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Do you disbelieve God? he says. Why do you tempt Him, as if He were not able to save by faith? Therefore, to introduce the law is a mark of unbelief. Then he shows that they themselves are not benefited at all, and he turns the whole matter against the law, not against them, and he cuts short the accusation. Which neither we nor our fathers, he says, were able to bear; but through the grace of the Lord Jesus we believe we will be saved in the same way as they. How full of power are these words! What Paul said through many words in the Epistle to the Romans, this man also says. For if Abraham, he says, was justified by works, he has something to boast about, but not before God. Do you see that this is more for their instruction than a defense on behalf of the Gentiles? But if he had said these things without a pretext, perhaps he would not have been suspected at all; but having taken his starting point from here, he then speaks boldly. And see everywhere how the things done by the enemies turn out in their favor. For if they had not stirred things up, these things would not have been said, nor the things that followed. From this they learn that even if they did not wish the Gentiles to be brought in, they must not overlook them. But let us look at what was said from the beginning. Among you, he says, He chose, and from ancient days. He said this, showing that it was of old, not now. And it is no small thing for believing Jews to turn away from this. He confirms what he says by these two things, by the time and by the place. And the word, He chose, is well said; just as concerning them he did not say, He willed, but, He chose. From where is this clear? From the Spirit, he says. Then he shows that this became for them not simply a testimony of grace, but of virtue, and that He gave them nothing less. For He made no distinction, he says, between us and them. Therefore, one must everywhere seek the heart. And he said opportunely: The heart-knowing God bore witness 60.236 to them; as also there, You, Lord, knower of the hearts of all, show. For that this is what he means, see what he adds: that He made no distinction between us and them. When he had stated their testimony, then he uttered this great saying, which Paul says: Neither circumcision avails anything, nor uncircumcision; and, That He might create the two in Himself. The seeds of all these things lie in the public speech of Peter. And he did not say, Of the circumcision, but, Between us, that is, the apostles. Then, so that the "no distinction" might not seem to be an insult, he adds: By faith purifying their hearts. And through this he removes the suspicion. He first cleared up the matter, and then shows that the law is not evil, but that they are weak. 2. See how he ended on a fearful note. He does not discourse to them at all from the prophets, but from present events, of which they themselves were witnesses. Rightly, then, they themselves also bear witness, and make the argument stronger by what has already happened. And see, in the Church he first allows a debate to arise, and then he speaks. Since, then, he did not say, Of the circumcision, but, Of the Gentiles (for this, being introduced little by little, became stronger, whereas that was the act of one tempting, whether He is able to save even with the law), see what he does: he shows they are in danger, if indeed faith has prevailed where the law did not; and if this faith fails, they must be in perdition. And he did not say, You disbelieve, which would have been more burdensome, especially since the matter had been proven. Now in Jerusalem there were none from the Gentiles, but in Antioch it is likely there were. For this reason they also depart, and spend no little time there. But certain of the Pharisees rose up, still sick with the love of power, and wishing to have those from the Gentiles on their side. And yet Paul too was learned in the law, but he did not suffer from this; but since he came from there, the doctrine also became more precise. For if those in Jerusalem command no such thing, much less these men. Do you see how many who do not love power rejoice in the faith? The narratives, therefore, were not for ambition or for show, but for a defense of the preaching to the Gentiles; for which reason also they say nothing of the things that had happened to the Jews. Great is the vexation of the Pharisees, both legislating still after faith, and not obeying the apostles. But see them, how

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ἀπιστεῖτε, φησὶ, τῷ Θεῷ; τί πειράζετε αὐτὸν ὡς οὐκ ἰσχύοντα σῶσαι τῇ πίστει; Ἄρα ἀπιστίας ἐστὶ τὸ τὸν νόμον εἰσφέρειν. Εἶτα δείκνυσι καὶ αὐτοὺς οὐδὲν ὠφελουμένους, καὶ τὸ πᾶν ἐπὶ τὸν νόμον στρέφει, οὐκ ἐπ' αὐτοὺς, καὶ τὴν κατηγορίαν ὑποτέμνεται. Ὃν οὐκ ἰσχύσαμεν ἡμεῖς καὶ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν, φησὶ, βαστάσαι· ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς χάριτος τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ πιστεύομεν σωθῆναι καθ' ὃν τρόπον κἀκεῖνοι. Πόσης δυνάμεως γέμει ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα! Ἅπερ ὁ Παῦλος διὰ πολλῶν ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους εἶπε, ταῦτα καὶ οὗτος. Εἰ γὰρ Ἀβραὰμ, φησὶν, ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἔχει καύχημα, ἀλλ' οὐ πρὸς τὸν Θεόν. Ὁρᾷς, ὅτι τούτων μᾶλλόν ἐστι τοῦτο παιδευτικὸν, ἢ ἀπολογία ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐθνῶν; Ἀλλ' εἰ μὲν χωρὶς προφάσεως ταῦτα ἔλεγεν, ἴσως οὐδαμῶς ὕποπτος ἦν· ἀρχῆς δὲ λαβόμενος ἐντεῦθεν, λοιπὸν ἀδεῶς φθέγγεται. Καὶ ὅρα πανταχοῦ τὰ παρὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν μετ' αὐτῶν γινόμενα. Εἰ μὴ γὰρ ἐκίνησαν ἐκεῖνοι, οὐκ ἂν ταῦτα ἐλέχθη, οὐδ' ἂν τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα. Ἐντεῦθεν μανθάνουσιν, ὅτι εἰ καὶ μὴ προσάγεσθαι ἤθελον τὰ ἔθνη, οὐ δεῖ αὐτοὺς παρορᾷν. Ἀλλ' ἴδωμεν ἄνωθεν τὰ εἰρημένα. Ἐν ὑμῖν, φησὶν, ἐξελέξατο, καὶ ἀφ' ἡμερῶν ἀρχαίων. Τοῦτο εἶπε, δεικνὺς ὅτι πάλαι, οὐ νῦν. Οὐ μικρὸν δὲ τὸ καὶ Ἰουδαίων πιστευόντων τοῦτο ἀποστραφῆναι. ∆ύο τούτοις ὃ λέγει πιστοῦται, τῷ καιρῷ καὶ τῷ τόπῳ. Καὶ τὸ, Ἐξελέξατο, καλῶς· ὥσπερ ἐπ' αὐτῶν οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἠθέλησεν, ἀλλ', Ἐξελέξατο. Πόθεν τοῦτο δῆλον; Ἀπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματος, φησίν. Εἶτα δείκνυσιν οὐχὶ χάριτος ἁπλῶς, ἀλλ' ἀρετῆς μαρτύριον αὐτοῖς τοῦτο γινόμενον, καὶ οὐδὲν ἔλαττον αὐτοῖς παρασχόν. Οὐδὲν γὰρ, φησὶ, διέκρινε μεταξὺ ἡμῶν τε καὶ αὐτῶν. Ἄρα καρδίας δεῖ πανταχοῦ ζητεῖν. Καὶ εὐκαίρως εἶπεν· Ὁ καρδιογνώστης Θεὸς ἐμαρ 60.236 τύρησεν αὐτοῖς· ὡς καὶ ἐκεῖ, Σὺ, Κύριε, καρδιογνῶστα πάντων, ἀνάδειξον. Ὅτι γὰρ τοῦτο βούλεται, ὅρα τί ἐπάγει· ὅτι Οὐδὲν διέκρινε μεταξὺ ἡμῶν τε καὶ αὐτῶν. Ὅτε εἶπεν αὐτῶν τὴν μαρτυρίαν, τότε τὸ μέγα τοῦτο ἐφθέγξατο, ὅπερ Παῦλός φησιν· Οὔτε περιτομή τι ἰσχύει, οὔτε ἀκροβυστία· καὶ, Ἵνα τοὺς δύο κτίσῃ ἐν ἑαυτῷ. Πάντων τούτων τὰ σπέρματα ἐν τῇ Πέτρου δημηγορίᾳ κεῖται. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπε, Τῶν ἐκ περιτομῆς, ἀλλὰ, Μεταξὺ ἡμῶν, τουτέστι, τῶν ἀποστόλων. Εἶτα, ἵνα μὴ δόξῃ ὕβρις εἶναι τὸ Οὐδὲν, ἐπάγει· Πίστει καθαρίσας τὰς καρδίας αὐτῶν. Καὶ ἀναιρεῖ τὴν ὑπόνοιαν διὰ τούτου. Ἐξεκάθαρε πρότερον τὸν λόγον, καὶ τότε δείκνυσιν οὐχὶ πονηρὸν τὸν νόμον, ἀλλ' αὐτοὺς ἀσθενεῖς. βʹ. Ὅρα πῶς εἰς φοβερὸν κατέληξεν. Οὐδὲν ἀπὸ τῶν. προφητῶν αὐτοῖς διαλέγεται, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῶν παρόντων πραγμάτων, ὧν αὐτοὶ μάρτυρες ἦσαν. Εἰκότως καὶ αὐτοὶ λοιπὸν ἐπιμαρτυροῦσι, καὶ τὸν λόγον ἰσχυρότερον ποιοῦσι τοῖς ἤδη γενομένοις. Καὶ ὅρα, ἐν τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ συγχωρεῖ πρῶτον ζήτησιν γενέσθαι, καὶ τότε λέγει. Ἐπεὶ οὖν οὐκ εἶπε, Τῶν ἐκ περιτομῆς, ἀλλὰ, Τῶν ἐθνῶν (τοῦτο γὰρ κατὰ μικρὸν ἐπαγόμενον ἐγίνετο ἰσχυρότερον, ἐκεῖνο δὲ ἦν πειράζοντος, εἰ δύναται καὶ μετὰ νόμον σῶσαι), ὅρα τί ποιεῖ· δείκνυσιν αὐτοὺς ἐν κινδύνῳ, εἴ γε ὅπερ οὐκ ἴσχυσεν ὁ νόμος, ἴσχυσεν ἡ πίστις· ταύτης δὲ ἐκπιπτούσης, ἀνάγκη αὐτοὺς ἐν ἀπωλείᾳ εἶναι. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἀπιστεῖτε, ὅπερ ἦν φορτικώτερον, καὶ ταῦτα ἐληλεγμένου τοῦ πράγματος. Ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς Ἱεροσολύμοις οὐκ ἦσαν ἐξ ἐθνῶν τινες, ἐν δὲ Ἀντιοχείᾳ εἰκὸς εἶναι. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἀπέρχονται, καὶ διατρίβουσι χρόνον οὐκ ὀλίγον ἐκεῖ. Ἐξανέστησαν δέ τινες τῶν Φαρισαίων, ἔτι νοσοῦντες τὴν φιλαρχίαν, καὶ βουλόμενοι πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἔχειν τοὺς ἐξ ἐθνῶν. Καίτοι καὶ Παῦλος νομομαθὴς ἦν, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔπασχε τοῦτο· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐκεῖθεν ἦλθε, καὶ τὸ δόγμα ἀκριβέστερον ἐγένετο. Εἰ γὰρ οἱ ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ὄντες οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον ἐπιτάττουσι, πολλῷ μᾶλλον οὗτοι. Ὁρᾷς ὅσοι μὴ φιλαρχοῦσι, χαίρουσιν ἐν τῇ πίστει; Οὐ φιλοτιμίας τοίνυν τὰ διηγήματα οὐδὲ ἐπιδείξεως ἦν, ἀλλὰ ἀπολογίας τοῦ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη κηρύγματος· διὸ καὶ οὐδὲν λέγουσι τῶν εἰς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους συμβεβηκότων. Πολλὴ ἡ ἐπιτριβὴ τῶν Φαρισαίων, καὶ μετὰ τὴν πίστιν ἔτι νομοθετούντων, καὶ οὐ πειθομένων τοῖς ἀποστόλοις. Ἀλλ' ὅρα ἐκείνους, πῶς