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they hold doctrines concerning the souls, and say that these perish along with the bodies. And transgression of the laws is not a matter of concern to them, and they consider it a virtue to contradict their elders and their teachers. But if any of them should come into office, they conform to the teachings of the Pharisees, even unwillingly; for otherwise they would not seem tolerable to the multitudes. But the Essenes attribute all things to God; they consider souls to be immortal; they hold fast to what is just. They send votive offerings to the temple, but they do not offer sacrifices, differing from others concerning purifications; for which reason, being excluded from the common temple precinct, they offer sacrifices by themselves. And they turn to agricultural labors. They have their possessions in common; for which reason the rich man enjoys nothing more of his own things than the very poorest man. And they neither take wives nor possess slaves, considering the one an injustice, and the introduction of women an occasion for strife; and living by themselves, they serve one another. And they appoint receivers 2.10 of the fruits of the earth and of the things brought to them from elsewhere. But the fourth, of which Judas the Galilean became leader, is in agreement with the Pharisees in other things, but a fierce love of freedom is ingrained in it, whose adherents name God alone as leader and master, not enduring to bestow these names on a man, but even not refusing to undergo deaths and various and terrible punishments, so that they might not depart from their own conviction. From this, therefore, the nation of the Jews began to suffer from a madness born of folly, when Gessius Florus the governor provoked them to this outrage. Quirinius, however, when the census and the valuations were completed, which took place in the thirty-seventh year after the defeat of Antony at Actium by Caesar, having deprived Joazar the high priest, who had been opposed by the multitude, of his office, appointed Annas the son of Seth as high priest. And when Quirinius departed for Rome, Coponius governed Judea. And his successor was Marcus Ambivulus. And Annius Rufus succeeds Marcus. In whose time Caesar, emperor of the Romans, died, having ruled fifty-seven years, six months, and two days, of which Antony ruled jointly with him for fourteen years, so that the time of his sole rule was forty-three years, but according to some, forty-four. And he lived seventy-seven years. And the empire was transferred to Tiberius, the son of Caesar's wife, Julia. By whom Valerius Gratus was sent to Judea as governor; who, having removed Annas from the high priesthood, appoints 2.11 Ishmael the son of Phabi, and having removed him too after not long, he assigns the honor of the priesthood to Eleazar, the son of Annas, and after a year he appoints in his place Simon son of Camithus. And when he had served as priest for the same period of time, Joseph, who is Caiaphas, was his successor. And Gratus, after governing Judea for eleven years and doing these things, returned to Rome; and Pontius Pilate came, having received the governorship. And Herod the tetrarch, being a friend to Tiberius before his reign, after the beginning of his sole rule built a city named for him in Galilee on the Lake of Gennesaret, calling it Tiberias. And Pilate, having moved troops from Caesarea to winter in Jerusalem, brought into the city by night standards having images of Caesar, as the law forbids the Jews to have images. But when what had been done became known, a multitude rushed to Caesarea, asking for the removal of the images, and for this reason they made supplications for five days. But with Pilate not yielding, on the grounds that Caesar was supposedly insulted by this, since the multitude did not let up pleading, on the sixth day, having stationed armed soldiers around them, he threatened them with death if they would not cease their clamor. But they, throwing themselves prostrate, said they would receive death with pleasure. And Pilate, amazed at their nobility and their zeal for keeping the laws, immediately brought the images back to Caesarea. 2.12 And the introduction of waters

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δοξάζουσι τὰς ψυχάς, καὶ ταύτας τοῖς σώμασι συνδιαφθείρεσθαι λέγουσι. καὶ ἡ τῶν νόμων αὐτοῖς οὐ παρατηρεῖται παράβασις, καὶ τὸ πρὸς τοὺς γεραιτέρους καὶ τοὺς διδασκάλους αὐτοὺς ἀντιλέγειν ἀρετὴν οιονται. εἰ δέ τινες αὐτῶν εἰς ἀρχὰς ελθοιεν, προσχωροῦσι τοῖς τῶν Φαρισαίων λόγοις καὶ ακοντες· οὐ γὰρ αλλως ἀνεκτοὶ δοκοῦσι τοῖς πλήθεσιν. ̓Εσσηνοὶ δὲ ἐπὶ θεῷ τὰ πάντα πεποίηνται· ἀθανάτους ηγηνται τὰς ψυχάς· τοῦ δικαίου ἀντέχονται. ἀναθήματα μὲν εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν στέλλουσιν, οὐ μήν γε καὶ θύουσι, διαφερόμενοι τοῖς αλλοις περὶ ἁγνισμῶν· διὸ καὶ εἰργόμενοι τοῦ κοινοῦ τεμενίσματος, ἐφ' ἑαυτῶν θύουσι. καὶ ἐπὶ πόνους γεωργικοὺς τρέπονται. κοινὰ τὰ χρήματα εχουσιν· οθεν οὐδέν τι πλέον ὁ πλούσιος τῶν οἰκείων ἀπολαύει παρὰ τὸν πάνυ πενέστατον. καὶ ουτε γαμετὰς εἰσάγονται ουτε δούλους κτῶνται, τὸ μὲν ἀδικίαν οἰόμενοι, τὴν δὲ τῶν γυναικῶν ἐπεισαγωγὴν στάσεως ἀφορμήν· καθ' ἑαυτοὺς δὲ βιοῦντες ἀλλήλοις ὑπηρετοῦσι. καὶ ἀποδέκτας 2.10 τῶν τῆς γῆς καρπῶν καὶ τῶν αλλοθεν κομιζομένων αὐτοῖς προχειρίζονται. ̔Η δὲ τετάρτη, ης ὁ Γαλιλαῖος ̓Ιούδας γέγονεν ἡγεμών, τὰ μὲν αλλα τοῖς Φαρισαίοις ὁμογνώμων ἐστί, τῆς δ' ἐλευθερίας αὐτῇ δριμὺς ερως ἐντέτηκεν, ης οἱ τρόφιμοι μόνον ἡγεμόνα καὶ δεσπότην τὸν θεὸν ὀνομάζουσιν, ἀνθρώπῳ τῶν ὀνομάτων τούτων μεταδιδόναι μὴ ἀνεχόμενοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ θανάτους καὶ τιμωρίας ποικίλας τε καὶ δεινὰς ὑφίστασθαι μὴ ἀπαναινόμενοι, ινα μὴ τῆς σφετέρας ἐκσταῖεν ἐνστάσεως. ̓Εντεῦθεν ουν ηρξατο τὸ τῶν ̓Ιουδαίων εθνος νοσεῖν ἐξ ἀνοίας ἀπόνοιαν, Γεσσίου Φλώρου τοῦ ἡγεμόνος εἰς ταύτην αὐτοὺς ἐρεθίσαντος υβρεσιν. ὁ μέντοι Κυρήνιος, τῆς ἀπογραφῆς καὶ τῶν ἀποτιμήσεων περαιωθεισῶν, αι ἐγένοντο ἐν ετει τριακοστῷ καὶ ἑβδόμῳ μετὰ τὴν ἐν ̓Ακτίῳ ητταν τοῦ ̓Αντωνίου ὑπὸ τοῦ Καίσαρος, ̓Ιωάζαρον τὸν ἀρχιερέα καταστασιασθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ πλήθους ἀφελόμενος τὴν τιμήν, Ανναν τὸν Σεθὶ ἀρχιερέα καθίστησι. Κυρηνίου δὲ εἰς ̔Ρώμην ἀπάραντος Κοπώνιος τὴν ̓Ιουδαίαν διεῖπε. τούτῳ δὲ διάδοχος γίνεται Μάρκος ̓Αμβιβοῦχος. καὶ τὸν Μάρκον ̔Ροῦφος διαδέχεται Αννινος. ἐφ' ου δὴ τελευτᾷ Καῖσαρ αὐτοκράτωρ ̔Ρωμαίων, αρξας ετη ἑπτὰ καὶ πεντήκοντα μῆνάς τε εξ ἐφ' ἡμέραιν δυοῖν, ἀφ' ων τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα ετη αὐτῷ συνῆρξεν ̓Αντώνιος, ὡς ειναι τὸν τῆς μοναρχίας αὐτοῦ χρόνον ἐνιαυτοὺς τεσσαράκοντα πρὸς τρισί, κατὰ δέ τινας τέσσαρσιν. ἐβίω δὲ ετη ἑβδομήκοντα καὶ ἑπτά. ̔Η δὲ μοναρχία μετήνεκτο εἰς Τιβέριον τῆς τοῦ Καίσαρος γυναικὸς ̓Ιουλίας υἱόν. ὑφ' ου Γράτος Οὐαλλέριος εἰς ̓Ιουδαίαν εσταλτο ἡγεμών· ος παύσας τὸν Ανναν τῆς ἀρχιερωσύνης ̓Ισμαὴλ ἀποδεί2.11 κνυσι τὸν τοῦ Φαβί, καὶ τοῦτον δὲ μεταστήσας μετ' οὐ πολὺ ̓Ελεάζαρ τῷ τοῦ Αννα υἱῷ ἀπονέμει τὴν τοῦ ἱερᾶσθαι τιμήν, καὶ μετ' ἐνιαυτὸν ἀντεισάγει Σίμωνα τὸν Καμίθου. καὶ τούτῳ τὸν ισον χρόνον ἱερασαμένῳ ̓Ιωσὴφ ὁ Καϊάφας διάδοχος ην. Καὶ Γράτος ἐπὶ ενδεκα ετη τῆς ̓Ιουδαίας αρξας, καὶ ταῦτα πράξας, εἰς ̔Ρώμην ὑπανεχώρησε· Πόντιος δ' ηκε Πιλάτος τὴν ἡγεμονίαν ἀναδεξάμενος. ὁ δὲ τετράρχης ̔Ηρώδης φίλος τῷ Τιβερίῳ χρηματίζων πρὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς, οἰκοδομεῖ μετὰ τὴν μοναρχίαν πόλιν αὐτῷ ἐπώνυμον ἐν τῇ Γαλιλαίᾳ ἐπὶ τῇ λίμνῃ Γεννησαρέτ, Τιβεριάδα καλέσας αὐτήν. Πιλάτος δὲ στρατιὰν ἐκ Καισαρείας μεθιδρύσας χειμαδιοῦσαν ἐν ̔Ιεροσολύμοις, σημαίας εἰς τὴν πόλιν ὑπὸ νύκτα εἰσήγαγεν εἰκόνας ἐχούσας Καίσαρος, ἀπαγορεύοντος ̓Ιουδαίοις τοῦ νόμου εἰκόνας εχειν. ἐπεὶ δ' ἐγνώσθη τὸ πεπραγμένον, πλῆθος ωρμησεν εἰς Καισάρειαν αἰτούμενον τὴν τῶν εἰκόνων μετάθεσιν, καὶ πενθημέρους ἱκετείας διὰ τοῦτο πεποίηντο. μὴ συγχωροῦντος δὲ Πιλάτου, ὡς ἐντεῦθεν δῆθεν ὑβριζομένου τοῦ Καίσαρος, ἐπεὶ τὸ πλῆθος οὐκ ἀνίει δεόμενον, κατὰ τὴν εκτην ἡμέραν περιστήσας στρατιώτας ἐνόπλους σφίσιν ἠπείλει θάνατον, εἰ μὴ παύσοιντο θορυβεῖν. οἱ δὲ πρηνεῖς καταβαλόντες ἑαυτοὺς σὺν ἡδονῇ δέξασθαι τὸν θάνατον ελεγον. καὶ θαυμάσας Πιλάτος τὸ γενναῖον αὐτῶν καὶ πρόθυμον ἐπὶ τηρήσει τῶν νόμων, παραχρῆμα τὰς εἰκόνας ἐπανεκόμισεν εἰς Καισάρειαν. 2.12 ̔Υδάτων δ' εἰσαγωγὴν