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governing, accusing Pilate for the slaughter of their countrymen. And Vitellius, having sent Marcellus to take care of the Jews, ordered Pilate to depart for Rome to defend himself before the emperor2.16 on the charges brought against him. And he departed, having governed Judea for ten years, but before he drew near to Rome, Tiberius had already passed away. But Vitellius, coming to Jerusalem during the celebration of the festival of the Passover, was received magnificently, and he remitted to the inhabitants of Jerusalem the taxes on agricultural produce, and he permitted the robe of the high priest to be kept in the temple and to be in the custody of the priests, just as before; for at that time it was kept in the Antonia. For one of the high priests, namely Hyrcanus the first, having erected a fortress very near the temple, and living in it, also kept there the high priestly robe belonging to him, as high priest. The same things were also done by him and by those after him. But Herod, having rebuilt that fortress on a more lavish scale, being a friend of Antony, renamed it with his name; and having found the robe in it, he kept it there. Archelaus also did this, and after him the Romans did the same things concerning the robe, which was kept there under the seals of the priests and the treasurers. But when a festival was at hand, it was given to the high priests by the commander of the garrison, and after one day of the festival, it was put away there again. But Vitellius yielded the robe to the nation. And having taken the priesthood away from the high priest Joseph, who was also Caiaphas, he gives it to Jonathan, the son of Annas the high priest. And by the commands of Tiberius, Vitellius made a treaty with Artabanus, king of the Parthians, who had sent his son Darius with many gifts to be a hostage. And Herod the tetrarch, being also present at the treaty-making, immediately sent word2.17 to Caesar, writing what had happened. Then when Vitellius wrote to Tiberius about these things, he wrote back that he had learned everything from Herod. This moved Vitellius to anger against Herod; but he concealed his wrath, and pursued him after Gaius came to power. At that time also Philip, being the brother of this Herod, died, in the twentieth year of the reign of Tiberius, having ruled for thirty-seven years. He was of a quiet and moderate character towards his subjects, making progresses with a few of his select men; and as he went forward, if anyone approached asking for help, his throne was immediately set down for him on the spot, for those who carried it followed, and sitting down he would hear the case and punish the wrongdoers and release those unjustly accused. But Tiberius, since Philip had no children, added his dominion to the province of the Syrians. But Herod the tetrarch, being on his way to Rome, lodged with his brother Herod, whom the daughter of Simon the high priest had borne to King Herod. And having fallen in love with Herodias, the wife of his brother, the daughter of Aristobulus their brother, and the sister of Agrippa the Great, he made proposals of marriage to her. And she, having accepted, agreed to move in with him, if he would cast out the daughter of Aretas. And he sailed to Rome on these terms; but when he returned, his wife, the daughter of Aretas, having learned of the agreements with Herodias, asked to be sent to the fortress of Machaerus; this was on the border of the dominions of Aretas and of 2.18 Herod. And Herod sent her away, not knowing what she intended; but from there she hastened to Arabia to her father, and she recounted Herod's intentions concerning her. And he took this as a pretext for enmity; and a battle was joined between them both through their generals, and Herod's forces were defeated and his entire army fell. Herod reported these things to Tiberius by letter; and he wrote to Vitellius to make war against Aretas and either send him as a prisoner to Rome if taken alive, or to send his head if he were killed. But to some it seemed that Herod's army was destroyed by God, who was exacting vengeance for the murder of the prophet and baptist John. For these things also about this

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ἡγεμονεύοντα, Πιλάτου κατηγοροῦντες ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν ὁμοφύλων σφαγῇ. καὶ Οὐιτέλλιος Μάρκελλον πέμψας τῶν ̓Ιουδαίων προνοησόμενον, ἐπὶ ̔Ρώμην ἀπιέναι τὸν Πιλάτον ἐκέλευεν ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοκρά2.16 τορος ἀπολογησόμενον ἐφ' οις ἐγκαλεῖται. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἀπῄει ἐπὶ δέκα ετεσιν ἡγεμονεύσας τῆς ̓Ιουδαίας, πρὶν δὲ τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ ἐγγίσαι αὐτόν, εφθη Τιβέριος μεταστάς. Οὐιτέλλιος δὲ εἰς ̔Ιεροσόλυμα ἐλθὼν τῆς τοῦ πάσχα ἑορτῆς τελουμένης ὑπεδέχθη μεγαλοπρεπῶς, καὶ τὰ τέλη τῶν γεωργουμένων καρπῶν τοῖς ̔Ιεροσολυμίταις ἀνίησι, καὶ τὴν στολὴν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν συνεχώρησε κεῖσθαι καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν ειναι καθάπερ καὶ πρότερον· τότε δὲ ἐν τῇ ̓Αντωνίᾳ ἀπέκειτο. τῶν γὰρ ἀρχιερέων τις, ὁ πρῶτος δηλαδὴ ̔Υρκανός, εγγιστα τοῦ ἱεροῦ βᾶριν ἐγείρας, καὶ ἐν αὐτῇ διαιτώμενος, ἐκεῖ καὶ τὴν ἀρχιερατικὴν στολὴν αὐτῷ ἀνήκουσαν ειχεν, ὡς ἀρχιερεῖ. τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ ἐκείνῳ καὶ τοῖς μετ' ἐκεῖνον ἐπράσσετο. ̔Ηρώδης δὲ τὴν βᾶριν ἐκείνην ἐπικατασκευάσας ἐπὶ τὸ πολυτελέστερον, φίλος ων ̓Αντωνίου, ἐπὶ τῷ ἐκείνου ταύτην ὀνόματι μετωνόμασε· καὶ τὴν στολὴν ἐν αὐτῇ εὑρηκὼς κατεῖχεν ἐκεῖ. τοῦτο δ' ἐποίει καὶ ὁ ̓Αρχέλαος, καὶ μετ' ἐκεῖνον οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι τὰ αὐτὰ ἐπὶ τῇ στολῇ επραττον, ἀποκειμένῃ ἐκεῖ ὑπὸ σφραγῖσι τῶν ἱερέων καὶ τῶν γαζοφυλάκων. ἑορτῆς δ' ἐφεστώσης ἀπεδίδοτο τοῖς ἀρχιερεῦσιν ὑπὸ τοῦ φρουράρχου, καὶ μετὰ μίαν τῆς ἑορτῆς ἡμέραν αυθις ἐκεῖ ἀπετίθετο. Οὐιτέλλιος δὲ παραχωρεῖ τῆς στολῆς τῷ εθνει. τὸν δὲ ἀρχιερέα ̓Ιωσὴφ τὸν καὶ Καϊάφαν ἀφῃρηκὼς τὴν ἱερωσύνην, ̓Ιωνάθῃ δίδωσι ταύτην τῷ Αννα τοῦ ἀρχιερέως υἱῷ. Κατ' ἐντολὰς δὲ Τιβερίου σπένδεται Οὐιτέλλιος ̓Αρταβάνῳ τῷ Πάρθων βασιλεῖ, πέμψαντι τὸν υἱὸν ∆αρεῖον μετὰ δώρων πολλῶν ὁμηρεύσοντα. παρὼν δ' ἐν ταῖς σπονδαῖς καὶ ὁ τετράρχης ̔Ηρώδης ἐκ2.17 πέμπει πρὸς Καίσαρα παραχρῆμα γράψας τὰ γεγονότα. ειτα τοῦ Οὐιτελλίου περὶ τούτων ἐπιστείλαντος Τιβερίῳ, ἐκεῖνος ἀντέγραψε μαθεῖν πάντα παρὰ ̔Ηρώδου. τοῦτο εἰς ὀργὴν τὸν Οὐιτέλλιον κατὰ τοῦ ̔Ηρώδου κεκίνηκεν· ἐβυσσοδόμευε δὲ τὸν θυμόν, καὶ μετῆλθεν αὐτὸν Γαΐου κρατήσαντος. Τότε καὶ Φίλιππος ̔Ηρώδου τούτου ων ἀδελφὸς τετελεύτηκεν, εἰκοστῷ ἐνιαυτῷ τῆς Τιβερίου ἀρχῆς, αρξας ἑπτὰ καὶ τριάκοντα ετη. ην δὲ τὸν τρόπον ἀπράγμων καὶ μέτριος τοῖς ἀρχομένοις, προόδους σὺν ὀλίγοις τῶν ἐπιλέκτων ποιούμενος· καὶ προϊόντι ει τις προσῄει δεόμενος βοηθείας, εὐθὺς αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸν τόπον τοῦ θρόνου τιθεμένου, ειποντο γὰρ οἱ τοῦτον φέροντες, καθήμενος ἠκροᾶτο καὶ ἐποινηλάτει τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας καὶ τοὺς ἀδίκως αἰτιωμένους ἀπέλυε. τὴν δὲ ἀρχὴν ὁ Τιβέριος, παῖδες γὰρ Φιλίππῳ οὐκ ησαν, τῇ τῶν Σύρων ἐπαρχίᾳ προσέθετο. ̔Ηρώδης δὲ ὁ τετράρχης ἐπὶ ̔Ρώμην στελλόμενος κατέλυσεν ἐν ̔Ηρώδου τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ, ον ἡ τοῦ Σίμωνος τοῦ ἀρχιερέως θυγάτηρ τῷ βασιλεῖ ̔Ηρώδῃ ἐγείνατο. ἐρασθεὶς δὲ ̔Ηρωδιάδος τῆς τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ γυναικός, θυγατρὸς ̓Αριστοβούλου τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτῶν, ἀδελφῆς δὲ τοῦ μεγάλου ̓Αγρίππα, λόγους περὶ γάμων πρὸς αὐτὴν ἐποιήσατο. καὶ δεξαμένη συνέθετο μετοικίσασθαι πρὸς αὐτόν, εἰ τὴν ̓Αρέτα θυγατέρα ἐκβάλοι. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ ̔Ρώμην επλει ἐπὶ τοιαύταις συνθήκαις· ὡς δ' ἐπανῆλθε, γνοῦσα ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ, τοῦ δὲ ̓Αρέτα θυγάτηρ, τὰς πρὸς ̔Ηρωδιάδα συνθήκας, ῃτει πρὸς Μαχαιροῦντα πεμφθῆναι τὸ φρούριον· μεθόριον δὲ τοῦτο ην τῆς ̓Αρέτα καὶ τῆς 2.18 ̔Ηρώδου ἀρχῆς. καὶ ὁ ̔Ηρώδης ἐξέπεμψε, μὴ γινώσκων ο,τι ἐστὶν αὐτῇ τὸ βουλόμενον· ἡ δὲ ἐκεῖθεν πρὸς ̓Αραβίαν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα ἐξώρμησε, καὶ τὴν ̔Ηρώδου διηγεῖτο γνώμην περὶ αὐτήν. κἀκεῖνος εσχε τοῦτο εχθρας ὑπόθεσιν· καὶ μάχη μέσον ἀμφοῖν συγκεκρότητο διὰ στρατηγῶν, καὶ οἱ ̔Ηρώδου ἡττήθησαν καὶ απαν τὸ ἐκείνου στράτευμα πέπτωκε. ταῦτα διὰ γραφῆς ̔Ηρώδης μηνύει τῷ Τιβερίῳ· ὁ δὲ γράφει πρὸς Οὐιτέλλιον, πόλεμον πρὸς ̓Αρέταν ποιήσασθαι καὶ η ζωγρηθέντα δέσμιον ἀναπέμψαι εἰς ̔Ρώμην η ἀνῃρημένου στεῖλαι τὴν κεφαλήν. Τισὶ δὲ ὑπὸ θεοῦ τὴν ̔Ηρώδου στρατιὰν ὀλέσθαι ἐδόκει, δίκας τιννύντος διὰ τὸν φόνον τοῦ προφήτου καὶ βαπτιστοῦ ̓Ιωάννου. ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ περὶ τούτου