων στῶμεν. Ὅπλα ἔχομεν, οὐχ ἵνα ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς πολεμῶμεν, ἀλλ' ἵνα κατὰ τοῦ πολεμίου χρώμεθα τῇ παντευχίᾳ. Ὀργίλος εἶ; Ἔσο κατὰ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων τῶν σαυτοῦ τοιοῦτος, ἐπίπληττε τῇ ψυχῇ, μάστιζε τὸ συνειδὸς, σφοδρὸς ἔσο κριτὴς καὶ πικρὸς δικαστὴς τοῖς οἰκείοις ἁμαρτήμασι. Τοῦτο τῆς ὀργῆς τὸ κέρδος· διὰ τοῦτο ἡμῖν αὐτὴν ἐνέθηκεν ὁ Θεός. Ἀλλ' ἡ ἁρπαγὴ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἐστίν; Οὐδαμῶς· ποία γὰρ ἀνάγκη τὸ ἁρπάζειν, εἰπέ μοι; ποία βία; Πενία, φησὶ, ποιεῖ, καὶ τὸ δέος τῶν ἀναγκαίων. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο μὲν οὖν οὐκ ὀφείλεις ἁρπάζειν· οὐ γὰρ ἀσφαλὴς ὁ τοιοῦτος πλοῦτος. Σὺ δὲ ταυτὸν ποιεῖς, ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις ἐρωτηθεὶς, τί δήποτε εἰς ἄμμον τὰ θεμέλια τῆς οἰκίας καταβάλλοι, εἴποι, ὅτι ∆ιὰ τὸν κρυμὸν, διὰ τὸν ὑετόν. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο μὲν οὖν εἰς ἄμμον οὐκ ἐχρῆν καταβάλλειν· ἀναστρέφει γὰρ αὐτὰ ταχέως καὶ ὑετὸς καὶ πνεύματα καὶ ἄνεμος. Ὥστε εἰ πλουτεῖν θέλεις, μὴ πλεονέκτει. Εἰ παισὶ βούλει παραδοῦναι πλοῦτον, 62.22 δίκαιον κτῆσαι, εἴ γέ τίς ἐστι τοιοῦτος· οὗτος γὰρ μένει, καὶ βέβαιος ἕστηκεν· ὁ δὲ μὴ τοιοῦτος ταχέως ἀπόλλυται καὶ διαφθείρεται. Πλουτεῖν θέλεις, εἰπέ μοι, καὶ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων λαμβάνεις; Καὶ μὴν τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστι πλοῦτος, ἀλλὰ τὸ τὰ ἴδια κατέχειν· ὁ δὲ τὰ ἀλλότρια ἔχων, οὐκ ἂν εἴη πλούσιος· ἐπεὶ οὕτω γε ἂν καὶ οἱ τὰ σηρικὰ πωλοῦντες, ἱμάτια παρ' ἑτέρων λαμβάνοντες, καὶ εὐπορώτεροι καὶ πλουσιώτεροι πάντων λέγοιντο ἄν· καίτοι γε αὐτῶν ἐστι τέως, ἀλλ' ὅμως αὐτοὺς οὐ