John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Ephesians

making one despise things indifferent. In the first place, then, even if it were indifferent, not even so ought one to despise it, knowing that great evils are born from it and grow, and it often ends in fornication; but that it is not even indifferent is clear from this. Let us see then whence it is born; or rather let us see what sort of person the saint ought to be: gentle, meek, mourning, lamenting, afflicted. He therefore who says witty things is not a saint; even if he is a Greek, such a one is ridiculous; these things are permitted to those on the stage alone. Where there is shamefulness, there also is wit. Where there is unseasonable laughter, there also is wit. Hear the Prophet saying, Serve the Lord with fear, and rejoice unto Him with trembling. Wit makes the soul soft, lazy, dissolute; it also has often been in travail with insults, and creates wars. 3. What then? Have you not become a man in every way? Therefore put away the things of a child. But you do not think it right for your own servant to say anything unprofitable in the marketplace; but do you, who say you are a servant of God, utter jests in the marketplace? It is a desirable thing that the sober soul not be stolen away; but who will not seize the one that is dissolute? it will fall a prey to itself, and will not need the plotting and insolence of the devil. And that you may learn, see also the name itself; a witty person (eutrapelos) is called one who is versatile, of all sorts, unstable, fickle, who becomes all things; but this is far from those who serve the rock. Such a person quickly turns and changes; for he must imitate gesture and speech and laughter and gait and everything; and such a person must also devise jests; for he needs this too. But this is far from a Christian, to act the comedian. And the one who jests must needs take upon himself the needless enmities of those who are mocked at random, whether they are present, or whether they hear of it when absent. If the thing is good, why is it left to mimics? You become a mimic, and are not ashamed? Why do you not permit your freeborn women to do this? do you not reckon the thing to be a mark of a character that is not grave, and not modest? Great evils dwell in 62.120 a jesting soul, great dissoluteness and desolation; its harmony has become a gaping void, its building has become rotten, fear has been banished, reverence has departed. You have a tongue, not that you may mock another, but that you may give thanks to God. Do you not see the so-called jesters, the buffoons? these are the witty ones. Banish, I entreat, this ungracious grace from your souls; it is the business of parasites, of mimics, of dancers, of harlots; far from a free soul, far from a noble one, and far from slaves. If anyone is dishonorable, if anyone is shameful, this one is also witty. But to many the thing seems to be a virtue; and this indeed is worthy of mourning. Just as desire little by little runs aground on fornication; so also wit seems to be charming, but nothing is more ungracious than it. For hear the Scripture saying, Lightning hastens before thunder, and grace will go before a shamefaced man. But nothing is more shameless than the witty man. So his mouth is full not of grace, but of pain. Let us banish this custom from our tables. And there are some who even teach this to the poor. O the absurdity! they make those in afflictions to jest. For where is this disease not found now? It has already been brought into the Church, it has already touched the Scriptures. Shall I say something to show the excess of the evil? I am ashamed, but yet I will speak; for I wish to show to what a point the evil has advanced, that I may not seem to be speaking pettily and discoursing to you about some small thing, that I may thus be able to make you desist from your error. And let no one think I am inventing this, but I will say what I have heard. A certain person happened to be with one of those who are proud of their knowledge; and I know I will provoke laughter, but yet I will speak; and when the platter was set before them, he said, Take hold, children, lest the belly become angry. And again others say, Woe to you, mammon, and to him who does not have you. And wit has introduced many such absurdities, as when they say, Is there not a generation now? And I say this to show the absurdity of the shameful character; for these are the sayings of a soul destitute of reverence. Are not these things worthy of thunderbolts? And many from

τὸ ποιεῖν τῶν ἀδιαφόρων καταφρονεῖν. Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν εἰ καὶ ἀδιάφορον ἦν, οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐχρῆν αὐτοῦ καταφρονεῖν, εἰδότα ὅτι τὰ μεγάλα ἀπὸ τούτου τίκτεται κακὰ καὶ αὔξεται, καὶ εἰς πορνείαν τελευτᾷ πολλάκις· ὅτι δὲ οὐδὲ ἀδιάφορόν ἐστιν, ἐκεῖθεν δῆλον. Ἴδωμεν οὖν πόθεν τίκτεται· μᾶλλον δὲ ἴδωμεν ὁποῖον εἶναι δεῖ τὸν ἅγιον, ἥμερον, πρᾶον, πενθοῦντα, θρηνοῦντα, τεθλιμμένον. Ὁ τοίνυν τὰ εὐτράπελα λέγων, οὐχ ἅγιος· κἂν Ἕλλην ᾖ, καταγέλαστος ὁ τοιοῦτος· τοῖς ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ ταῦτα ἐφεῖται μόνοις. Ἔνθα αἰσχρότης, ἐκεῖ καὶ εὐτραπελία. Ἔνθα γέλως ἄκαιρος, ἐκεῖ καὶ εὐτραπελία. Ἄκουε τοῦ Προφήτου λέγοντος· ∆ουλεύσατε τῷ Κυρίῳ ἐν φόβῳ, καὶ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε αὐτῷ ἐν τρόμῳ. Ἡ εὐτραπελία μαλακὴν ποιεῖ τὴν ψυχὴν, ῥᾴθυμον, ἀναπεπτωκυῖαν· αὕτη καὶ ὕβρεις πολλάκις ὤδινε, καὶ πολέμους ποιεῖ. γʹ. Τί δέ; ὅλως οὐχὶ ἐν ἀνδράσι γέγονας; Οὐκοῦν κατάργησον τὰ τοῦ νηπίου. Ἀλλὰ τὸν μὲν οἰκέτην τὸν σὸν ἐν ἀγορᾷ οὐκ ἀξιοῖς εἰπεῖν τι τῶν ἀσυμφόρων· σὺ δὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ λέγων οἰκέτης εἶναι, ἐν ἀγορᾷ ἀστεῖα φθέγγῃ; Ἀγαπητὸν τὴν νήφουσαν ψυχὴν μὴ κλαπῆναι· τὴν δὲ διακεχυμένην τίς οὐχ αἱρήσει; αὐτὴ ἑαυτῇ περιπαρήσεται, καὶ οὐ δεήσεται τῆς τοῦ διαβόλου ἐπιβουλῆς καὶ ἐπηρείας. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ μάθῃς, ὅρα καὶ αὐτὸ τοὔνομα· εὐτράπελος λέγεται ὁ ποικίλος, ὁ παντοδαπὸς, ὁ ἄστατος, ὁ εὔκολος, ὁ πάντα γινόμενος· τοῦτο δὲ πόῤῥω τῶν τῇ πέτρᾳ δουλευόντων. Ταχέως τρέπεται ὁ τοιοῦτος καὶ μεθίσταται· δεῖ γὰρ αὐτὸν καὶ σχῆμα καὶ ῥῆμα καὶ γέλωτα καὶ βάδισιν καὶ πάντα μιμεῖσθαι· καὶ σκώμματα δὲ ἐπινοεῖν χρὴ τὸν τοιοῦτον· δεῖ γὰρ αὐτῷ καὶ τούτου. Πόῤῥω δὲ τοῦτο Χριστιανοῦ, τὸ κωμῳδεῖν. Καὶ ἀνάγκη τὸν εὐτραπελευόμενον ἔχθρας ἀναδέχεσθαι περιττὰς τῶν εἰκῇ σκωπτομένων, ἄν τε παρῶσιν, ἄν τε ἀπόντες ἀκούσωσιν. Εἰ καλὸν τὸ πρᾶγμα, τί τοῖς μίμοις ἀφίεται; Μῖμος γίνῃ, καὶ οὐκ αἰσχύνῃ; ∆ιὰ τί ταῖς ἐλευθέραις ὑμῶν οὐκ ἐπιτρέπετε τοῦτο ποιεῖν; οὐχὶ ἤθους τίθεσθε ἀσέμνου, καὶ οὐ σώφρονος τὸ πρᾶγμα; Μεγάλα κακὰ ἐν 62.120 ψυχῇ εὐτραπελευομένῃ οἰκεῖ, μεγάλη διάχυσις καὶ ἐρημία· κέχηνεν ἡ ἁρμονία, σεσάθρωται ἡ οἰκοδομὴ, ὁ φόβος ἐξώρισται, εὐλάβεια ἀπέστη. Γλῶσσαν ἔχεις, οὐχ ἵνα ἕτερον κωμῳδήσῃς, ἀλλ' ἵνα εὐχαριστήσῃς τῷ Θεῷ. Οὐχ ὁρᾷς τοὺς λεγομένους γελωτοποιοὺς, τοὺς κόρδακας; οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ εὐτράπελοι. Ἐξορίσατε, παρακαλῶ, τῶν ὑμετέρων ψυχῶν τὴν ἄχαριν ταύτην χάριν· παρασίτων τὸ πρᾶγμα, μίμων, ὀρχηστῶν, γυναικῶν πορνῶν· πόῤῥω ψυχῆς ἐλευθέρας, πόῤῥω εὐγενοῦς, καὶ δούλων πόῤῥω. Εἴ τις ἄτιμος, εἴ τις αἰσχρὸς, οὗτος καὶ εὐτράπελος. Πολλοῖς δὲ καὶ ἀρετὴ τὸ πρᾶγμα εἶναι δοκεῖ· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο πένθους ἄξιον. Ὥσπερ ἡ ἐπιθυμία κατὰ μικρὸν εἰς πορνείαν ἐξώκειλεν· οὕτω καὶ τὸ εὐτράπελον ἐπίχαρι εἶναι δοκεῖ, οὐδὲν δὲ τούτου ἄχαρι μᾶλλον. Ἄκουε γὰρ τῆς Γραφῆς λεγούσης· Πρὸ βροντῆς κατασπεύδει ἀστραπὴ, καὶ πρὸ αἰσχυντηροῦ προελεύσεται χάρις. Οὐδὲν δὲ τοῦ εὐτραπέλου ἀναισχυντότερον. Ὥστε οὐ χάριτος αὐτοῦ γέμει τὸ στόμα, ἀλλ' ὀδύνης. Ἐξορίσωμεν τοῦτο τὸ ἔθος τῶν τραπεζῶν. Εἰσὶ δέ τινες, οἳ καὶ τοὺς πένητας τοῦτο διδάσκουσιν. Ὢ τῆς ἀτοπίας! τοὺς ἐν θλίψεσιν εὐτραπελεύεσθαι ποιοῦσι. Ποῦ γὰρ οὐκ ἔστι τοῦτο τὸ νόσημα λοιπόν; Ἤδη καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ εἰσῆκται, ἤδη καὶ τῶν Γραφῶν ἥψατο. Εἴπω τι ἵνα δείξω τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τοῦ κακοῦ; Αἰσχύνομαι μὲν, πλὴν ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐρῶ· βούλομαι γὰρ δεῖξαι οἷ προῆλθε τὸ κακὸν, ἵνα μὴ δόξω μικρολογεῖν καὶ περὶ μικροῦ τινος ὑμῖν διαλέγεσθαι, ἵνα κἂν οὕτως ἀποστῆσαι δυνηθῶ τῆς πλάνης ὑμᾶς. Καὶ μή μέ τις οἰέσθω πλάττειν, ἀλλ' ἅπερ ἤκουσα ἐρῶ. Ἔτυχέ τις ὢν παρά τινι τῶν ἐπὶ γνώσει μέγα φρονούντων· καὶ οἶδα μὲν γέλωτα κινήσων, πλὴν ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐρῶ· καὶ τοῦ πίνακος παρατεθέντος, ἔλεγε· ∆ράξασθε, παιδία, μή ποτε ὀργισθῇ κοιλία. Καὶ πάλιν ἕτεροί φασιν· Οὐαί σοι, μαμμωνᾶ, καὶ τῷ μὴ ἔχοντί σε. Καὶ πολλὰ τοιαῦτα ἄτοπα ἡ εὐτραπελία ἐπεισήγαγεν, ὡς ὅταν λέγωσιν· Ἄρτι οὐκ ἔστι γένεσις; Καὶ τοῦτο λέγω τοῦ αἰσχροῦ ἤθους δεικνύων τὴν ἀτοπίαν· ψυχῆς γὰρ ἐρήμου εὐλαβείας ταυτὶ τὰ ῥήματα. Ἆρ' οὐχὶ σκηπτῶν ἄξια ταῦτα; Καὶ πολλὰ ἀπὸ