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Ambibouchos. And Rufus succeeds Marcus. Anninus. under whom indeed Caesar, emperor of the Romans, died, having reigned fifty-seven years and six months over two days, of which Antony reigned with him for fourteen years, so that the time of his sole rule was forty-three years, and according to some, forty-four. And he lived seventy-seven years. And the monarchy was transferred to Tiberius, the son of Caesar's wife Julia. by whom Valerius Gratus was sent to Judea as governor; who, having removed Annas from the high priesthood, appointed Ishmael the son of Fabi, 2.11 and having removed him after not long, he bestows the honor of the priesthood upon Eleazar the son of Annas, and after a year introduces Simon son of Camithus in his place. And after he had served as priest for the same amount of time, Joseph Caiaphas was his successor. And Gratus, after ruling Judea for eleven years, and having done these things, returned to Rome; and Pontius Pilate came, having taken up the governorship. And the tetrarch Herod, being a friend of Tiberius before his rule, builds after he became emperor a city named for him in Galilee on Lake Gennesaret, calling it Tiberias. But Pilate, having moved an army from Caesarea to winter in Jerusalem, brought standards into the city by night which had images of Caesar, although the law forbids the Jews to have images. But when what had been done was known, a crowd rushed to Caesarea requesting the removal of the images, and for this reason they made supplications for five days. But when Pilate did not consent, on the pretext that Caesar would be insulted by this, since the crowd would not stop pleading, on the sixth day, having surrounded them with armed soldiers, he threatened them with death, if they would not stop their clamor. But they, throwing themselves prostrate, said they would receive death with pleasure. And Pilate, marveling at their noble spirit and zeal for the observance of their laws, immediately brought the images back to Caesarea. 2.12 And making an aqueduct into Jerusalem, he spent the sacred funds for this purpose. Therefore many gathered together and cried out against Pilate, demanding that he stop, and some even used insults against him. But he ordered a multitude of soldiers dressed in Jewish cloaks and having clubs under their cloaks to surround the rioters, and so he commanded the Jews to depart. And when they began to revile him, he gave the signal to the soldiers; who punished the rioters with blows. But they, being unarmed and being beaten, were not of a mind to give in, but many fell, and the others went away wounded. At this time also our Lord and God Jesus Christ appeared in Judea, concerning whom Josephus says these things word for word in the eighteenth book of the Antiquities. "Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man; for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. This was the Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him. For he appeared to them alive again the third day, as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day." And these things Josephus wrote in his archaeology concerning Christ; but in his discourse to the Greeks, 2.13 which is inscribed against Plato, concerning the cause of the universe, of which also Saint John of Damascus has made mention in the book compiled by him called Parallels, he says these things. "For all, both just and unjust, shall be brought before God the Word. For to him the Father has given the judgment, and he, fulfilling the Father's will, comes as judge, whom we call Christ. For neither Minos nor Rhadamanthus are judges, as you say, Greeks, but

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̓Αμβιβοῦχος. καὶ τὸν Μάρκον ̔Ροῦφος διαδέχεται Αννινος. ἐφ' ου δὴ τελευτᾷ Καῖσαρ αὐτοκράτωρ ̔Ρωμαίων, αρξας ετη ἑπτὰ καὶ πεντήκοντα μῆνάς τε εξ ἐφ' ἡμέραιν δυοῖν, ἀφ' ων τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα ετη αὐτῷ συνῆρξεν ̓Αντώνιος, ὡς ειναι τὸν τῆς μοναρχίας αὐτοῦ χρόνον ἐνιαυτοὺς τεσσαράκοντα πρὸς τρισί, κατὰ δέ τινας τέσσαρσιν. ἐβίω δὲ ετη ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑπτά. ̔Η δὲ μοναρχία μετήνεκτο εἰς Τιβέριον τῆς τοῦ Καίσαρος γυναικὸς ̓Ιουλίας υἱόν. ὑφ' ου Γράτος Οὐαλλέριος εἰς ̓Ιουδαίαν εσταλτο ἡγεμών· ος παύσας τὸν Ανναν τῆς ἀρχιερωσύνης ̓Ισμαὴλ ἀποδεί2.11 κνυσι τὸν τοῦ Φαβί, καὶ τοῦτον δὲ μεταστήσας μετ' οὐ πολὺ ̓Ελεάζαρ τῷ τοῦ Αννα υἱῷ ἀπονέμει τὴν τοῦ ἱερᾶσθαι τιμήν, καὶ μετ' ἐνιαυτὸν ἀντεισάγει Σίμωνα τὸν Καμίθου. καὶ τούτῳ τὸν ισον χρόνον ἱερασαμένῳ ̓Ιωσὴφ ὁ Καϊάφας διάδοχος ην. Καὶ Γράτος ἐπὶ ενδεκα ετη τῆς ̓Ιουδαίας αρξας, καὶ ταῦτα πράξας, εἰς ̔Ρώμην ὑπανεχώρησε· Πόντιος δ' ηκε Πιλάτος τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἀναδεξάμενος. ὁ δὲ τετράρχης ̔Ηρώδης φίλος τῷ Τιβερίῳ χρηματίζων πρὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς, οἰκοδομεῖ μετὰ τὴν μοναρχίαν πόλιν αὐτῷ ἐπώνυμον ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ ἐπὶ τῇ λίμνῃ Γεννησαρέτ, Τιβεριάδα καλέσας αὐτήν. Πιλάτος δὲ στρατιὰν ἐκ Καισαρείας μεθιδρύσας χειμαδιοῦσαν ἐν ̔Ιεροσολύμοις, σημαίας εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὑπὸ νύκτα εἰσήγαγεν εἰκόνας ἐχούσας Καίσαρος, ἀπαγορεύοντος ̓Ιουδαίοις τοῦ νόμου εἰκόνας εχειν. ἐπεὶ δ' ἐγνώσθη τὸ πεπραγμένον, πλῆθος ωρμησεν εἰς Καισάρειαν αἰτούμενον τὴν τῶν εἰκόνων μετάθεσιν, καὶ πενθημέρους ἱκετείας διὰ τοῦτο πεποίηντο. μὴ συγχωροῦντος δὲ Πιλάτου, ὡς ἐντεῦθεν δῆθεν ὑβριζομένου τοῦ Καίσαρος, ἐπεὶ τὸ πλῆθος οὐκ ἀνίει δεόμενον, κατὰ τὴν εκτην ἡμέραν περιστήσας στρατιώτας ἐνόπλους σφίσιν ἠπείλει θάνατον, εἰ μὴ παύσοιντο θορυβεῖν. οἱ δὲ πρηνεῖς καταβαλόντες ἑαυτοὺς σὺν ἡδονῇ δέξασθαι τὸν θάνατον ελεγον. καὶ θαυμάσας Πιλάτος τὸ γενναῖον αὐτῶν καὶ πρόθυμον ἐπὶ τηρήσει τῶν νόμων, παραχρῆμα τὰς εἰκόνας ἐπανεκόμισεν εἰς Καισάρειαν. 2.12 ̔Υδάτων δ' εἰσαγωγὴν ποιούμενος εἰς ̔Ιεροσόλυμα τὰ ἱερὰ πρὸς ταύτην ἀνήλισκε χρήματα. συνελθόντες ουν πολλοὶ κατεβόων Πιλάτου, παύσασθαι ἀξιοῦντες, τινὲς δὲ καὶ λοιδορίαις ἐκέχρηντο κατ' αὐτοῦ. ὁ δὲ στολαῖς ̓Ιουδαϊκαῖς πλῆθος στρατιωτῶν κεχρημένον σκυτάλας τε ὑπὸ ταῖς στολαῖς εχον περιελθεῖν κύκλῳ τῶν θορυβούντων ἐκέλευσε, καὶ ουτως ἀναχωρεῖν τοῖς ̓Ιουδαίοις ἐπέταττεν. ὡς δ' ηρξαντο λοιδορεῖν, τοῖς στρατιώταις δίδωσι σύνθημα· οἱ δὲ πληγαῖς τοὺς θορυβοῦντας ἐκόλαζον. ἐκεῖνοι δὲ αοπλοι οντες καὶ πληττόμενοι οὐδὲν ἐνδόσιμον ἐφρόνουν, ἀλλὰ πολλοὶ μὲν επιπτον, οἱ δ' αλλοι τραυματίαι ἀπῄεσαν. Κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν καιρὸν καὶ ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν καὶ θεὸς ̓Ιησοῦς Χριστὸς ἐν ̓Ιουδαίᾳ ἐφάνη, περὶ ου ταῦτα κατὰ λέξιν φησὶν ὁ ̓Ιώσηπος ἐν τῷ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳ λόγῳ τῆς ̓Αρχαιολογίας. "γίνεται δὴ κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον ̓Ιησοῦς, σοφὸς ἀνήρ, ειγε ανδρα αὐτὸν λέγειν χρή· ην γὰρ παραδόξων εργων ποιητής, διδάσκαλος ἀνθρώπων τῶν σὺν ἡδονῇ τἀληθῆ δεχομένων· καὶ πολλοὺς μὲν ̓Ιουδαίους, πολλοὺς δὲ καὶ τοῦ ̔Ελληνικοῦ ἐπηγάγετο. ὁ Χριστὸς ουτος ην. καὶ αὐτὸν ἐνδείξει τῶν πρώτων ἀνδρῶν παρ' ἡμῖν σταυρῷ ἐπιτετιμηκότος Πιλάτου, οὐκ ἐπαύσαντο οἱ τὸ πρῶτον αὐτὸν ἀγαπήσαντες. ἐφάνη γὰρ αὐτοῖς τρίτην εχων ἡμέραν πάλιν ζῶν, τῶν θείων προφητῶν ταῦτά τε καὶ αλλα μυρία περὶ αὐτοῦ θαυμάσια εἰρηκότων. εἰσέτι νῦν τῶν Χριστιανῶν ἀπὸ τοῦδε ὠνομασμένων οὐκ ἐπέλιπε τὸ φῦλον." Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἀρχαιολογῶν ὁ ̓Ιώσηπος εγραψε περὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ· ἐν δὲ τῷ πρὸς Ελληνας αὐτοῦ 2.13 λόγῳ, ος κατὰ Πλάτωνος ἐπιγέγραπται περὶ τῆς τοῦ παντὸς αἰτίας, ου καὶ ὁ αγιος ̓Ιωάννης ὁ ∆αμασκηνὸς μνείαν πεποίηται ἐν τῇ πονηθείσῃ αὐτῷ βίβλῳ τῇ καλουμένῃ Παράλληλα, ταῦτά φησι. "πάντες γὰρ δίκαιοί τε καὶ αδικοι ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου ἀχθήσονται. τούτῳ γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ τὴν κρίσιν δέδωκε, καὶ αὐτὸς βουλὴν πατρὸς ἐπιτελῶν κριτὴς παραγίνεται, ον Χριστὸν προσαγορεύομεν. οὐδὲ γὰρ Μίνως καὶ ̔Ραδάμανθυς κριταὶ καθ' ὑμᾶς, Ελληνες, ἀλλ'