John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Ephesians

I have not yet said the whole; for the interval is not so great. Are we then equal in the heavens, and divided below? One Lord, one faith, one baptism. Behold the hope of the calling. One God and Father of all, who is over all, and through all, and in all Himself. For was the greater invoked upon you, but the lesser upon him? for were you saved by faith, but he by works? for were sins forgiven you through baptism, but not him? Away with the thought; One God and Father of all, who is over all, and through all, and in you all. -Who is over all, that is, who is above all; And through all, that is, providing, administering; And in you all, that is, who dwells in all. And yet, he says this is of the Son; so that if it were a sign of inferiority, it would not have been said of the Father. But to each one of us grace was given. Why then, he says, and from where are the gifts different? For this always led both them and the Corinthians and many others, some to arrogance, 62.81 others to despondency and envy. For this reason he everywhere takes the example of the body; for this reason he has also set it forth now, since he was about to make mention of different gifts. He goes through it more accurately, then, in the Epistle to the Corinthians, since there especially this disease was rampant; but now he has only hinted at it here; and see what he says. He did not say, According to the faith of each, so as not to cast into despondency those who had not obtained great things; but what? According to the measure of the gift of Christ. The most principal things of all, he says, are common to all: baptism, being saved through faith, having God as Father, all partaking of the same Spirit. But if so-and-so has something more in his gift, do not be grieved, since his labor is also greater; and he who received the five talents, was required to produce five; but he who had the two, brought only two, and was in no way inferior to him. For this reason here also he comforts the hearer from the same cause. For the perfecting of the saints, he says, for the work of the ministry, for the building up of the body of Christ. For this reason he himself also said: Woe is to me, if I do not preach the gospel. For example, someone received the gift of apostleship. But for this reason woe is to him, because he received it; but you are freed from the danger. According to the measure. What is, According to the measure? That is, not according to our worth; since no one would have received what he received; but we all received from the gift. 2. And why did one receive more, and another less? This makes no difference, he says, but the matter is indifferent; for each one contributes to the building up. And by this he shows that it was not according to their own worth that one received more and another less, but for the sake of others, as he himself measured; since he also says elsewhere: But God has set the members every one of them in the body, as it has pleased him. And he does not state the reason, lest he should cast down the spirits of his hearers. Wherefore he says, When he ascended up on high, he led captivity captive, and gave gifts unto men. As if to say: Why are you proud? The whole is of God. The Prophet indeed says in the Psalm, You received gifts among men; but he himself says, He gave gifts unto men. This is the same as that. Of such a kind is also, Now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended first into the lower parts of the earth? He that descended is the same also that ascended up far above all heavens, that he might fill all things. Hearing these things, do not think of a change of place. For what he establishes in the Epistle to the Philippians, this he does here also. Just as there, when exhorting to humility, he brings forward Christ, so indeed also here, saying: He descended into the lower parts of the earth. For if this were not so, this saying which he speaks would be superfluous: He became obedient unto death. But from the ascending he hints at the descending. And the lower parts of the earth, he says, means death, from the supposition of men, just as Jacob also said: You will bring down my gray hairs with sorrow to Hades; and again in the Psalm, I will be like them that go down into the pit; that is, 62.82 to them that are dead. Why does he elaborate on this passage here? and what captivity does he speak of? That of the devil; for He took the tyrant captive, I mean the devil,

οὔπω τὸ πᾶν εἴρηκα· οὐ γὰρ τοσοῦτον τὸ μέσον. Ἐν οὖν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἴσοι, καὶ κάτω διεστήκαμεν; Εἷς Κύριος, μία πίστις, ἓν βάπτισμα. Ἰδοὺ ἡ ἐλπὶς τῆς κλήσεως. Εἷς Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ πάντων, ὁ ἐπὶ πάντων, καὶ διὰ πάντων, καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν αὐτός. Μὴ γὰρ σοὶ μὲν ὁ μείζων, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ὁ ἐλάττων ἐπεκλήθη; μὴ γὰρ σὺ μὲν ἀπὸ πίστεως, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἀπὸ ἔργων ἐσώθη; μὴ γὰρ σοὶ μὲν ἀφείθη διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος, ἐκείνῳ δὲ οὔ; Ἄπαγε· Εἷς Θεὸς καὶ Πατὴρ πάντων, ὁ ἐπὶ πάντων, καὶ διὰ πάντων, καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν ὑμῖν. -Ὁ ἐπὶ πάντων, τουτέστιν, ὁ ἐπάνω πάντων· Καὶ διὰ πάντων, τουτέστι, προνοῶν, διοικῶν· Καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν ὑμῖν, τουτέστιν, ὁ ἐν πᾶσιν οἰκῶν. Καίτοι τοῦ Υἱοῦ, τοῦτο εἶναί φησιν· ὥστε εἰ ἐλαττώσεως ἦν, οὐκ ἂν περὶ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐῤῥήθη. Ἑνὶ δὲ ἑκάστῳ ἡμῶν ἐδόθη ἡ χάρις. Τί οὖν, φησὶ, καὶ πόθεν τὰ χαρίσματα διάφορα; Τοῦτο γὰρ ἀεὶ καὶ αὐτοὺς καὶ Κορινθίους καὶ πολλοὺς ἑτέρους, τοὺς μὲν εἰς ἀπόνοιαν, τοὺς 62.81 δὲ εἰς ἀθυμίαν καὶ φθόνον ἀνῆγε. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο πανταχοῦ τὸ τοῦ σώματος ὑπόδειγμα παραλαμβάνει· διὰ τοῦτο καὶ νῦν τοῦτο τέθεικεν, ἐπειδὴ ἔμελλε διαφόρων χαρισμάτων μνημονεύειν. Ἀκριβέστερον μὲν οὖν αὐτὸ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Κορινθίους Ἐπιστολῇ ἐπεξέρχεται, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἐκεῖ μάλιστα τὸ νόσημα τοῦτο ἐτυράννει· νῦν δὲ ἐνταῦθα μόνον ᾐνίξατο· καὶ ὅρα τί φησιν. Οὐκ εἶπε, Κατὰ τὴν ἑκάστου πίστιν, ἵνα μὴ εἰς ἀθυμίαν ἐμβάλῃ ἐκείνους, τοὺς μεγάλων μὴ τετυχηκότας· ἀλλὰ τί; Κατὰ τὸ μέτρον τῆς δωρεᾶς τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Τὰ πάντων κεφαλαιωδέστερα, φησὶ, κοινὰ πάντων ἐστὶ, τὸ βάπτισμα, τὸ διὰ πίστεως σωθῆναι, τὸ τὸν Θεὸν ἔχειν Πατέρα, τὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ Πνεύματος ἅπαντας μετέχειν. Εἰ δέ τι πλέον ὁ δεῖνα ἔχει ἐν τῷ χαρίσματι, μὴ ἄλγει, ἐπεὶ καὶ ὁ πόνος αὐτῷ πλείων ἐστί· καὶ ὁ τὰ πέντε τάλαντα λαβὼν, πέντε ἀπῃτεῖτο· ὁ δὲ τὰ δύο, δύο μόνον προσήνεγκε, καὶ οὐδὲν ἔλαττον ἔσχεν ἐκείνου. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς αἰτίας παραμυθεῖται τὸν ἀκούοντα. Πρὸς καταρτισμὸν τῶν ἁγίων, φησὶν, εἰς ἔργον διακονίας, εἰς οἰκοδομὴν τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ αὐτὸς ἔλεγεν· Οὐαί μοι, ἐὰν μὴ εὐαγγελίζωμαι. Οἷον, ἀποστολῆς ἔλαβέ τις χάρισμα. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦτο αὐτῷ οὐαὶ, ἐπειδὴ ἔλαβε· σὺ δὲ τοῦ κινδύνου ἀπήλλαξαι. Κατὰ τὸ μέτρον. Τί ἐστι, Κατὰ τὸ μέτρον; Τουτέστιν, οὐ πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν ἀξίαν· ἐπεὶ οὐδ' ἂν ἔλαβεν οὐδεὶς ἃ ἔλαβεν· ἀλλὰ πάντες ἀπὸ τῆς δωρεᾶς ἐλάβομεν. βʹ. Καὶ διὰ τί ὁ μὲν πλέον, ὁ δὲ ἔλαττον; Οὐδὲν τοῦτο ποιεῖ, φησὶν, ἀλλ' ἀδιάφορον τὸ πρᾶγμά ἐστιν· ἕκαστος γὰρ πρὸς τὴν οἰκοδομὴν συντελεῖ. Καὶ διὰ τούτου δείκνυσιν, ὅτι οὐκ ἀπὸ τῆς οἰκείας ἀξίας ὁ μὲν πλέον, ὁ δὲ ἔλαττον ἔλαβεν, ἀλλὰ δι' ἑτέρους, ὡς αὐτὸς ἐμέτρησεν· ἐπεὶ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ λέγει· Τὰ δὲ μέλη ἔθετο ἓν ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, καθὼς αὐτὸς ἠθέλησε. Καὶ οὐ λέγει τὸν λόγον, ἵνα μὴ καταβάλῃ τὰ φρονήματα τῶν ἀκουόντων. ∆ιὸ λέγει· Ἀναβὰς εἰς ὕψος ᾐχμαλώτευσεν αἰχμαλωσίαν, καὶ ἔδωκε δόματα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. Ὡσεὶ ἔλεγε· Τί μέγα φρονεῖς; τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸ πᾶν γέγονεν. Ὁ μὲν Προφήτης φησὶν ἐν τῷ ψαλμῷ· Ἔλαβες δόματα ἐν ἀνθρώποις· αὐτὸς δέ φησιν· Ἔδωκε δόματα ἐν ἀνθρώποις. Τοῦτο ταυτόν ἐστιν ἐκείνῳ. Τοιοῦτόν ἐστι καὶ, Τὸ δὲ ἀνέβη τί ἐστιν, εἰ μὴ ὅτι καὶ κατέβη πρῶτον εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη τῆς γῆς; Ὁ καταβὰς, αὐτός ἐστι καὶ ὁ ἀναβὰς ὑπεράνω πάντων τῶν οὐρανῶν, ἵνα πληρώσῃ τὰ πάντα. Ταῦτα ἀκούων, μὴ μετάβασιν νόμιζε. Ὅπερ γὰρ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Φιλιππησίους Ἐπιστολῇ κατασκευάζει, τοῦτο καὶ ἐνταῦθα. Καθάπερ ἐκεῖ περὶ ταπεινοφροσύνης παραινῶν παράγει τὸν Χριστὸν, οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα, λέγων· Εἰς τὰ κατώτερα μέρη κατέβη τῆς γῆς. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ τοῦτο ἦν, περιττὸς οὗτος ὁ λόγος ὅνπερ λέγει· Ὑπήκοος γενόμενος μέχρι θανάτου. Ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἀναβῆναι τὴν κατάβασιν αἰνίττεται. Τὰ δὲ κάτω μέρη τῆς γῆς, τὸν θάνατόν φησιν, ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὑπονοίας, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ Ἰακὼβ ἔλεγε· Κατάξετε τὸ γῆράς μου μετ' ὀδύνης εἰς ᾅδου· καὶ πάλιν ἐν τῷ ψαλμῷ, Ὁμοιωθήσομαι τοῖς καταβαίνουσιν εἰς λάκκον· τουτέστι, 62.82 τοῖς ἀποθανοῦσι. ∆ιὰ τί τοῦτο τὸ χωρίον ἐπεξεργάζεται ἐνταῦθα; καὶ ποίαν αἰχμαλωσίαν φησί; Τὴν τοῦ διαβόλου· αἰχμάλωτον γὰρ τὸν τύραννον ἔλαβε, τὸν διάβολον λέγω,