235

to be added, when he legislated that the year be reckoned as twelve months according to the course of the moon, which was previously ten months, just as among some of the barbarians it was three months, and among the Greeks, for the Arcadians four months, and for the Acarnanians six months. For the Egyptians the year was one month, then four months; for this reason they seem to be most ancient, although they are not, introducing an impossible number of years in their genealogies, since they indeed set down months in the number of years. And Numa assigned January to the beginning of the year. Since he had thus accustomed his subjects to justice and piety, the affairs of war were entirely taken away. For not only was the Roman people civilized by the king's good laws and gentleness, but a beginning of a change also took hold of the surrounding cities, and a longing for peace and justice flowed into all, to cultivate the land and raise children in tranquility and to worship the gods. For neither war nor faction nor revolution concerning the state is recorded while Numa was reigning, nor is any enmity or envy or conspiracy of men and plot out of a desire for kingship recorded anywhere to have occurred against him. And having a daughter, Pompilia, he gave her to Marcius; from her, Ancus Marcius, his grandson through his daughter, was born to him, who reigned after Tullus Hostillius. Numa died, leaving him five years old, 2.102 little by little wasting away from old age and a gentle illness, having lived for three years beyond eighty, having reigned for forty-three years. And when Numa had died and left no successor, Tullus Hostillius was chosen by the people and the senate. Who, mocking most of Numa's customs, emulated Romulus, and he himself rushed to battles and stirred up the people. For when a raid was made by the Romans upon the Albans, both sides rushed to battle; but before joining battle they were reconciled, and it was resolved for both peoples to dwell together in one city. But since each side held to its own city and demanded that the other migrate into it, they abandoned the plan. Then they fell into dispute about the leadership; and since neither would yield it to the other, they agreed to contend for the rule. And it seemed best neither to fight with their whole armies nor, on the other hand, to have it decided by single combat. But on both sides there were triplet brothers, born of twin mothers, of the same age and of equal strength; the Romans were called the Horatii, and the Albans the Curiatii. They put these men forward into battle, considering their kinship with each other as nothing. And they, having armed themselves and drawn up against each other in the space between the camps, both called upon the gods of their common stock and continually looked up toward the sun. And having joined battle, at one time they fought all together, and at another time also one by one. Finally, when two of the Romans had fallen, and all of the Albans had been wounded, the remaining Horatius, because he was not able to fight against the 2.103 three at once, even though he was unwounded, feigned flight, so that they might be scattered while pursuing him; and when they were spread apart in the pursuit, attacking each one, he killed them all. And for this he was honored; but because he also killed his sister, who was lamenting when she saw Horatius carrying the spoils of her cousins, he was tried for murder; but having requested an appeal to the people, he was acquitted. The Albans at that time became subjects of the Romans, but later, having broken the treaty, and though called as subjects to an alliance, having attempted to change sides to the enemy in the heat of battle and to join them in attacking the Romans, they were discovered and punished; and many were killed, including their leader Mettius, while the others suffered forced removal, and their city, Alba, was razed, which for about five hundred years had been considered the mother-city of the Romans. Tullus, therefore, seemed most excellent against enemies, but he neglected divine matters. And when a pestilential disease broke out and he himself fell ill, he turned to superstition. He is said, however, to have come to the end of his life either being consumed by thunderbolts, or being plotted against by Ancus Marcius, who happened to be, as was said, the grandson of Numa. And he reigned

235

προστεθῆναι, δωδεκάμηνον κατὰ τὸν τῆς σελήνης δρόμον νομοθετήσαντος λογίζεσθαι τὸν ἐνιαυτόν, δεκάμηνον πρόσθεν οντα ὡς ἐνίοις τῶν βαρβάρων τρίμηνον, καὶ τῶν ̔Ελλήνων ̓Αρκάσι μὲν τετράμηνον, τοῖς δὲ ̓Ακαρνᾶσιν ἑξάμηνον. Αἰγυπτίοις δὲ μηνιαῖος ην ὁ ἐνιαυτός, ειτα τετράμηνος· διὸ καὶ ἀρχαιότατοι δοκοῦσιν ειναι, καίτοι μὴ οντες, πλῆθος ἀμήχανον ἐτῶν ἐπὶ ταῖς γενεαλογίαις εἰσάγοντες, ατε δὴ τοὺς μῆνας εἰς ἐτῶν τιθέμενοι ἀριθμόν. καὶ τὸν ̓Ιανουάριον δὲ Νόμας εἰς ἀρχὴν τοῦ ετους ἀπένειμεν. Ουτω δὲ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ εὐσεβείᾳ συνεθίσαντος τὸ ὑπήκοον, ἐξῄρητο πάντῃ τὰ τοῦ πολέμου. οὐ γὰρ μόνον ὁ ̔Ρωμαίων δῆμος ἡμέρωτο τῇ τοῦ βασιλέως εὐνομίᾳ καὶ πρᾳότητι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς κύκλῳ πόλεις ἀρχὴ μεταβολῆς ελαβε, καὶ πόθος εἰσερρύη πάντας εἰρήνης καὶ τοῦ δικαίου, γῆν φυτεύειν καὶ τέκνα τρέφειν ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ καὶ σέβεσθαι θεούς. ουτε γὰρ πόλεμος ουτε στάσις ουτε νεωτερισμὸς περὶ πολιτείας ἱστόρηται Νόμα βασιλεύοντος, οὐδ' ἐπ' ἐκεῖνον εχθρα τις η φθόνος η σύστασις ἀνδρῶν καὶ ἐπιβουλὴ δι' ερωτα βασιλείας γενέσθαι ποι ἀναγέγραπται. θυγατέρα δ' ἐσχηκὼς Πομπιλίαν, Μαρκίῳ ταύτην ἐξέδοτο· ἐξ ης Μάρκιος Αγκος θυγατριδοῦς ἐτέχθη αὐτῷ, ος μετὰ Τοῦλλον ̔Οστίλλιον ἐβασίλευσε. τοῦτον πενταετῆ καταλιπὼν ὁ Νόμας ἐτελεύτησεν, κατὰ 2.102 μικρὸν ὑπὸ γήρως καὶ νόσου μαλακῆς ἀπομαραινόμενος, χρόνον τριετῆ τοῖς ὀγδοήκοντα προσβιώσας, βασιλεύσας ετη ἐπὶ τρισὶ τεσσαράκοντα. Τοῦ δὲ Νόμα τελευτήσαντος καὶ μηδένα καταλιπόντος διάδοχον, ̔Οστίλλιος Τοῦλλος ᾑρέθη παρὰ τοῦ δήμου καὶ τῆς βουλῆς. ος τὰ πλεῖστα τῶν τοῦ Νόμα χλευάσας ἠθῶν τὸν ̔Ρωμύλον ἐζήλωσε, καὶ πρὸς μάχας αὐτός τε ωρμα καὶ τὸν δῆμον ἠρέθιζεν. ἁρπαγῆς γοῦν γενομένης παρὰ ̔Ρωμαίων ἐξ ̓Αλβανῶν, ωρμησαν πρὸς μάχην ἑκάτεροι· πρὸ δὲ τοῦ συμβαλεῖν κατηλλάγησαν, καὶ ἐς μίαν πόλιν ἀμφοῖν ἐδόκει συνοικῆσαι τοῖς γένεσιν. ἑκάστου δὲ τῆς οἰκείας ἐχομένου καὶ τὸ ετερον εἰς ταύτην ἀξιοῦντος μεταναστεῦσαι, ἀπέστησαν τοῦ σκοποῦ. ειτα περὶ τῆς ἡγεμονίας διηνέχθησαν· ὡς δὲ οὐδεὶς τῷ ἑτέρῳ παρεχώρει αὐτῆς, ἀγωνίσασθαι συνέθεντο περὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς. ουτε δὲ τοῖς στρατοπέδοις ολοις ἐδόκει μαχέσασθαι ουτε μὴν μονομαχίᾳ κριθήσεσθαι. ησαν δὲ παρ' ἀμφοῖν τρίδυμοι ἀδελφοί, ἐκ μητέρων γεγονότες διδύμων, ἰσήλικές τε καὶ ἰσοπαλεῖς τὴν ἰσχύν· ἐκαλοῦντο δὲ οἱ μὲν τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων Πουπλιοράτιοι, οἱ δὲ τῶν ̓Αλβανῶν Κουριάται. τούτους εἰς μάχην προεβάλοντο, παρ' οὐδὲν τὴν πρὸς ἀλλήλους αὐτῶν συγγένειαν θέμενοι. οἱ δὲ ὁπλισάμενοι καὶ ἐν τῷ μεταιχμίῳ τῶν στρατοπέδων ἀντιπαραταξάμενοι θεούς τε ὁμογνίους ἀνεκαλοῦντο καὶ συνεχῶς ἀνέβλεπον πρὸς τὸν ηλιον. συμβαλόντες δὲ ποτὲ μὲν ἀθρόοι, ποτὲ δὲ καὶ καθ' ενα ἐμάχοντο. τέλος δὲ τῶν μὲν ̔Ρωμαίων τῶν δύο πεσόντων, τῶν δὲ ̓Αλβανῶν ἁπάντων τρωθέντων, ὁ ̔Οράτιος ὁ κατάλοιπος, οτι τοῖς 2.103 τρισὶν αμα, εἰ καὶ ατρωτος ην, οὐκ ἠδύνατο ἀντιτάξασθαι, ἐνέκλινεν, ὡς αν διώκοντες αὐτὸν σκεδασθῶσι· κἀπειδὴ πρὸς τὴν δίωξιν διεσπάρησαν, ἑκάστῳ ἐπιτιθέμενος απαντας διεχρήσατο. κἀντεῦθεν τετίμητο· οτι δὲ καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν προσαπέκτεινεν, ὀλοφυρομένην, ἐπεὶ τὰ τῶν ἀνεψιῶν σκῦλα ἑώρα φέροντα τὸν ̔Οράτιον, φόνου ἐκρίθη· ἐς δὲ τὸν δῆμον εκκλητον αἰτήσας ἀφείθη. Οἱ δὲ ̓Αλβανοὶ τότε μὲν ὑπήκοοι τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων ἐγένοντο, υστερον δὲ τὰς συνθήκας ἀθετήσαντες, καὶ ὡς ὑπήκοοι πρὸς συμμαχίαν κληθέντες, μεταθέσθαι δὲ πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τῆς μάχης ἐπιχειρήσαντες καὶ συνεπιθέσθαι ̔Ρωμαίοις, γνωσθέντες ἐκολάσθησαν· καὶ πολλοὶ μὲν ἐκτάνθησαν καὶ ὁ αὐτῶν ἐξηγούμενος Μέττιος, οἱ αλλοι δὲ μετανάστασιν επαθον, καὶ ἡ πόλις αὐτῶν Αλβα κατεσκάφη, πεντακόσιά που ετη ̔Ρωμαίοις νομισθεῖσα μητρόπολις. Πρὸς μὲν ουν τοὺς πολεμίους ὁ Τοῦλλος κράτιστος εδοξε, τοῦ θείου δὲ παρημέλει. νόσου δ' ἐνσκηψάσης λοιμώδους καὶ αὐτὸς νοσήσας εἰς δεισιδαιμονίαν ἀπέκλινεν. ἐσχηκέναι μέντοι τοῦ βίου λέγεται τέλος καταφλεχθεὶς ὑπὸ κεραυνῶν, η ἐπιβουλευθεὶς ὑπὸ Μαρκίου Αγκου, ος θυγατριδοῦς ἐτύγχανεν, ὡς ειρηται, τοῦ Νόμα. ἐβασίλευσε δὲ