John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Ephesians

to prepare and set right the souls of the disciples, but also making them afraid and delivering them to God. For since the things spoken by men, as from fellow-servants, are not sufficient 62.88 to take hold of a soul, it is necessary henceforth to deliver it to the Lord. This, therefore, Paul also does. For having discoursed on humility and unity, and on the need for one not to rise up against another, hear what he says: This I say, therefore, and testify in the Lord, that you should no longer walk as the rest of the Gentiles walk. He did not say, "no longer walk as you walk," for that word would be more striking; but he indicated the same thing, while drawing the 62.89 example from others. And writing to the Thessalonians, he does this same thing, saying: "not in the passion of lust, like the rest of the Gentiles." You are separated, he says, from their doctrines, but the whole thing has become God's; but I seek from you life and conduct according to God; this is your part. And I call the Lord as a witness of the things I have said, that I have not shrunk back, but have told you how you ought to walk. "In the vanity," he says, "of their mind." What is vanity of mind? To be occupied with vain things. And what are vain things, but all present things? about which Ecclesiastes says: "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." But someone will say: "If they are vain and vanity, for what reason were they made? If they are the works of God, how are they vain?" And there is much discussion about these things. But listen, beloved: He did not say the works of God are vain, far from it; the heaven is not vain, nor the earth vain, far from it; not the sun, nor the moon and stars, nor our own body; for all these things are very good; but what is vain? Let us hear Ecclesiastes himself saying: "I planted vineyards for myself, I made for myself male and female singers, I made for myself pools of water, I had flocks and herds, I gathered gold and silver; and I saw that all is vanity;" and again, "Vanity of vanities, all is vanity." Hear also the Prophet saying: "He heaps up treasure, and does not know for whom he will gather it." In this sense it is vanity of vanities: the splendid buildings, the much and overflowing gold, the herds of slaves strutting through the marketplace, the pride and the vainglory, the conceits and the boasting. For all these things are vain; for they have not come from God, but have been created by us. And why are they vain? Because they have no good end. Possessions are vain when they are spent on luxury; but they do not become vain when they are distributed to the poor. But when you spend them on luxury, let us see what their end is: fattening of the body, belching, flatulence, a mass of dung, heaviness in the head, softness of the flesh, and heat and exhaustion. For just as one who fills a perforated jar labors in vain, so also he who lives in luxury draws into a perforated jar. In another sense, that is called vain which was expected to have some value, but did not have it; which they also call empty, and empty hopes, and at random. And simply, that is called vain which is useful for nothing. Let us see, then, if human affairs are not such. "Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die." What then is the end, tell me? Corruption. Let us put on fine clothes and adorn ourselves, and what is the end? Nothing. Certain of the Greeks philosophized about such things, but in vain; they displayed a hard life, but simply, not looking to any useful end, but for vainglory and honor from the many. And what is honor from the many? Nothing. For if those who give the honor perish, much more does the honor. He who gives honor to another, ought first to give it to himself; but if he does not give it to himself, how can he give it to another? But now we seek honors even from worthless and contemptible men, who are themselves dishonored and reproached. What sort of honor is this then? 62.90 2. Do you see that all is vanity of vanities? For this reason he said: "In the vanity of their mind." But is not their religion also such? Why? Are not the things they worship wood and stones? He made the sun to shine for us instead of a lamp; who worships his own lamp? The sun provides the light; but when it does not

καταρτίζειν καὶ ὀρθοῦν τὰς τῶν μαθητευομένων ψυχὰς, ἀλλὰ καὶ φοβοῦντα καὶ τῷ Θεῷ παραδιδόντα. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὰ παρὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων λεγόμενα, ὡς παρὰ ὁμοδούλων, οὐχ ἱκανὰ καθ 62.88 άψασθαι ψυχῆς, ἀναγκαῖον τῷ Κυρίῳ παραδιδόναι λοιπόν. Τοῦτο οὖν καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ποιεῖ. Περὶ ταπεινοφροσύνης γὰρ καὶ ἑνώσεως διαλεχθεὶς, καὶ τοῦ μὴ δεῖν ἕτερον κατεξανίστασθαι τοῦ ἑτέρου, ἄκουσον τί φησι· Τοῦτο οὖν λέγω καὶ μαρτύρομαι ἐν Κυρίῳ, μηκέτι ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν, καθὼς καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἔθνη περιπατεῖ. Οὐκ εἶπε, Μηκέτι ὑμᾶς περιπατεῖν, καθὼς περιπατεῖτε· πληκτικώτερος γὰρ ὁ λόγος· ἀλλὰ τὸ αὐτὸ μὲν ἐδήλωσεν, ἀπὸ δὲ ἑτέρων τὸ παρά 62.89 δειγμα ἤγαγε. Καὶ πρὸς Θεσσαλονικέας δὲ γράφων, τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ποιεῖ λέγων· Μὴ ἐν πάθει ἐπιθυμίας, καθὼς καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἔθνη. ∆ιεστήκατε, φησὶ, τοῖς δόγμασιν αὐτῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ ὅλον γέγονε τοῦ Θεοῦ· ἐγὼ δὲ ζητῶ τὰ παρ' ὑμῶν, τὸν βίον καὶ τὸν περίπατον τὸν κατὰ τὸν Θεόν· τοῦτο ὑμέτερόν ἐστι. Μάρτυρα δὲ τὸν Κύριον καλῶ τῶν εἰρημένων ἐμοὶ, ὅτι οὐχ ὑπεστειλάμην, ἀλλ' εἶπον πῶς δεῖ περιπατεῖν. Ἐν ματαιότητι, φησὶ, τοῦ νοὸς αὑτῶν. Τί ἐστι νοῦ ματαιότης; Τὸ περὶ τὰ μάταια ἠσχολῆσθαι. Τίνα δέ ἐστι μάταια, ἀλλ' ἢ τὰ παρόντα ἅπαντα; περὶ ὧν φησιν ὁ Ἐκκλησιαστής· Ματαιότης ματαιοτήτων, τὰ πάντα ματαιότης. Ἀλλ' ἐρεῖ τις· Εἰ μάταια καὶ ματαιότης, τίνος ἕνεκεν γέγονεν; εἰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔργα, πῶς μάταια; καὶ πολὺς περὶ τούτων ὁ λόγος. Ἀλλ' ἄκουε, ἀγαπητέ· Οὐ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔργα εἶπε μάταια, μὴ γένοιτο· οὐκ οὐρανὸς μάταιος, οὐδὲ γῆ ματαία, μὴ γένοιτο· οὐχ ἥλιος, οὐδὲ σελήνη καὶ ἄστρα, οὐδὲ τὸ σῶμα τὸ ἡμέτερον· πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα καλὰ λίαν· ἀλλὰ τί μάταιον; Ἀκούσωμεν αὐτοῦ λέγοντος τοῦ Ἐκκλησιαστοῦ· Ἐφύτευσά μοι ἀμπελῶνας, ἐποίησά μοι ᾄδοντας καὶ ᾀδούσας, ἐποίησά μοι κολυμβήθρας ὑδάτων, ἐγένετό μοι ποίμνια καὶ βουκόλια, συνήγαγον χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον· καὶ εἶδον ὅτι πάντα ματαιότης· καὶ πάλιν, Ματαιότης ματαιοτήτων, τὰ πάντα ματαιότης. Ἄκουε καὶ τοῦ Προφήτου λέγοντος· Θησαυρίζει, καὶ οὐ γινώσκει τίνι συνάξει αὐτά. Κατὰ τοῦτο ματαιότης ματαιοτήτων, αἱ λαμπραὶ οἰκοδομαὶ, ὁ πολὺς καὶ περιῤῥέων χρυσὸς, τῶν ἀνδραπόδων αἱ ἀγέλαι κατὰ τὴν ἀγορὰν σοβοῦσαι, ὁ τῦφος καὶ ἡ κενοδοξία, τὰ φρονήματα καὶ ὁ κόμπος. Ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα μάταια· οὐ γὰρ παρὰ Θεοῦ γεγένηται, ἀλλὰ παρ' ἡμῶν δεδημιούργηται. Τί δήποτε δὲ μάταια; Ὅτι οὐδὲν ἔχει τέλος χρηστόν. Τὰ χρήματα μάταια, ὅταν εἰς τρυφὴν ἀναλίσκηται· οὐ μάταια δὲ γίνεται, ὅταν εἰς πένητας σκορπίζηται. Ὅταν δὲ εἰς τρυφὴν ἀναλώσῃς, ἴδωμεν αὐτῶν τὸ τέλος τί ποτέ ἐστι· λιπασμὸς σώματος, ἐρυγαὶ, πνεύματα, κόπρου πλῆθος, καρηβαρία, μαλακία σαρκὸς, καὶ θερμότης καὶ ἔκλυσις. Ὡς γὰρ ἂν εἴ τις τετρημένον πίθον ἐπαντλῶν ματαιοπονεῖ, οὕτω καὶ ὁ τρυφῶν εἰς πίθον τετρημένον ἀντλεῖ. Ἄλλως δὲ, μάταιον λέγεται τὸ προσδοκηθὲν μὲν ἔχειν τιμὴν, μὴ ἐσχηκὸς δέ· ὅπερ καὶ κενὸν λέγουσι, καὶ κενὰς ἐλπίδας, καὶ τὸ εἰκῆ. Καὶ ἁπλῶς δὲ μάταιον λέγεται τὸ πρὸς μηδὲν χρήσιμον. Ἴδωμεν οὖν, εἰ μὴ τοιαῦτα τὰ ἀνθρώπινα. Φάγωμεν καὶ πίωμεν· αὔριον γὰρ ἀποθνήσκομεν. Τί οὖν τὸ τέλος, εἰπέ μοι; Φθορά. Ἐνδυσώμεθα καὶ περιβαλώμεθα, καὶ τί τὸ πέρας; Οὐδέν. Τοιαῦτά τινες τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐφιλοσόφησαν, ἀλλὰ μάτην· τὸν σκληρὸν βίον ἐπεδείξαντο, ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς, οὐ πρός τι τέλος χρήσιμον ὁρῶντες, ἀλλὰ πρὸς κενοδοξίαν καὶ τὴν παρὰ τῶν πολλῶν τιμήν. Τί δὲ ἡ παρὰ τῶν πολλῶν τιμή; Οὐδέν. Εἰ γὰρ αὐτοὶ οἱ τὴν τιμὴν παρεχόμενοι ἀπόλλυνται, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἡ τιμή. Ὁ τιμὴν παρέχων ἑτέρῳ, ἑαυτῷ πρότερον ὀφείλει παρασχεῖν· εἰ δὲ μὴ παρέχοι ἑαυτῷ, πῶς ἂν ἑτέρῳ παρέξοι; Νῦν δὲ καὶ τὰς τιμὰς ζητοῦμεν ἐξ εὐτελῶν καὶ εὐκαταφρονήτων ἀνδρῶν, ἀτίμων ὄντων καὶ ἐπονειδίστων. Ποία οὖν αὕτη τιμή; 62.90 βʹ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι ματαιότης ματαιοτήτων τὰ πάντα; ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγεν· Ἐν ματαιότητι τοῦ νοὸς αὐτῶν. Ἀλλ' ἡ θρησκεία αὐτῶν οὐ τοιαύτη; Τί δαί; ἆρα οὐ ξύλα καὶ λίθοι τὰ προσκυνούμενα; Ἥλιον φαίνειν ἡμῖν ἐποίησεν ἀντὶ λύχνου· τίς τὸν λύχνον τὸν ἑαυτοῦ προσκυνεῖ; Ἥλιος παρέχει τὸ φῶς· ἀλλ' ὅταν ἐκεῖνος μὴ