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killed him for conspiring with him. But Archelaus, having taken over the ethnarchy, takes away the high priesthood from Joazar the son of Boethus, and appoints in his place Eleazar, his brother. and he takes to wife Glaphyra the daughter of Archelaus, the wife of Alexander his brother, from whom she also had children, it being forbidden by the law 2.7 for brothers to marry the wives of their deceased brothers who have children by them. And after a short time, having cast out Eleazar, he brought in Jesus the son of See. And in the tenth year of his rule, he was accused before Caesar by his subjects of having managed affairs cruelly and on the whole tyrannically. Caesar, therefore, quickly summoned him, and having heard the accusers and him, he condemned him to exile, and confiscated his property. And the future was revealed to Archelaus in a dream. For he seemed to see ten ears of grain, ripe and full of wheat, being eaten by oxen. So some interpreted the dream in one way, and others in another, but Simon, an Essene by race, said that the vision brought a change of affairs for Archelaus, but not for the better. For the oxen were a symbol of hardship, being animals that toil at their work, and indicative of a change of affairs because the earth, being plowed by them, is not allowed to remain motionless; and the ten ears of grain signified the number of years; for in the course of a year these are filled out and summer is completed, and the time of his rule was coming to an end for Archelaus. And another dream was seen by Archelaus's wife, Glaphyra. for she, as has been related, formerly lived with Alexander, Archelaus's brother; and when he was killed, she was married to Juba, king of the Libyans; and when he departed this life, she came to Archelaus, who had sent away Mariamne who lived with him, and this though she had children by Alexander. So the woman seemed to see Alexander standing before her, reproaching her and saying, "Glaphyra, you have proved true the saying which says that wo2.8men are unfaithful to their husbands. For having married me as a virgin, and having borne children by me, forgetting my love, you entered into a second marriage; and not even so were you satisfied with your insult to us, but you have also taken a third bridegroom to your bed, and he, my own brother. But I, having made you mine again, will release you from this shame." Having related these things to her usual women, she died a short time after. And the country subject to Archelaus was annexed to Syria. And Quirinius was also sent to take a census of Syria and of Judea itself, which had become an appendage of it. But the Jews, although previously vexed at the census even at the mere hearing of it, then gave in when the high priest Joazar persuaded them. But a certain man from Gaulanitis, having taken Saddok the Pharisee as his associate, filled the nation with wars and robberies, saying that the assessment of properties was nothing other than outright slavery. and they seemed indeed to have been moved for the correction of common affairs, but in truth they were striving for opportunities for their own gain. from which arose seditions and the murder of many, even of the leading men, some by civil slaughters, others by the enemy, and famine and the capture and destruction of cities and the burning of the temple. For there being three schools of philosophy among the Jews from of old, as has been said before, that of the Essenes, that of the Pharisees, and that of the Sadducees, this fourth was introduced, innovated by Saddok and 2.9 Judas. For the Pharisees live simply, nor do they incline toward luxury, and they are precise concerning the observance of the laws, and they yield honor to those in old age, nor do they rashly contradict what is proposed by them. And holding the doctrine of fate, they also grant to men not to yield to its impulses; they act in opposition with zeal. and they attribute immortality to souls, and believe in judgments under the earth for things done in life. For which reasons they are most persuasive to the people, and in prayers and the performance of sacred rites they use them as interpreters. But the Sadducees mortal

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ἐκείνῳ συμπνέοντα εκτεινεν. ̓Αρχέλαος δὲ τὴν ἐθναρχίαν παραλαβὼν ἀφαιρεῖται τὴν ἀρχιερωσύνην ἐξ ̓Ιωαζάρου τοῦ Βοηθοῦ, καὶ ἀντικαθίστησιν ̓Ελεάζαρ τὸν ἐκείνου ἀδελφόν. καὶ Γλαφύραν αγεται πρὸς γάμον τὴν ̓Αρχελάου παῖδα, ̓Αλεξάνδρου δὲ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ γαμετήν, ἀφ' ου καὶ τέκνα ην αὐτῇ, ἀπειρημένου τῷ νόμῳ 2.7 ἀδελφῶν αγεσθαι γυναῖκας παῖδας ἐκ τῶν τεθνεώτων ἐχούσας. καὶ τὸν ̓Ελεάζαρ δὲ μετὰ μικρὸν ἐκβαλὼν ̓Ιησοῦν ἀντεισήγαγε τὸν παῖδα Σεέ. ἀνύων δ' ετος ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ δέκατον κατηγορήθη παρὰ Καίσαρι πρὸς τῶν ὑπηκόων ὡς ὠμῶς καὶ τὸ ολον τυραννικῶς κεχρημένος τοῖς πράγμασιν. ὁ τοίνυν Καῖσαρ μετακαλεῖται ταχέως αὐτόν, καὶ ἀκροασάμενος τῶν κατηγόρων κἀκείνου, ἐκείνου μὲν φυγαδείαν καταψηφίζεται, τὰ δὲ χρήματα ἀπηνέγκατο. ̓Ονείρῳ δὲ τὸ μέλλον ἐδηλώθη τῷ ̓Αρχελάῳ. ἐδόκει γὰρ ἀστάχυας ὁρᾶν δέκα ἀκμαίους καὶ πλήρεις σίτου βιβρωσκομένους ὑπὸ βοῶν. αλλοι μὲν ουν αλλως ἐξηγοῦντο τὸν ονειρον, Σίμων δὲ τὸ γένος ̓Εσσαῖος μεταβολὴν πραγμάτων ελεγε φέρειν ̓Αρχελάῳ τὴν οψιν, οὐ μέντοι ἐπ' ἀγαθῷ. τοὺς μὲν γὰρ βόας κακοπαθείας σύμβολον ειναι, ζῷα ἐπ' εργοις ταλαιπωρούμενα καὶ δηλωτικὰ πραγμάτων μεταβολῆς οτι δι' αὐτῶν ἀρουμένη ἡ γῆ οὐκ ἐᾶται μένειν ἀκίνητος, τοὺς δὲ δέκα στάχυας σημαίνειν ἐτῶν ἀριθμόν· περιόδῳ γὰρ ἐνιαυτοῦ πληροῦσθαι τούτους καὶ ἀπαρτίζεσθαι θέρος, καὶ τὸν τῆς ἡγεμονίας χρόνον ἐξήκειν τῷ ̓Αρχελάῳ. Καὶ τῇ γυναικὶ δὲ τοῦ ̓Αρχελάου Γλαφύρᾳ ονειρος τεθέαται ετερος. αυτη γάρ, ὡς ἱστόρηται, ̓Αλεξάνδρῳ πρότερον συνῴκει ̓Αρχελάου ὁμαίμονι· ἀναιρεθέντος δ' ἐκείνου ̓Ιόβᾳ τῷ Λιβύων γεγάμητο βασιλεῖ· κἀκείνου δὲ τὴν ζωὴν μεταλλάξαντος ̓Αρχελάῳ γίνεται τὴν συνοικοῦσαν αὐτῷ Μαριὰμ ἀποπεμψαμένῳ, καὶ ταῦτα παῖδας ἐξ ̓Αλεξάνδρου εχουσα. ἐδόκει γοῦν ἡ γυνὴ τὸν ̓Αλέξανδρον αὐτῇ ἐπιστάντα μέμφεσθαί τε αὐτῇ καὶ λέγειν "Γλαφύρα, ἀληθεύειν αρα τὸν λόγον ἀπέδειξας ος ἀπίστους ειναι τὰς γυ2.8 ναῖκας τοῖς ἀνδράσι φησί. παρθένος γάρ μοι συνοικήσασα, καὶ παῖδας γεννήσασα ἐξ ἐμοῦ, λήθῃ τῶν ἐμῶν ἐρώτων δευτέροις γάμοις ὡμίλησας· καὶ οὐδ' ουτως σοι κόρος τῆς εἰς ἡμᾶς ἐγένετο υβρεως, ἀλλὰ καὶ τρίτον σαυτῇ νυμφίον παρακατέκλινας, καὶ ταῦτα ἐμὸν ἀδελφόν. ἀλλ' ἐγώ σε αυθις ἐμὴν ποιησάμενος τῆς ἐπὶ τούτῳ ἀπαλλάξω αἰσχύνης." ταῦτα διηγησαμένη πρὸς τὰς συνήθεις τῶν γυναικῶν μετὰ μικρὸν τελευτᾷ. ̔Η δὲ ̓Αρχελάῳ ὑπήκοος χώρα τῇ Συρίᾳ προσενεμήθη. ἐπέμφθη δὲ καὶ Κυρήνιος ἀπογραψόμενος τὴν Συρίαν καὶ αὐτὴν ̓Ιουδαίαν προσθήκην ἐκείνης γεγενημένην. ̓Ιουδαῖοι δέ, καίπερ πρότερον καὶ μέχρις ἀκοῆς τὴν ἀπογραφὴν δυσχεραίνοντες, τότε τοῦ ἀρχιερέως ̓Ιωαζάρου πείσαντος αὐτοὺς ἐνέδοσαν. Γαυλανίτης δέ τις ἀνήρ, Σαδὼκ Φαρισαῖον προσεταιρισάμενος, πολέμων καὶ λῃστηρίων τὸ εθνος ἐνέπλησαν, λέγοντες οὐδὲν ετερον ειναι τὴν τῶν οὐσιῶν ἀποτίμησιν η δουλείαν αντικρυς· καὶ ἐδόκουν μὲν ἐπὶ διορθώσει τῶν κοινῶν κεκινῆσθαι, τῇ δ' ἀληθείᾳ δι' οἰκείων εσπευδον κερδῶν ἀφορμάς. ἐξ ων στάσεις ἐφύησαν καὶ φόνος πολλῶν καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν πρώτων ἀνδρῶν, ὁ μὲν ἐμφυλίοις σφαγαῖς, ὁ δὲ τῶν πολεμίων, λιμός τε καὶ πόλεων ἁλώσεις καὶ κατασκαφαὶ καὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐμπρησμός. Τριῶν γὰρ οὐσῶν ἐκ παλαιοῦ τοῖς ̓Ιουδαίοις φιλοσοφίας ὁδῶν, ὡς καὶ πρόσθεν ειρηται, τῆς τῶν ̓Εσσηνῶν, τῆς τῶν Φαρισαίων, καὶ τῆς τῶν Σαδδουκαίων, τετάρτη αυτη ἐπείσακτος παρὰ Σαδὼκ καὶ 2.9 ̓Ιούδα κεκαίνισται. οἱ μὲν γὰρ Φαρισαῖοι εὐτελῶς διαιτῶνται, οὐδ' ἐπικλίνονται πρὸς τὸ μαλακώτερον, περί τε τὴν τῶν νομίμων φυλακήν εἰσιν ἀκριβεῖς, καὶ τοῖς ἐν γήρᾳ παραχωροῦσι τιμῆς, οὐδ' ἀντιλέγουσι θρασέως τοῖς παρ' ἐκείνων εἰσηγουμένοις. εἱμαρμένην τε δογματίζοντες καὶ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις διδόασι μὴ εικειν ταῖς ταύτης ὁρμαῖς μετὰ σπουδῆς ἀντιπράττουσιν. ἀθανασίαν τε ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἀπονέμουσι, καὶ δικαιώσεις ὑποχθονίους τῶν βεβιωμένων δοξάζουσι. δι' α τοῖς τε δήμοις εἰσὶ πιθανώτατοι καὶ ἐν εὐχαῖς καὶ ποιήσεσιν ἱερῶν ἐκείνοις χρῶνται ἐξηγηταῖς. Σαδδουκαῖοι δὲ θνητὰς