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and having borne children by me, forgetting my love, you have had relations in a second marriage; and not even so have you had enough of your insolence toward me, but you have also laid down a third bridegroom for yourself, and that one my own brother. But I will again make you mine and deliver you from the shame on account of this." Having related these things to her usual women companions, she died a little while after. The country subject to Archelaus was added to Syria. And Quirinius was sent to take a census of Syria and also Judea itself, which had become an addition to it. But the Jews, although previously resenting the census even by hearsay, then yielded when the high priest Joazar persuaded them. But a certain man from Gaulanitis, having made Sadok the Pharisee his associate, filled the nation with wars and robberies, saying that the assessment of their properties was nothing other than outright slavery; and they seemed indeed to be moved for the correction of public affairs, but in truth they were hastening to create opportunities for their own gains. From which arose seditions and the murder of many, even of the leading men, some by civil slaughter, others by the enemy, and famine and the capture and destruction of cities and the burning of the temple. For there being of old three ways of philosophy among the Jews, as has been said before, that of the Essenes, that of the Pharisees, and that of the Sadducees, this fourth was introduced by Sadok and Judas. For the Pharisees live simply, nor do they incline toward what is softer, and they are exact in the observance of the laws, and they yield honor to those in old age, nor do they rashly contradict what is proposed by them. And professing fate, they also grant to men that they not yield to its impulses but earnestly act against it. And they assign immortality to souls, and they believe in judgments under the earth for things done in life. For which reasons they are most persuasive to the people and in prayers and sacred ceremonies they use them as interpreters. But the Sadducees believe that souls are mortal, and they say that these are destroyed together with the bodies. And the transgression of the laws is not observed by them, and they think it a virtue to contradict their elders and their teachers. But if any of them should come into office, they yield to the words of the Pharisees, even unwillingly; for otherwise they do not seem tolerable to the multitudes. The Essenes, on the other hand, have made God the cause of all things; they consider souls immortal; they hold fast to what is just. They send offerings to the temple, but they certainly do not offer sacrifices, differing from others concerning purifications; for which reason also, being excluded from the common sanctuary, they offer sacrifice by themselves. And they turn to agricultural labors. They have their goods in common; whence the rich man enjoys nothing more of his own things than the very poorest man. And they neither take wives nor acquire slaves, thinking the one an injustice, and the introduction of women an occasion for strife; but living by themselves they serve one another. And they appoint receivers of the fruits of the earth and of the things brought to them from elsewhere. But the fourth, of which Judas the Galilean became leader, is in other respects of the same opinion as the Pharisees, but a fierce love of liberty has been instilled in it, whose followers name God alone as leader and master, not enduring to share these names with a man, but not refusing to undergo even various and terrible deaths and punishments, so that they might not depart from their own position. From this, therefore, the nation of the Jews began to suffer from madness upon madness, when Gessius Florus the governor provoked them to this insolence. However Quirinius, when the census and the assessments were completed, which took place in the thirty-seventh year after the defeat of Antony by Caesar at Actium, having removed the honor from Joazar the high priest who had been opposed by the multitude, appointed Annas the son of Seth as high priest. And when Quirinius had departed for Rome, Coponius governed Judea. His successor was Marcus

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καὶ παῖδας γεννήσασα ἐξ ἐμοῦ, λήθῃ τῶν ἐμῶν ἐρώτων δευτέροις γάμοις ὡμίλησας· καὶ οὐδ' ουτως σοι κόρος τῆς εἰς ἡμᾶς ἐγένετο υβρεως, ἀλλὰ καὶ τρίτον σαυτῇ νυμφίον παρακατέκλινας, καὶ ταῦτα ἐμὸν ἀδελφόν. ἀλλ' ἐγώ σε αυθις ἐμὴν ποιησάμενος τῆς ἐπὶ τούτῳ ἀπαλλάξω αἰσχύνης." ταῦτα διηγησαμένη πρὸς τὰς συνήθεις τῶν γυναικῶν μετὰ μικρὸν τελευτᾷ. ̔Η δὲ ̓Αρχελάῳ ὑπήκοος χώρα τῇ Συρίᾳ προσενεμήθη. ἐπέμφθη δὲ καὶ Κυρήνιος ἀπογραψόμενος τὴν Συρίαν καὶ αὐτὴν ̓Ιουδαίαν προσθήκην ἐκείνης γεγενημένην. ̓Ιουδαῖοι δέ, καίπερ πρότερον καὶ μέχρις ἀκοῆς τὴν ἀπογραφὴν δυσχεραίνοντες, τότε τοῦ ἀρχιερέως ̓Ιωαζάρου πείσαντος αὐτοὺς ἐνέδοσαν. Γαυλανίτης δέ τις ἀνήρ, Σαδὼκ Φαρισαῖον προσεταιρισάμενος, πολέμων καὶ λῃστηρίων τὸ εθνος ἐνέπλησαν, λέγοντες οὐδὲν ετερον ειναι τὴν τῶν οὐσιῶν ἀποτίμησιν η δουλείαν αντικρυς· καὶ ἐδόκουν μὲν ἐπὶ διορθώσει τῶν κοινῶν κεκινῆσθαι, τῇ δ' ἀληθείᾳ δι' οἰκείων εσπευδον κερδῶν ἀφορμάς. ἐξ ων στάσεις ἐφύησαν καὶ φόνος πολλῶν καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν πρώτων ἀνδρῶν, ὁ μὲν ἐμφυλίοις σφαγαῖς, ὁ δὲ τῶν πολεμίων, λιμός τε καὶ πόλεων ἁλώσεις καὶ κατασκαφαὶ καὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐμπρησμός. Τριῶν γὰρ οὐσῶν ἐκ παλαιοῦ τοῖς ̓Ιουδαίοις φιλοσοφίας ὁδῶν, ὡς καὶ πρόσθεν ειρηται, τῆς τῶν ̓Εσσηνῶν, τῆς τῶν Φαρισαίων, καὶ τῆς τῶν Σαδδουκαίων, τετάρτη αυτη ἐπείσακτος παρὰ Σαδὼκ καὶ 2.9 ̓Ιούδα κεκαίνισται. οἱ μὲν γὰρ Φαρισαῖοι εὐτελῶς διαιτῶνται, οὐδ' ἐπικλίνονται πρὸς τὸ μαλακώτερον, περί τε τὴν τῶν νομίμων φυλακήν εἰσιν ἀκριβεῖς, καὶ τοῖς ἐν γήρᾳ παραχωροῦσι τιμῆς, οὐδ' ἀντιλέγουσι θρασέως τοῖς παρ' ἐκείνων εἰσηγουμένοις. εἱμαρμένην τε δογματίζοντες καὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις διδόασι μὴ εικειν ταῖς ταύτης ὁρμαῖς μετὰ σπουδῆς ἀντιπράττουσιν. ἀθανασίαν τε ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἀπονέμουσι, καὶ δικαιώσεις ὑποχθονίους τῶν βεβιωμένων δοξάζουσι. δι' α τοῖς τε δήμοις εἰσὶ πιθανώτατοι καὶ ἐν εὐχαῖς καὶ ποιήσεσιν ἱερῶν ἐκείνοις χρῶνται ἐξηγηταῖς. Σαδδουκαῖοι δὲ θνητὰς δοξάζουσι τὰς ψυχάς, καὶ ταύτας τοῖς σώμασι συνδιαφθείρεσθαι λέγουσι. καὶ ἡ τῶν νόμων αὐτοῖς οὐ παρατηρεῖται παράβασις, καὶ τὸ πρὸς τοὺς γεραιτέρους καὶ τοὺς διδασκάλους αὐτοὺς ἀντιλέγειν ἀρετὴν οιονται. εἰ δέ τινες αὐτῶν εἰς ἀρχὰς ελθοιεν, προσχωροῦσι τοῖς τῶν Φαρισαίων λόγοις καὶ ακοντες· οὐ γὰρ αλλως ἀνεκτοὶ δοκοῦσι τοῖς πλήθεσιν. ̓Εσσηνοὶ δὲ ἐπὶ θεῷ τὰ πάντα πεποίηνται· ἀθανάτους ηγηνται τὰς ψυχάς· τοῦ δικαίου ἀντέχονται. ἀναθήματα μὲν εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν στέλλουσιν, οὐ μήν γε καὶ θύουσι, διαφερόμενοι τοῖς αλλοις περὶ ἁγνισμῶν· διὸ καὶ εἰργόμενοι τοῦ κοινοῦ τεμενίσματος, ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν θύουσι. καὶ ἐπὶ πόνους γεωργικοὺς τρέπονται. κοινὰ τὰ χρήματα εχουσιν· οθεν οὐδέν τι πλέον ὁ πλούσιος τῶν οἰκείων ἀπολαύει παρὰ τὸν πάνυ πενέστατον. καὶ ουτε γαμετὰς εἰσάγονται ουτε δούλους κτῶνται, τὸ μὲν ἀδικίαν οἰόμενοι, τὴν δὲ τῶν γυναικῶν ἐπεισαγωγὴν στάσεως ἀφορμήν· καθ' ἑαυτοὺς δὲ βιοῦντες ἀλλήλοις ὑπηρετοῦσι. καὶ ἀποδέκτας 2.10 τῶν τῆς γῆς καρπῶν καὶ τῶν αλλοθεν κομιζομένων αὐτοῖς προχειρίζονται. ̔Η δὲ τετάρτη, ης ὁ Γαλιλαῖος ̓Ιούδας γέγονεν ἡγεμών, τὰ μὲν αλλα τοῖς Φαρισαίοις ὁμογνώμων ἐστί, τῆς δ' ἐλευθερίας αὐτῇ δριμὺς ερως ἐντέτηκεν, ης οἱ τρόφιμοι μόνον ἡγεμόνα καὶ δεσπότην τὸν θεὸν ὀνομάζουσιν, ἀνθρώπῳ τῶν ὀνομάτων τούτων μεταδιδόναι μὴ ἀνεχόμενοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ θανάτους καὶ τιμωρίας ποικίλας τε καὶ δεινὰς ὑφίστασθαι μὴ ἀπαναινόμενοι, ινα μὴ τῆς σφετέρας ἐκσταῖεν ἐνστάσεως. ̓Εντεῦθεν ουν ηρξατο τὸ τῶν ̓Ιουδαίων εθνος νοσεῖν ἐξ ἀνοίας ἀπόνοιαν, Γεσσίου Φλώρου τοῦ ἡγεμόνος εἰς ταύτην αὐτοὺς ἐρεθίσαντος υβρεσιν. ὁ μέντοι Κυρήνιος, τῆς ἀπογραφῆς καὶ τῶν ἀποτιμήσεων περαιωθεισῶν, αι ἐγένοντο ἐν ετει τριακοστῷ καὶ ἑβδόμῳ μετὰ τὴν ἐν ̓Ακτίῳ ητταν τοῦ ̓Αντωνίου ὑπὸ τοῦ Καίσαρος, ̓Ιωάζαρον τὸν ἀρχιερέα καταστασιασθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους ἀφελόμενος τὴν τιμήν, Ανναν τὸν Σεθὶ ἀρχιερέα καθίστησι. Κυρηνίου δὲ εἰς ̔Ρώμην ἀπάραντος Κοπώνιος τὴν ̓Ιουδαίαν διεῖπε. τούτῳ δὲ διάδοχος γίνεται Μάρκος