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and virtue. Just as a body free from fever receives strength, so also the soul, if it is not corrupted by the passions, receives strength. Gentleness is a mark of great strength; gentleness requires a noble and youthful soul, and one that is exceedingly lofty. Or do you think it a small thing to suffer ill, and not to become savage? And one would not be wrong to call care for one's neighbors courage; for he who is so strong as to be able to overcome so great a passion, will have the strength also to dare another. For instance, these are two passions, cowardice and anger; if you restrain your anger, it is quite clear that you also restrain cowardice; and you master anger by being gentle; therefore, if you master cowardice, you will be courageous. Again, if you do not overcome anger, you have become rash; and not having overcome this, you cannot overcome fear either; therefore you will also be a coward; and the same thing happens, as if a body were so weak and ill-tempered, as to withstand no labor; it is quickly overcome both by cold and by heat; for the ill-tempered is such, but the well-tempered endures all things. Again, magnanimity is a virtue, and extravagance stands beside it; economy is a virtue and to be economical; beside it stands stinginess and niggardliness. Come then, let us bring the virtues together again. 60.337 Therefore the extravagant man is not magnanimous. How so? For how could one who is overcome by a thousand passions be great in soul? For this is not a despising of money, but being commanded by other passions; just as if someone were commanded by robbers to obey them, he would not be free; for spending does not come from despising money, but from not knowing how to manage it properly; since if it were possible both to have and to enjoy them, he would have wished it so. But he who spends his money for a proper purpose, this one is magnanimous; for truly great is the soul that does not serve passion, that considers money to be nothing. Again, economy is a good thing; so also the economical man would be best who spends for a proper purpose, and not simply without management. But stinginess is not the same. For the former spends everything for a proper purpose; but the latter does not touch his substance of money, not even when an urgent need requires it. The economical man, therefore, would be a brother to the magnanimous man. Therefore we will place the magnanimous and the economical man together, and the extravagant and the niggardly man; for both of these suffer this from smallness of soul, just as the others do from greatness of soul. Let us not then call magnanimous the one who simply spends, but the one who spends for a proper purpose; nor the economical man niggardly and stingy, but the one who is unseasonably sparing of his money. How much did that rich man spend, clothing himself in purple and fine linen? But he was not magnanimous; for his soul was possessed by cruelty, and by a thousand pleasures; and how could such a soul be great? Magnanimous was Abraham, spending for the reception of strangers, slaughtering the calf, and where it was necessary, being sparing not only of his money, but not even of his own soul. If then we see someone setting a costly table, having prostitutes and parasites, let us not call this man magnanimous, but exceedingly small-souled. For see to how many passions he is a slave and subject: to gluttony, to unseemly pleasure, to flattery; and how could anyone call a man possessed by so many things and able to escape not one of them 60.338 magnanimous? So we will call him most small-souled precisely when he is spending the most; for the more he spends, the more he shows the tyranny of those passions; for if they did not have great power over him, he would not have spent so much. Again, if we see someone providing none of these things to anyone, but feeding the poor and helping those in need, while he himself has a simple table, let us call this man exceedingly magnanimous; for it is of a truly great soul to despise one's own comfort, and to be concerned for that of others. For tell me, if you were to see someone despising all tyrants, and considering their commands as nothing, but rescuing those tyrannized by them

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καὶ ἀρετήν. Καθάπερ καθαρὸν σῶμα πυρετοῦ δέχεται ἰσχὺν, οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ, ἂν μὴ τοῖς πάθεσι προσδιαφθαρῇ, δέχεται ἰσχύν. Μεγάλης ἰσχύος γνώρισμά ἐστιν ἐπιείκεια· γενναίας καὶ νεανικῆς δεῖ ψυχῆς καὶ ὑψηλῆς σφόδρα τῇ ἐπιεικείᾳ. Ἢ μικρὸν οἴει τὸ παθεῖν κακῶς, καὶ μὴ ἀγριαίνειν; Καὶ οὐκ ἄν τις ἁμάρτοι τὴν κηδεμονίαν τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν πλησίον ἀνδρείαν εἰπών· ὁ γὰρ τοσοῦτον ἰσχύσας, ὡς δυνηθῆναι τοσούτου περιγενέσθαι πάθους, ἰσχύσει καὶ ἑτέρου κατατολμῆσαι. Οἷον, δύο πάθη ἐστὶ ταῦτα, δειλία καὶ θυμός· ἂν τοῦ θυμοῦ κατάσχῃς, εὔδηλον ὅτι καὶ δειλίας· τοῦ θυμοῦ δὲ κρατεῖς, ἐπιεικὴς ὤν· οὐκοῦν καὶ τῆς δειλίας ἂν κρατήσῃς, ἔσῃ ἀνδρεῖος. Πάλιν, ἂν μὴ περιγένῃ τοῦ θυμοῦ, γέγονας θρασύς· τούτου δὲ μὴ περιγενόμενος, οὐδὲ φόβου περιγενέσθαι δύνασαι· οὐκοῦν καὶ δειλὸς ἔσῃ· καὶ ταυτὸν γίνεται, οἷον ἂν εἰ σῶμα ἀσθενὲς οὕτως εἴη καὶ δύσκρατον, ὡς πρὸς οὐδένα πόνον ἀντέχειν· τοῦτο ταχέως καὶ ὑπὸ ψυχροῦ ἁλίσκεται καὶ ὑπὸ θερμοῦ· τὸ γὰρ δύσκρατον τοιοῦτον, τὸ δὲ εὔκρατον πάντα ὑφίσταται. Πάλιν, ἔστι μεγαλοψυχία ἀρετὴ, καὶ παρυφέστηκεν αὐτῇ ἀσωτία· ἔστιν οἰκονομία ἀρετὴ καὶ τὸ οἰκονομικὸν εἶναι· παρυφέστηκεν ἡ φειδωλία καὶ ἡ μικρολογία. Φέρε οὖν πάλιν τὰς ἀρετὰς συναγάγωμεν. 60.337 Οὐκοῦν οὐ μεγαλόψυχος ὁ ἄσωτος. Πῶς; Ὁ γὰρ ὑπὸ μυρίων ἁλισκόμενος παθῶν, πῶς ἂν εἴη μέγας τὴν ψυχήν; Οὐ γὰρ χρημάτων ἐστὶ τοῦτο καταφρονεῖν, ἀλλ' ὑφ' ἑτέρων ἐπιτάττεσθαι παθῶν· ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις ὑπὸ λῃστῶν ἐπιτάττοιτο ἐκείνοις ὑπακούειν, οὐκ ἂν εἴη ἐλεύθερος· οὐ γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ χρημάτων καταφρονεῖν γίνεται τὸ ἀναλίσκειν, ἀλλ' ἐκ τοῦ μὴ δεόντως εἰδέναι διοικεῖν· ἐπεὶ εἴ γε ἐνῆν καὶ ἔχειν καὶ ἀπολαύειν ἐκείνων, οὕτως ἂν ἠθέλησεν. Ὁ δὲ εἰς δέον ἀναλίσκων τὰ χρήματα, οὗτός ἐστι μεγαλόψυχος· μεγάλη γὰρ ὄντως ψυχὴ ἡ μὴ πάθει δουλεύουσα, ἡ μηδὲν ἡγουμένη τὰ χρήματα εἶναι. Πάλιν, ἡ οἰκονομία καλόν· οὕτω καὶ ὁ οἰκονομικὸς ἂν εἴη ἄριστος ὁ εἰς δέον ἀναλίσκων, καὶ μὴ ἁπλῶς ἀνοικονομήτως. Ἡ δὲ φειδωλία οὐκ ἔστι ταυτόν. Ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ πάντα εἰς τὸ δέον ἀναλίσκει· οὗτος δὲ, οὐδὲ ἀναγκαίας ἀπαιτούσης χρείας, τῆς οὐσίας ἅπτεται τῶν χρημάτων. Ὁ οἰκονομικὸς τοίνυν τοῦ μεγαλοψύχου γένοιτο ἂν ἀδελφός. Οὐκοῦν ὁμοῦ τὸν μεγαλόψυχον θήσομεν καὶ τὸν οἰκονομικὸν, καὶ τὸν ἄσωτον καὶ τὸν μικρολόγον· ἀμφότεροι γὰρ ἀπὸ μικροψυχίας τοῦτο πάσχουσιν, ὥσπερ οὖν κἀκεῖνοι ἀπὸ μεγαλοψυχίας. Μὴ δὴ μεγαλόψυχον καλῶμεν τὸν ἀναλίσκοντα ἁπλῶς, ἀλλὰ τὸν εἰς δέον ἀναλίσκοντα· μηδὲ τὸν οἰκονομικὸν μικρολόγον καὶ φειδωλὸν, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἀκαίρως φειδόμενον τῶν χρημάτων. Πόσα ὁ πλούσιος ἐκεῖνος ἀνάλωσεν, ἐνδιδυσκόμενος πορφύραν καὶ βύσσον; Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἦν μεγαλόψυχος· ὑπὸ γὰρ ὠμότητος κατείχετο ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ὑπὸ μυρίων ἡδονῶν· ἡ δὲ τοιαύτη πῶς ἂν εἴη μεγάλη; Μεγαλόψυχος ἦν ὁ Ἀβραὰμ, εἰς ὑποδοχὴν ἀναλίσκων τῶν ξένων, τὸν μόσχον κατασφάττων, καὶ ἔνθα ἐχρῆν, οὐ μόνον χρημάτων, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τῆς ψυχῆς τῆς αὐτοῦ φειδόμενος. Ἂν τοίνυν ἴδωμέν τινα τράπεζαν παρατιθέντα πολυτελῆ, πόρνας ἔχοντα καὶ παρασίτους, μὴ μεγαλόψυχον καλέσωμεν τοῦτον, ἀλλὰ σφόδρα μικρόψυχον. Ὅρα γὰρ ὅσοις δουλεύει καὶ ὑπόκειται πάθεσι, γαστριμαργίᾳ, ἡδονῇ ἀτόπῳ, κολακείᾳ· τὸν δὲ τοσούτοις κατεχόμενον καὶ μηδὲ ἓν τούτων δυνάμενον διαφυγεῖν, πῶς ἄν τις 60.338 μεγαλόψυχον καλοίη; Ὥστε αὐτὸν τότε μάλιστα καλέσομεν μικρόψυχον, ὅταν μάλιστα ἀναλίσκῃ· ὅσῳ γὰρ ἂν μειζόνως ἀναλίσκῃ, τοσούτῳ δηλοῖ τὴν τυραννίδα τῶν παθῶν ἐκείνων· εἰ γὰρ μὴ σφόδρα αὐτοῦ ἐκράτουν, οὐκ ἂν σφόδρα ἀνάλωσε. Πάλιν ἂν ἴδωμέν τινα τούτων μὲν μηδενὶ μηδὲν παρέχοντα, πένητας δὲ τρέφοντα καὶ τοῖς δεομένοις ἐπικουροῦντα, αὐτὸν δὲ τράπεζαν ἔχοντα εὐτελῆ, τοῦτον σφόδρα καλῶμεν μεγαλόψυχον· μεγάλης γὰρ ὄντως ψυχῆς, τῆς μὲν οἰκείας καταφρονεῖν ἀναπαύσεως, τῆς δὲ ἑτέρων φροντίζειν. Εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, εἴ τινα ἴδοις, τῶν μὲν τυράννων καταφρονοῦντα πάντων, καὶ οὐδὲν ἡγούμενον τὰ ἐκείνων ἐπιτάγματα, τοὺς δὲ ὑπ' ἐκείνων τυραννουμένους ἐξέλκοντα