John Chrysostom, On the Acts of the Apostles

Let us see who did these things. Who then accomplished these things? The evil one, avenging this? By no means. How then is he alien to him? But the good one? But it is shown that both the Father and the Son have done it; the Father in many places, as when He says, in the vineyard, to send His armies; and the Son, when He says, But as for those enemies of mine who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slaughter them before me. And otherwise He Himself also speaks of the tribulations that would be, than which nothing more cruel has ever happened, and He Himself declared them. Do you wish, then, to hear what happened? They pierced them with spits. What is more grievous to see than these things? But shall I relate the suffering of the woman and that tragedy, which eclipsed every misfortune? but the famines and the plagues? And I pass over things more grievous than these. Nature was ignored among them, the law was ignored; they outdid the wild beasts. But all these things happened by the necessity of the wars, with God and Christ willing it. These things will also be fitting against the Marcionites, and against those who disbelieve in Gehenna; for they are sufficient to shut their shameless mouths. Are not these things more grievous than the evils in Babylon? Are not these things far heavier than those famines? Concerning these things Christ Himself also declared, saying: There will be a tribulation such as has not been, nor ever will be. How then do some say that Christ forgave them their sin? Perhaps the question seems a common one; but you are able to solve it. No one can anywhere show such a fiction as has happened in reality. And if the one writing these things were a Christian, the account would have been suspect; but if a Jew, and a zealous Jew, who came after the Gospel, how are the things that happened not manifest to all? For you will see him everywhere exalting Jewish things. Therefore Gehenna exists, and God is good. Did you shudder hearing these things? But these things that happen here are nothing compared to the things there. Again I am compelled to appear unpleasant and burdensome and severe; but what can I do? For this I am appointed. Just as a harsh pedagogue is appointed for this, to be hated by those he tutors; so also are we. For how is it not absurd, for those appointed to some station by kings to do what is commanded, even if it is unpleasant; but for us, because of your blame, to fail in the station to which we were appointed? Another has a different work; but many of you have the work of showing mercy, of being philanthropic, of being pleasant and gentle to those who receive your benefits. But we seem to those who are being helped to be severe and harsh, and burdensome and unpleasant; for we help not by the things with which we please, but by the things with which we sting. Such also is the physician. But he is not very un 60.54 pleasant; for he immediately provides the benefit of his art; but we in the future. Such also is the judge, grievous to the sick and the seditious. such is the lawgiver, grievous to those for whom he legislates. But not the one who calls to luxury, nor the one who makes public feasts and festivals, nor the one who crowns the people; but these are gentle, feasting the cities with all kinds of spectacles, contributing, spending. For this reason also those who have been well-treated repay them with acclamations, and with tapestries, and with a multitude of lamps, and with crowns, and with branches, and with splendid clothing. But if the sick see the physician, they become gloomy and downcast; if likewise the seditious see the judge, they become reserved, they are not effusive, nor do they dance, except when he too should change to that station. Let us see, then, who most benefits the cities, those who lead these festivals, and the banquets, and the costly tables, and the various delights; or those who restrain all those things, and bring on the rod, and scourges, and public executioners, and fearsome soldiers, and utter a voice full of much terror, and give orders, and make men downcast, and drive away those in the marketplace with a staff. Let us see, then, where the profit ends. For the latter are unpleasant, but the former are desired. What then comes from those who give pleasure? A certain cold pleasure, remaining until the evening and

ἴδωμεν τίς ταῦτα ἐποίησε. Τίς τοίνυν ταῦτα εἰργάσατο; ὁ πονηρὸς, τούτῳ ἀμύνων; Οὐδαμῶς. Πῶς οὖν αὐτοῦ ἀλλότριος; Ἀλλ' ὁ ἀγαθός; Ἀλλὰ δείκνυται καὶ ὁ Πατὴρ καὶ ὁ Υἱὸς πεποιηκώς· ὁ μὲν Πατὴρ πολλαχοῦ, ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ, ἐν τῷ ἀμπελῶνι πέμπειν τὰ στρατεύματα αὐτοῦ· ὁ δὲ Υἱὸς, ὅταν λέγῃ, Τοὺς δὲ ἐχθρούς μου ἀγάγετε καὶ κατασφάξατε ἐνώπιόν μου, τοὺς μὴ θελήσαντάς με αὐτῶν βασιλεῦσαι. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς λέγει τὰς θλίψεις τὰς ἐσομένας, ὧν οὐδὲν ὠμότερον γέγονε τῶν πώποτε πεπραγμένων, καὶ αὐτὸς αὐτὰς ἀπεφήνατο. Θέλεις οὖν ἀκοῦσαι τὰ γεγενημένα; Ὀβελίσκοις αὐτοὺς διέπειραν. Τί τούτων ἰδεῖν βαρύτερον; Ἀλλὰ τὸ τῆς γυναικὸς βούλει πάθος διηγήσομαι καὶ τὴν τραγῳδίαν ἐκείνην, ἥτις πᾶσαν ἀπέκρυψε συμφοράν; ἀλλὰ τοὺς λιμοὺς καὶ τοὺς λοιμούς; Καὶ παρίημι τὰ τούτων χαλεπώτερα. Ἠγνοήθη παρ' ἐκείνοις ἡ φύσις, ἠγνοήθη ὁ νόμος· τὰ θηρία ὑπερηκόντισαν. Πάντα δὲ ταῦτα ὑπὸ τῆς ἀνάγκης τῶν πολέμων γέγονε, τοῦ Θεοῦ βουλομένου καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ταῦτα καὶ πρὸς Μαρκιωνιστὰς ἁρμόσει, καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἀπιστοῦντας τῇ γεέννῃ· ἱκανὰ γὰρ αὐτῶν ἐπιστομίσαι τὴν ἀναισχυντίαν. Τῶν ἐν Βαβυλῶνι κακῶν οὐχὶ ταῦτα χαλεπώτερα; τῶν λιμῶν ἐκείνων οὐχὶ ταῦτα πολλῷ βαρύτερα; Περὶ τούτων καὶ αὐτὸς ἀπεφήνατο ὁ Χριστὸς, λέγων· Ἔσται θλίψις οἵα οὐ γέγονεν, οὐδὲ μὴ γένηται. Πῶς οὖν λέγουσί τινες, ὅτι· εἴασεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Χριστὸς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν; Τάχα δοκεῖ κοινὸν εἶναι τὸ ζήτημα· ἀλλ' ὑμεῖς αὐτὸ ἱκανοὶ λῦσαι. Οὐδεὶς οὐδαμοῦ πλάσμα τοιοῦτον ἔχει δεῖξαι, οἷον ἐπὶ τῆς ἀληθείας γέγονε. Καὶ εἰ μὲν Χριστιανὸς ὁ ταῦτα γράφων ἦν, κἂν ὕποπτος ὁ λόγος ἦν· εἰ δὲ Ἰουδαῖος, καὶ Ἰουδαῖος ζηλωτὴς, μετὰ τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον ἐλθὼν, πῶς οὐ πᾶσι κατάδηλα τὰ γενόμενα; Ὄψει γὰρ αὐτὸν πανταχοῦ καὶ ἐπαίροντα τὰ Ἰουδαϊκά. Οὐκοῦν ἔστι καὶ γέεννα, καὶ ἀγαθός ἐστιν ὁ Θεός. Ἆρα ἐφρίξατε ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες; Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα ἐνταῦθα γινόμενα οὐδέν ἐστι πρὸς τὰ ἐκεῖ. Πάλιν ἀναγκάζομαι ἀηδὴς φαίνεσθαι καὶ φορτικὸς καὶ βαρύς· ἀλλὰ τί πάθω; Εἰς τοῦτο κεῖμαι. Καθάπερ παιδαγωγὸς χαλεπὸς εἰς τοῦτο κεῖται, εἰς τὸ μισεῖσθαι παρὰ τῶν παιδαγωγουμένων· οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς. Πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἄτοπον, τοὺς μὲν παρὰ βασιλέων τάξιν τινὰ ταχθέντας, κἂν ἀηδὲς ᾖ τὸ προσταττόμενον ποιεῖν· ἡμᾶς δὲ διὰ τὴν παρ' ὑμῶν μέμψιν ἐλλείπειν τὴν τάξιν, ἣν ἐτάχθημεν; Ἄλλος ἔργον ἔχει ἕτερον· ὑμῶν δὲ πολλοὶ ἔργον ἔχουσι, τὸ ἐλεεῖν, τὸ φιλανθρωπεύεσθαι, ἡδεῖς εἶναι καὶ προσηνεῖς τοῖς εὐεργετουμένοις. Ἡμεῖς δὲ τοῖς ὠφελουμένοις βαρεῖς φαινόμεθα καὶ χαλεποὶ, καὶ φορτικοὶ καὶ ἀηδεῖς· οὐ γὰρ δι' ὧν τέρπομεν ὠφελοῦμεν, ἀλλὰ δι' ὧν δάκνομεν. Τοιοῦτός ἐστι καὶ ὁ ἰατρός. Ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνος μὲν οὐ σφόδρα ἀη 60.54 δής· εὐθέως γὰρ τῆς αὐτοῦ τέχνης τὴν ὠφέλειαν παρέχεται· ἡμεῖς δὲ ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι. Τοιοῦτός ἐστι καὶ ὁ δικαστὴς, λυπηρὸς τοῖς νοσοῦσι καὶ στασιάζουσι. τοιοῦτος ὁ νομοθέτης, λυπηρὸς τοῖς νομοθετουμένοις. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ καλῶν ἐπὶ τρυφὴν, οὐδὲ ὁ δημοτελεῖς ποιῶν ἑορτὰς καὶ πανηγύρεις, οὐδὲ ὁ στεφανῶν τὸν δῆμον· ἀλλὰ προσηνεῖς οὗτοι, εὐωχοῦντες τὰς πόλεις θεάμασι παντοδαποῖς, εἰσφέροντες, ἀναλίσκοντες. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ εὐφημίαις αὐτοὺς ἀμείβονται οἱ παθόντες εὖ, καὶ παραπετάσμασι, καὶ λαμπάδων πλήθει, καὶ στέμμασι, καὶ κλάδοις, καὶ ἐσθῆτι λαμπρᾷ. Ἂν δὲ τὸν ἰατρὸν ἴδωσιν οἱ κάμνοντες, στυγνοὶ καὶ κατηφεῖς γίνονται· ἂν τὸν δικαστὴν ὁμοίως οἱ στασιάζοντες, συνεσταλμένοι γίνονται, οὐχὶ διαχέονται, οὐδὲ ὀρχοῦνται, πλὴν ὅταν κἀκεῖνος εἰς ἐκείνην μεταστῇ τὴν τάξιν. Ἴδωμεν οὖν τίνες μάλιστα τὰς πόλεις ὠφελοῦσιν, οἱ τὰς ἑορτὰς ταύτας ἄγοντες, καὶ τὰς θαλίας, καὶ τὰς τραπέζας τὰς πολυτελεῖς, καὶ τὰς τέρψεις τὰς ποικίλας· ἢ οἱ πάντα ἐκεῖνα συστείλαντες, καὶ τὸ ξύλον ἐπιφερόμενοι, καὶ μάστιγας, καὶ δημίους, καὶ στρατιώτας φοβεροὺς, καὶ φωνὴν προϊέμενοι πολλοῦ τρόμου γέμουσαν, καὶ ἐπισκήπτοντες, καὶ κατηφεῖν ποιοῦντες, καὶ ῥάβδῳ ἀποσοβοῦντες τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς. Ἴδωμεν τοίνυν ποῦ τὸ κέρδος λήγει. Οὗτοι μὲν γάρ εἰσιν ἀηδεῖς, ἐκεῖνοι δὲ ποθεινοί. Τί οὖν ἀπ' ἐκείνων γίνεται τῶν τερπόντων; Ἡδονή τις ψυχρὰ, μέχρι τῆς ἑσπέρας μένουσα καὶ