John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Ephesians

what shall we say to them? But could so many good things, tell me, happen by chance? the daily light, the good order in existing things, the dance of the stars, the balanced course of nights and days, the sequence of nature in plants and in animals and in men? Who, tell me, is it that directs these things? If no one was presiding, but all things came together by chance, who, having spun this arch so beautiful, so great—I mean the heaven—set it upon the earth, or even upon the waters? who is it that gives the fruitful seasons? who placed such power in seeds and plants? For what is from chance is in every way disorderly; but what is orderly comes to be with art. For what, tell me, of the things among us that are from chance is not full of much disorder and much confusion and disturbance? And I do not say from chance, but with someone doing it, but doing it without art. For instance, let there be wood and stones, and let there be lime; and let a man unskilled in building take them and build and work; would he not have ruined and destroyed everything? Again, let there be a ship without a pilot, having everything a ship ought to have without an artisan, I do not say unbuilt, but built; will it be able to sail? And could so much earth standing upon water, without some restraining power, tell me, have been able to stand so firmly for so long a time? And could these things have reason? And is it not ten thousand times worthy of laughter to think these things? And if it also supports the heaven, behold another burden; but if heaven too were borne on water, again another problem. But everything is the work of providence. For things borne upon the waters ought not to be convex, but concave. Why so? Because of the concave, the whole body is submerged on the waters, just as in the case of a ship; but of the convex, the whole body is above, and only the edges rest upon it. Therefore it needs a solid and hard body, able to hold, so as to bear the superimposed burden. But does air bear the heaven? But this is much softer and more yielding than water, and able to hold nothing, not even 62.132 the finest things, let alone so great a mass. But if we wished to go through the account of providence in its entirety, both generally and in detail, all eternity would fail us. For I will now ask the one who inquires into those things; Are these things of providence, or of improvidence? And if he should say that they are not of providence, I will ask again; How then did it come to be? But he would have no reason to give. Therefore you ought much less to inquire about human affairs, or to be overly curious. Why so? Because man is more precious than all these things, and these things came to be for his sake, not he for theirs. 4. If then you do not know his wisdom and economy in providence alone, how will you be able to know the reasons concerning him? Tell me, why did he make it so small, and so distant from the height of heaven, as to even be in doubt about the things that appear above? And for what reason are the northern parts uninhabitable, and the southern? Tell me, why has the night become longer in winter, and shorter in summer? why so much cold, why heat, why a mortal body? And I ask you countless other things, and if you wish, I will not stop asking you, and in all of them you will be at a loss. So that this is especially of providence, that the reasons are unutterable to us. For indeed one would have thought man the cause of the universe, if this had not restrained our thought. But so-and-so, he says, is poor, and poverty is an evil. And what of sickness, and what of maiming? These things are nothing, O man; there is only one evil, to sin, and this alone we ought to examine. But leaving off investigating the causes of things that are truly evil, we meddle in other things. Why does no one of us ever examine why he has sinned? Is sinning in my power? Is it not in my power? And what need have I to go through many arguments? I will seek the matter in myself; have I ever mastered my anger? have I ever mastered my wrath, either through shame, or through human fear? Then when I find this happening, I will find that sinning is in my power. No one examines these things, no one meddles in these things,

τί πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐροῦμεν; Τοσαῦτα δὲ, εἰπέ μοι, ἀπὸ ταυτομάτου γένοιτο ἂν ἀγαθά; τὸ φῶς τὸ καθημερινὸν, ἡ εὐταξία ἡ ἐν τοῖς οὖσι, τῶν ἄστρων ἡ χορεία, ὁ ἰσοστάσιος νυκτῶν καὶ ἡμερῶν δρόμος, ἡ τῆς φύσεως ἀκολουθία καὶ ἐν φυτοῖς καὶ ἐν ζώοις καὶ ἐν ἀνθρώποις; Τίς, εἰπέ μοι, ὁ ταῦτα διοικῶν; Εἰ μηδεὶς ἐφεστὼς ἦν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ ταυτομάτου πάντα συνειστήκει, τίς τὴν καμάραν ταύτην τὴν οὕτω καλὴν, τὴν οὕτω μεγάλην, τὸν οὐρανὸν λέγω, περιδινήσας ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔστησεν, ἢ καὶ ἐπὶ ὑδάτων; τίς ὁ τοὺς καιροὺς τοὺς καρποφόρους διδούς; τίς τοσαύτην ἔθετο ἐν σπέρμασι καὶ φυτοῖς δύναμιν; τὸ γὰρ ἀπὸ ταυτομάτου ἄτακτον πάντως· τὸ δὲ εὔτακτον μετὰ τέχνης γίνεται. Τί γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν τῶν ἀπὸ ταυτομάτου οὐ πολλῆς γέμει τῆς ἀταξίας καὶ πολλοῦ τοῦ θορύβου καὶ τῆς ταραχῆς; Καὶ οὐ λέγω ἀπὸ ταυτομάτου, ἀλλὰ μετά τινος ποιοῦντος, ἀτέχνως δὲ ποιοῦντος. Οἷον, ἔστω ξύλα καὶ λίθοι, ἔστω δὲ καὶ ἄσβεστος· καὶ λαβὼν ἄνθρωπος οἰκοδομίας ἄπειρος οἰκοδομείτω καὶ ἐνεργείτω· ἆρα οὐ πάντα ἂν ἀπώλεσε καὶ διέφθειρε; Πάλιν, ἔστω πλοῖον κυβερνήτου χωρὶς, πάντα ἔχον ἅπερ ἔχειν δεῖ πλοῖον ἄνευ τεχνίτου, οὐ λέγω ἀκατασκεύαστον, ἀλλὰ κατασκευασθέν· μὴ πλεῦσαι δυνήσεται; καὶ τοσαύτη γῆ ἐπὶ ὕδατος ἑστῶσα, ἄνευ τινὸς συγκρατούσης δυνάμεως ἠδύνατο, εἰπέ μοι, οὕτω παγίως ἐπὶ χρόνον στῆναι τοσοῦτον; καὶ ταῦτα λόγον ἂν ἔχοι; καὶ οὐ μυριάκις γέλωτος ἄξιον τὸ ταῦτα ἐννοεῖν; Καὶ εἰ μὲν βαστάζοι καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν, ἰδοὺ καὶ ἕτερον ἄχθος· εἰ δὲ καὶ οὐρανὸς ἐν ὕδατι φέροιτο, πάλιν ἕτερον ζήτημα. Ἀλλὰ πᾶν τῆς προνοίας ἔργον. Τὰ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ὑδάτων φερόμενα οὐ κυρτοῦσθαι δεῖ, ἀλλὰ κοιλαίνεσθαι. Τί δήποτε; Ὅτι τοῦ μὲν κοίλου τὸ σῶμα ὅλον βαπτίζεται ἐπὶ τῶν ὑδάτων, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ πλοίου· τοῦ δὲ κεκυρτωμένου τὸ μὲν σῶμα ὅλον ἐστὶν ἄνωθεν, τὰ δὲ ἄκρα ἐπίκειται μόνον. Οὐκοῦν αὐτῷ δεῖ σώματος ἀντιτύπου καὶ σκληροῦ καὶ στέγειν δυναμένου, ὥστε φέρειν τὸ ἐπικείμενον ἄχθος. Ἀλλ' ἀὴρ φέρει τὸν οὐρανόν; Ἀλλ' οὗτος πολλῷ τοῦ ὕδατος μαλακώτερος καὶ χαυνότερος καὶ οὐδὲν στέγειν δυνάμενος, οὐδὲ 62.132 τῶν λεπτοτάτων, μήτι γε ὄγκον τοσοῦτον. Ὅλως δὲ εἰ βουλοίμεθα τῆς προνοίας τὸν λόγον ἐπεξιέναι, καὶ καθολικῶς, καὶ κατακερματίζοντες, ὅλος ὁ αἰὼν ἡμᾶς ἐλλείψει. Ἐρήσομαι γὰρ τὸν ἐκεῖνα ζητοῦντα νῦν· Ταῦτα προνοίας ἐστὶν, ἢ ἀπρονοησίας; Κἂν εἴποι, ὅτι Οὐκ ἔστι προνοίας, καὶ πάλιν ἐρήσομαι· Πῶς οὖν γέγονεν; Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι λόγον τινὰ εἰπεῖν. Οὐκοῦν πολλῷ μᾶλλον περὶ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων πραγμάτων ζητεῖν οὐκ ὀφείλεις, οὐδὲ περιεργάζεσθαι. Τί δήποτε; Ὅτι τούτων πάντων ἄνθρωπος τιμιώτερος, καὶ ταῦτα δι' ἐκεῖνον γέγονεν, οὐκ ἐκεῖνος διὰ ταῦτα. δʹ. Εἰ τοίνυν τὴν ἐπὶ τῆς προνοίας αὐτοῦ μόνον σοφίαν καὶ τὴν οἰκονομίαν οὐκ οἶδας, πῶς δυνήσῃ τοὺς λόγους εἰδέναι τοὺς κατ' αὐτόν; Εἰπὲ δή μοι, τί δήποτε οὕτω μικρὸν αὐτὸν εἰργάσατο, καὶ τοσοῦτον ἀπέχοντα τοῦ ὕψους τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ὡς καὶ ἀμφιβάλλειν περὶ τῶν ἄνω φαινομένων; τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν τὰ βόρεια ἀοίκητά ἐστι, καὶ τὰ νότια; Εἰπὲ δή μοι, διὰ τί γέγονεν ἡ νὺξ χειμῶνος μὲν μακροτέρα, θέρους δὲ ἐλάττων; διὰ τί ψῦχος τοσοῦτον, διὰ τί καῦμα, διὰ τί σῶμα θνητόν; Καὶ μυρία σε ἕτερα ἐρωτῶ, καὶ ἐὰν θέλῃς, οὐ παύσομαί σε ἐρωτῶν, καὶ ἐν ἅπασί μοι διαπορήσεις. Ὥστε τοῦτο μάλιστα προνοίας ἐστὶ, τὸ τοὺς λόγους ἡμῖν ἀποῤῥήτους εἶναι. Ἦ γὰρ ἂν καὶ ἄνθρωπον αἴτιόν τις ἐνόμισε τοῦ παντὸς, εἰ μὴ τοῦτο ἡμῶν κατέστελλε τὴν διάνοιαν. Ἀλλ' ὁ δεῖνα, φησὶ, πένης, καὶ κακὸν ἡ πενία. Τί δὲ ἡ νόσος, τί δὲ ἡ πήρωσις; Οὐδέν ἐστι ταῦτα, ἄνθρωπε· ἓν μόνον ἐστὶ κακὸν, τὸ ἁμαρτάνειν, καὶ τοῦτο μόνον ἐξετάζειν ὀφείλομεν. Ἀλλ' ἀφέντες τῶν ὄντως κακῶν τὰς αἰτίας ἐρευνᾷν, ἕτερα πολυπραγμονοῦμεν. ∆ιὰ τί μηδεὶς ἡμῶν μηδέποτε ἐξετάζει, διὰ τί ἥμαρτεν; ἆρα ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἁμαρτάνειν; ἆρα οὐκ ἐν ἐμοί; Καὶ τί με δεῖ πολλοὺς περιιέναι λόγους; ἐν ἐμαυτῷ τὸ πρᾶγμα ζητήσω· ἆρα ἐκράτησά ποτε θυμοῦ; ἆρα ἐκράτησά ποτε ὀργῆς, ἢ δι' αἰσχύνην, ἢ διὰ φόβον ἀνθρώπινον; Εἶτα ἐπειδὰν εὕρω τοῦτο γινόμενον, εὑρήσω ὅτι ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἁμαρτάνειν. Οὐδεὶς ταῦτα ἐξετάζει, οὐδεὶς ταῦτα πολυπραγμονεῖ,