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it lasted until the end of the kingdom. For the prophet shows this by adding that the higher one rose up at the end, that is, that the one horn would last for a long time and until the end of the Persian kingdom. And the ram butted toward the south and the north and the sea; for it subjugated both the southern region and the northern, and most of the islands, for he alluded to these by the sea, he had brought into subjection; and those who inhabited the islands fought alongside Xerxes as he campaigned against Greece; for this reason also the prophet has seen the ram butting toward the sea. And none of the beasts endured to stand before it. And he called the regional kingdoms beasts, as being terrible to their subjects. And these would be that of the Syrians, of the Cilicians, of the Arabs, of the Egyptians, of the Jews, and others; 1.199 at any rate, none of these was able to resist the Persian rule to the end, but it subjected all those it attacked. "and it became great" either because the rule became great, mastering many nations and lands, or because it imagined great things beyond human nature, being puffed up by its success. And the prophet, being perplexed about what he was seeing, sees a he-goat coming from the west over the face of the whole earth, and it had a conspicuous horn between its eyes. And having reached the ram, it was enraged against it and struck it and broke its horns and threw it to the ground and trampled it, and there was no one to rescue the ram from its hand. The he-goat typified the Macedonian kingdom; for it is swifter than the ram and more mobile. And it came from the west, because Alexander, having first brought Egypt under his control, thus rushed against Darius for the second time, and having routed him, he destroyed the kingdom of the Persians. For previously, engaging him at Issus in Cilicia, he defeated him, and seized his wife and daughters and his chariot and his bow, and plundered the Persian camp, but Darius fled from there and again gathering forces he fought with Alexander who had rushed against him from Egypt, and was again defeated at Arbela and perished while fleeing. And he says the horn was conspicuous, instead of notable and prominent; and through this he hints at the kingdom of Alexander. And he says the horn grew from between its eyes because of the cleverness and the intelligence and the nobility of Alexander's mind. And "the he-goat came," he says, "1.200 to the ram that had the horns, and I saw it coming close to the ram, and it was enraged against it and struck the ram and broke both its horns, and there was no strength in the ram to stand before it, and it threw it to the ground and trampled it." And both the horns of the ram were broken, he says, when the he-goat dashed against it; that is, both its powers on which it relied, both the Persian and the Median. For the kings of the Persians ruled over Persians and Medes, as Cyrus was born from both, as has been said, and held the kingdom of both under himself, and both these nations destroyed the kingdom of the Assyrians. "And the he-goat became exceedingly great." For not only did it bring under itself the subjects of the Assyrian rule, but it also subjugated many others. For it attacked India and conquered Porus and made Taxiles his own and seized other parts of India. Then the prophet, declaring that this one also, after prospering for a short time, will pass away, added "and when it had become strong, the great horn was broken, and four horns grew from under it." For when Alexander died shortly after that success, his dominion was divided into four, as has already been said in the third beast, which seemed to Daniel in a dream to come out of the sea, having four heads. "And out of one of the horns came a terrible horn, and it grew exceedingly great toward the south and toward the east and toward the west and toward the power. And it grew great even to the host of heaven, and some fell to the earth

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μέχρι τέλους τῆς βασιλείας διήρκεσε. τοῦτο γὰρ ἐμφαίνει ὁ προφήτης προσθεὶς οτι τὸ ὑψηλότερον ἀνέβαινεν ἐπ' ἐσχάτου, τὸ ἐπὶ μακρὸν δηλαδὴ διαρκέσαι καὶ εως τέλους τῆς Περσικῆς βασιλείας τῶν κεράτων τὸ ετερον. ἐκεράτιζε δὲ ὁ κριὸς κατὰ νότον καὶ βορρᾶν καὶ θάλασσαν· τό τε γὰρ νότιον κλίμα καὶ τὸ βόρειον ἐχειρώσατο, καὶ τῶν νήσων τὰς πλείους, ταύτας γὰρ διὰ τῆς θαλάσσης ᾐνίξατο, ὑπὸ δουλείαν πεποίητο· καὶ συνεμάχουν τῷ Ξέρξῃ κατὰ τῆς ̔Ελλάδος στρατεύοντι οἱ τὰς νήσους οἰκοῦντες· διὸ καὶ κατὰ θάλασσαν τὸν κριὸν κερατίζειν ὁ προφήτης ἑώρακεν. οὐδέν τε τῶν θηρίων ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ στῆναι ὑπέμενε. θηρία δὲ τὰς μερικὰς βασιλείας ἐκάλεσεν, ὡς φοβερὰς τοῖς ὑπηκόοις. ειεν δ' αν αυται ἡ Σύρων, ἡ Κιλίκων, ἡ ̓Αράβων, ἡ Αἰγυπτίων, ἡ ̓Ιουδαίων, καὶ ετεραι· 1.199 οὐδεμία γοῦν τούτων ἀντιστῆναι εἰς τέλος ἠδυνήθη τῇ Περσῶν ἀρχῇ, ἀλλ' απαντας οις προσέβαλεν ὑπέταξε. "καὶ ἐμεγαλύνθη" η οτι μεγάλη γέγονεν ἡ ἀρχὴ πολλῶν ἐθνῶν καὶ χωρῶν κυριεύσασα, η οτι μεγάλα καὶ ὑπὲρ ἀνθρωπίνην ἐφαντάσθη φύσιν ὀγκωθεῖσα τῇ εὐτυχίᾳ. ̓Απορῶν δὲ ὁ προφήτης περὶ τῶν ὁρωμένων, ὁρᾷ τράγον ἀπὸ λιβὸς ἐρχόμενον ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, καὶ αὐτῷ κέρας ην εν θεωρητὸν ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτοῦ. καὶ εως τοῦ κριοῦ φθάσας ἐξηγριώθη πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ επαισεν αὐτὸν καὶ συνέτριψε τὰ κέρατα αὐτοῦ καὶ ερριψεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ συνεπάτησεν αὐτόν, καὶ οὐκ ην ὁ ἐξαιρούμενος τὸν κριὸν ἐκ τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ. τὴν Μακεδονικὴν βασιλείαν ὑπετύπου ὁ τράγος· ὀξύτερος γὰρ τοῦ κριοῦ καὶ μᾶλλον εὐκίνητος. ἀπὸ λιβὸς δ' ηρχετο, οτι τὴν Αιγυπτον πρότερον ὑφ' ἑαυτὸν ποιησάμενος ὁ ̓Αλέξανδρος ουτω πρὸς ∆αρεῖον τὸ δεύτερον ωρμησε, καὶ κατατροπωσάμενος αὐτὸν τὴν τῶν Περσῶν βασιλείαν κατέλυσεν. ἐν ̓Ισσῷ γὰρ πρῴην τῆς Κιλικίας αὐτῷ συμβαλὼν ηττησεν αὐτόν, καὶ τὴν μὲν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰς θυγατέρας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ αρμα καὶ τὸ τόξον κατέσχε καὶ διήρπασε τὸ στρατόπεδον τὸ Περσικόν, εφυγε δ' ἐκεῖθεν ὁ ∆αρεῖος καὶ αυθις δυνάμεις συναγαγὼν ἐμαχέσατο τῷ ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ ἐξ Αἰγύπτου πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ὁρμήσαντι, καὶ πάλιν ἡττήθη ἐν ̓Αρβήλοις καὶ φεύγων ἀπώλετο. θεωρητὸν δὲ τὸ κέρας φησὶν ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐπίσημον καὶ περίβλεπτον· τὴν ̓Αλεξάνδρου δὲ καὶ διὰ τούτου αἰνίττεται βασιλείαν. καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν αὐτοῦ ἐκφῦναι τὸ κέρας λέγει διὰ τὸ ἀγχίνουν καὶ τὴν σύνεσιν καὶ τὸ γενναῖον τοῦ φρονήματος τοῦ ̓Αλεξάνδρου. καί "ηλθε" φησίν "ὁ τράγος 1.200 εως τοῦ κριοῦ τοῦ τὰ κέρατα εχοντος, καὶ ειδον αὐτὸν φθάσαντα εως τοῦ κριοῦ, καὶ ἐξηγριώθη πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ επαισε τὸν κριὸν καὶ συνέτριψεν ἀμφότερα τὰ κέρατα αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ην ἰσχὺς τῷ κριῷ τοῦ στῆναι ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ερριψεν αὐτὸν εἰς γῆν καὶ συνεπάτησεν αὐτόν." συνετρίβη δέ, φησί, καὶ αμφω τὰ κέρατα τοῦ κριοῦ, προσαράξαντος τοῦ τράγου αὐτῷ· τοῦτ' εστι, καὶ αμφω αἱ δυνάμεις αὐτοῦ αις ἐπεποίθει, η τε Περσικὴ καὶ ἡ Μηδική. Περσῶν γὰρ καὶ Μήδων ηρχον οἱ βασιλεῖς τῶν Περσῶν, ὡς τοῦ Κύρου ἐξ ἀμφοῖν, ὡς ειρηται, φύντος καὶ τὴν ἀμφοῖν βασιλείαν σχόντος ὑφ' ἑαυτόν, καὶ αμφω ταῦτα τὰ γένη τὴν ̓Ασσυρίων βασιλείαν κατέλυσαν. "καὶ ὁ τράγος ἐμεγαλύνθη σφόδρα." οὐ γὰρ μόνα τὰ ὑπήκοα τῇ τῶν ̓Ασσυρίων ἀρχῇ ὑφ' ἑαυτὸν ἐποιήσατο, ἀλλὰ καὶ αλλα πολλὰ ἐχειρώσατο. τῇ τε γὰρ ̓Ινδίᾳ προσέβαλε καὶ τὸν Πῶρον ἐνίκησε καὶ τὸν Ταξίλην ᾠκειώσατο καὶ αλλα μέρη τῆς ̓Ινδικῆς κατέσχεν. ειτα δηλῶν ὁ προφήτης οτι καὶ ουτος εὐδαιμονήσας μικρὸν παρελεύσεται, ἐπήγαγε "καὶ ἐν τῷ ἰσχῦσαι αὐτὸν συνετρίβη τὸ κέρας τὸ μέγα, καὶ τέσσαρα κέρατα ὑποκάτωθεν ἐξέφυ αὐτοῦ." τοῦ γὰρ ̓Αλεξάνδρου μετὰ τὴν εὐτυχίαν ἐκείνην συντόμως θανόντος εἰς τέσσαρα ἡ ἐκείνου διῃρέθη ἀρχή, ὡς ειρηται ηδη ἐν τῷ τρίτῳ θηρίῳ, ο τῷ ∆ανιὴλ καθ' υπνους εδοξεν ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης ἐξέρχεσθαι, εχον τέσσαρας κεφαλάς. "Καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἑνὸς τῶν κεράτων ἐξῆλθε κέρας φοβερόν, καὶ ἐμεγαλύνθη περισσῶς πρὸς νότον καὶ πρὸς ἀνατολὴν καὶ πρὸς λίβα καὶ πρὸς τὴν δύναμιν. καὶ ἐμεγαλύνθη εως τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ επεσον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν