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1. See how many years ago the promise was made and the manner of the promise, and nowhere a sacrifice, nowhere circumcision. Here he shows that He himself allowed them to suffer evils, and that these things would not go unpunished. But the nation to whom they will be in bondage, I will judge, said God. Do you see? He who promised, He who gave the land, first permits the evils; so also now, even if He promised a kingdom, He allows them to be exercised by temptations. If here freedom comes after four hundred years, what wonder is it, if the same thing happens in the case of the kingdom? Nevertheless, He did it, and time was not able to prove the word false, although they endured no ordinary servitude. Nor indeed did He stop at their punishment, but He also promises good things to them. But it seems to me that by these things he is also reminding them of the benefit they received. And he gave him the covenant of circumcision, and so he begot Isaac. Here, then, he yields. And he circumcised him on the eighth day; and Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob the twelve patriarchs. And the patriarchs, jealous of Joseph, sold him into Egypt. This also happened in the case of Christ; for Joseph was a type of Him; wherefore also, speaking in riddles, he goes through the whole story. For having nothing to accuse him of, but when he came for their nourishment, they treated him badly. And see that here again is a long-term promise, and yet it reaches its fulfillment. And God was with him; this also was on their behalf. And He delivered him out of all his afflictions. Here he shows that without knowing it they were cooperating with the prophecy, and that they themselves became the cause, and the evils were turned back upon them. And He gave him favor and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh king of Egypt. He gave favor, and this in the case of a barbarian man, to the slave and captive; whom his brothers sold, but that man honored. And there came a famine over all the land of Egypt and Canaan, and great affliction, and our fathers found no sustenance. But when Jacob heard that there was grain in Egypt, he sent out our fathers first. And at the second time Joseph was made known to his brothers. They went down to buy, and they came to be in need of him. What then of him? He did not show his philanthropy only to this extent, but also made it known to Pharaoh, and brought them down. And Joseph's kindred was made known to Pharaoh. Then 60.128.10 Joseph sent and called his father Jacob to him, and all his kindred, seventy-five souls. So Jacob went down into Egypt, and died, he and our fathers. And were carried over into Shechem, and laid in the sepulchre that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons of Hamor the father of Shechem. But as the time of the promise drew near, which God had sworn to Abraham, the people grew and multiplied in Egypt, till another king arose, who did not know Joseph. Again another hopelessness: first the famine, second the falling into the hands of their brother, and third the decree being given by the king for them to be killed; and yet they were saved from all these things. Then, to show the resourcefulness of God, he says: In which time Moses was born, and was beautiful to God. If that is wonderful, that he was sold by his brothers, this is more wonderful, that a king nourished him who was to overthrow his rule, he himself who was to be destroyed. Do you see everywhere the resurrection of the dead being prefigured, almost? And yet it is not the same thing for God Himself to do something, and for something to come from human choice. These things at least were not from human choice. And he was mighty in word and deed. He said this, showing both that one to be a savior and these ones to be ungrateful toward their benefactor. Just as then, therefore, they were saved by Joseph who had suffered evil; so also now they were saved by him who suffered evil, I mean Moses. For what if they did not kill him in deed? In word they killed him, just as those others did. And those men indeed sold him out of their own land into a foreign and strange one; but these men drive him as a fugitive from a foreign land into another foreign land; and there one bringing food, but here one advising them through whom they will be with God. Thus

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αʹ. Ὅρα πρὸ πόσων ἐτῶν ἡ ἐπαγγελία καὶ ὁ τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τρόπος, καὶ οὐδαμοῦ θυσία, οὐδαμοῦ περιτομή. Ἐνταῦθα δείκνυσιν, ὅτι αὐτὸς αὐτοὺς ἠφίει κακῶς πάσχειν, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀτιμωρητὶ ταῦτα ἔσται. Τὸ δὲ ἔθνος, ᾧ ἐὰν δουλεύσωσι, κρινῶ ἐγὼ, εἶπεν ὁ Θεός. Ὁρᾷς; ὁ ἐπαγγειλάμενος, ὁ δοὺς τὴν γῆν, πρότερον τὰ κακὰ συγχωρεῖ· οὕτω καὶ νῦν, εἰ καὶ βασιλείαν ἐπηγγείλατο, ἀλλ' ἀφίησιν ἐγγυμνάζεσθαι τοῖς πειρασμοῖς. Εἰ ἐνταῦθα μετὰ τετρακόσια ἔτη ἡ ἐλευθερία, τί θαυμαστὸν, ἐπὶ τῆς βασιλείας εἰ τὸ αὐτὸ γίνεται; Ὅμως γοῦν ἐποίησε, καὶ οὐκ ἴσχυσεν ὁ χρόνος ὡς ψευδῆ ἐλέγξαι τὸν λόγον, καίτοι οὐ τὴν τυχοῦσαν δουλείαν ὑπέμειναν. Οὐ μὴν οὐδὲ μέχρι τῆς τιμωρίας τῆς ἐκείνων ἔστη, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοῖς χρηστὰ ἐπαγγέλλεται. Ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ διὰ τούτων αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀναμιμνήσκειν τῆς εὐεργεσίας, ἧς ἔτυχον. Καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ διαθήκην περιτομῆς, καὶ οὕτως ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰσαάκ. Ἐνταῦθα λοιπὸν καθυφίησι. Καὶ περιέτεμεν αὐτὸν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ὀγδόῃ· καὶ ὁ Ἰσαὰκ τὸν Ἰακὼβ, καὶ ὁ Ἰακὼβ τοὺς δώδεκα πατριάρχας. Καὶ οἱ πατριάρχαι ζηλώσαντες τὸν Ἰωσὴφ, ἀπέδοντο εἰς Αἴγυπτον. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ γέγονε· καὶ γὰρ αὐτοῦ τύπος ὁ Ἰωσήφ· διὸ καὶ αἰνιττόμενος, τὴν ἱστορίαν δι' ὅλου ἐπέξεισιν. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἔχοντες ἐγκαλεῖν, ἀλλ' ἐλθόντα ἐπὶ τροφὴν τὴν αὐτῶν, κακῶς διέθηκαν. Καὶ ὅρα, ὅτι καὶ ἐνταῦθα πάλιν ἐπαγγελία μακρὰ, καὶ ὅμως τέλος λαμβάνει. Καὶ ἦν ὁ Θεὸς μετ' αὐτοῦ· τοῦτο καὶ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν. Καὶ ἐξείλετο αὐτὸν ἐκ πασῶν τῶν θλίψεων αὐτοῦ. Ἐνταῦθα δείκνυσιν, ὅτι οὐκ εἰδότες συνέπραττον τῇ προφητείᾳ, καὶ ὅτι αὐτοὶ αἴτιοι ἐγίνοντο, καὶ τὰ κακὰ εἰς αὐτοὺς περιετρέπετο. Καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ χάριν καὶ σοφίαν ἔναντι Φαραὼ βασιλέως Αἰγύπτου. Χάριν ἔδωκε, καὶ ταῦτα ἐπὶ βαρβάρου ἀνδρὸς, τῷ δούλῳ καὶ αἰχμαλώτῳ· ὃν οἱ μὲν ἀδελφοὶ ἀπέδοντο, ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἐτίμησεν. Ἐγένετο δὲ λιμὸς ἐφ' ὅλην τὴν γῆν Αἰγύπτου καὶ Χαναὰν, καὶ θλῖψις μεγάλη, καὶ οὐχ εὕρισκον χορτάσματα οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν. Ἀκούσας δὲ Ἰακὼβ ὄντα σῖτα ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, ἐξαπέστειλε τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν πρῶτον. Καὶ ἐν τῷ δευτέρῳ ἀνεγνωρίσθη Ἰωσὴφ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς αὐτοῦ. Κατῆλθον ὠνησόμενοι, καὶ ἐκείνου ἐν χρείᾳ κατέστησαν. Τί οὖν αὐτός; Οὐ μέχρι τούτου τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν ἐπεδείξατο, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ Φαραὼ ἐγνώρισε, καὶ αὐτοὺς κατήγαγε. Καὶ φανερὸν ἐγένετο τῷ Φαραὼ τὸ γένος τοῦ Ἰωσήφ. Ἀποστείλας δὲ 60.128.10 Ἰωσὴφ, μετεκαλέσατο τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ Ἰακὼβ, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν συγγένειαν ἐν ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ πέντε ψυχαῖς. Κατέβη δὲ Ἰακὼβ εἰς Αἴγυπτον, καὶ ἐτελεύτησεν αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν. Καὶ μετετέθησαν εἰς Συχὲμ, καὶ ἐτέθησαν ἐν τῷ μνήματι, ὃ ὠνήσατο Ἀβραὰμ τιμῆς ἀργυρίου παρὰ τῶν υἱῶν Ἐμμὼρ τοῦ Συχέμ. Καθὼς δὲ ἤγγιζεν χρόνος τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, ἧς ὤμοσεν ὁ Θεὸς τῷ Ἀβραὰμ, ηὔξησεν ὁ λαὸς, καὶ ἐπληθύνθη ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, ἄχρις οὗ ἀνέστη βασιλεὺς ἕτερος, ὃς οὐκ ᾔδει τὸν Ἰωσήφ. Πάλιν ἄλλη ἀνελπιστία· πρώτη μὲν ὁ λιμὸς, δευτέρα τὸ ἐμπεσεῖν εἰς χεῖρας τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ, καὶ τρίτη τὸ ἀναιρεῖσθαι ψῆφον δοθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως· καὶ ὅμως διεσώθησαν τούτων ἁπάντων. Εἶτα τὸ εὐμήχανον δεικνὺς τοῦ Θεοῦ, φησίν· Ἐν ᾧ καιρῷ ἐγεννήθη Μωϋσῆς, καὶ ἦν ἀστεῖος τῷ Θεῷ. Εἰ ἐκεῖνο θαυμαστὸν, ὅτι ὑπὸ ἀδελφῶν ἐπράθη, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο θαυμαστότερον, ὅτι βασιλεὺς ἔτρεφεν αὐτὸν τὸν μέλλοντα καθαιρεῖν αὐτοῦ τὴν ἀρχὴν, αὐτὸς ὁ μέλλων ἀπόλλυσθαι. Ὁρᾷς πανταχοῦ τῶν νεκρῶν σχεδὸν διατυπουμένην τὴν ἀνάστασιν; Καίτοι οὐκ ἔστιν ἴσον αὐτόν τι τὸν Θεὸν ποιεῖν, καὶ ἀπὸ προαιρέσεως ἀνθρωπίνης τι γενέσθαι. Ταῦτα γοῦν οὐκ ἀπὸ προαιρέσεως ἀνθρωπίνης ἦν. Καὶ ἦν δυνατὸς ἐν λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ. Τοῦτο εἶπε, κἀκεῖνον σωτῆρα καὶ τούτους περὶ τὸν εὐεργέτην ἀγνώμονας δεικνύς. Καθάπερ οὖν τότε ὑπὸ τοῦ κακῶς παθόντος τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ ἐσώθησαν· οὕτω καὶ νῦν ὑπὸ τοῦ κακῶς παθόντος ἐσώθησαν, τοῦ Μωϋσέως λέγω. Τί γὰρ, εἰ μὴ ἀνεῖλον αὐτὸν τῷ πράγματι; Τῷ λόγῳ ἀνεῖλον ὥσπερ κἀκεῖνοι. Καὶ ἐκεῖνοι μὲν ἐκ τῆς αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλοδαπὴν καὶ ξένην ἀπέδοντο· οὗτοι δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀλλοτρίας εἰς ἀλλοτρίαν φυγαδεύουσι· καὶ ἐκεῖ μὲν τροφὴν ἀποφέροντα, ἐνταῦθα δὲ συμβουλεύοντα δι' ὧν ἔσονται μετὰ Θεοῦ. Οὕτως