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Lucretius, the father of Lucretia, as his co-ruler. But when this man died quickly, Marcus Horatius was chosen to be his co-ruler for the remaining time of the year. And when Publicola was chosen consul again, he had Titus Lucretius as his fellow consul. And after these things, when the Sabines invaded the country, Marcus Valerius, the brother of Publicola, and Postumius Tubertus were appointed consuls. And while the wars were being conducted with the counsel and presence of Publicola, Marcus was victorious in two battles, in the second of which, having lost not one Roman, he killed thirteen thousand of the enemy. In the next year, Publicola was consul again. And an advance of the Sabines and Latins against Rome was expected, as they had come to an agreement. Now there was among the Sabines a man, Appius Claudius, pre-eminent in both wealth and bodily strength, and especially distinguished in reputation for virtue and skill in speaking; who, being envied for these things, was plotted against by his countrymen because he advised to end the war. Therefore he himself had come over to Rome and persuaded many of his friends and kinsmen 2.125 to follow him. Publicola received them kindly, having enrolled Claudius in the senate. From which position, conducting himself prudently in public affairs, he rose to the highest office, and left behind the great Claudian clan, which flourished for a very long time and advanced to the height of glory. But the Sabines, making this too a pretext for war, marched against Rome with a great army. Against them Publicola led out the Romans, and having commanded most excellently, he destroyed nearly all of them; and he benefited the people from the spoils and the captives. And having celebrated a triumph for the victory, and having handed over the city to the consuls after him, he died immediately, buried at public expense and mourned for a whole year. The Sabines, however, because of anger at what they had suffered, did not rest even during the winter, but overran the Roman territory, and inflicted damage upon Postumius, who was serving as consul for the second time; and they would have captured him with his entire army, if Menenius Agrippa, his colleague, had not come to his aid. And falling upon them, they destroyed many, so that the rest withdrew. And after these things, when Spurius Cassius and Opiter Verginius were consuls, they made a truce with the Sabines. And having taken the town of Camerium, they killed most of them, and having taken the rest alive, they sold them, and razed the city. And Postumius Cominius and Titus Larcius arrested and put to death certain slaves who had formed a conspiracy to seize the Capitol. And Servius Sulpicius and Marcus Tullius forestalled another conspiracy of slaves and certain others who had joined with them, it having been reported to them by some of those participating in the plot. And having seized them they cut them down on all sides 2.126. And to the informers both other rewards and citizenship were given. And again, when a war was stirred up by the Latins against Rome, the common people were not willing to take up arms, demanding that a cancellation of debts take place. And for this reason the powerful then for the first time established a certain new office over both of them; the one deemed worthy of it was named dictator, and he had power in all things equal to the kings. For they hated the title of king because of the Tarquins, but wanting the benefit of monarchy, as it is very effective in circumstances of wars and seditions, they chose it under another name. Therefore, as has been said, the dictatorship in terms of its authority was equivalent to kingship, except that the dictator was not able to mount a horse, unless he was about to go on a campaign, nor was it permitted for him to spend anything from the public funds, unless it was decreed; but he was able to judge and to kill both at home and on campaigns, and not only those of the people, but also from the knights and from the senate itself. And no one was able to bring a charge against him or to do anything in opposition, not even the tribunes, nor was there an appeal from his judgment. But the office of the dictatorship was not extended for more than six months, so that none of them, by remaining for a long time in so much power and unbridled authority, should become arrogant and be rolled down towards a love of monarchy. which thing to

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ἑαυτῷ συνάρχοντα τὸν τῆς Λουκρητίας πατέρα Λουκρήτιον. ταχὺ δὲ τούτου θανόντος ᾑρέθη Μάρκος ̔Οράτιος συνάρχειν αὐτῷ τὸν ὑπόλοιπον καιρὸν τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ. αἱρεθεὶς δὲ καὶ αυθις υπατος ὁ Ποπλικόλας εσχε συνυπατεύοντα Τίτον Λουκρήτιον. Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Σαβίνων ἐμβαλόντων εἰς τὴν χώραν υπατος ἀνεδείχθη Μάρκος Οὐαλέριος ἀδελφὸς Ποπλικόλα καὶ Ποστούμιος Τούβερτος. πραττομένων δὲ τῶν πολέμων γνώμῃ καὶ παρουσίᾳ τοῦ Ποπλικόλα, δυσὶ μάχαις ὁ Μάρκος ἐνίκησεν, ων ἐν τῇ δευτέρᾳ μηδένα ̔Ρωμαίων ἀποβαλὼν τρισχιλίους ἐπὶ μυρίοις τῶν πολεμίων ἀνεῖλε. Τῷ δ' ἑξῆς ετει πάλιν ὑπάτευε Ποπλικόλας. καὶ προσεδοκᾶτο Σαβίνων τε καὶ Λατίνων ὁμονοησάντων κατὰ τῆς ̔Ρώμης προσέλασις. ην δ' ἐν Σαβίνοις ἀνὴρ Αππιος Κλαύδιος εν τε χρήμασι καὶ ῥώμῃ σώματος πρωτεύων, ἐν ἀρετῆς δὲ μάλιστα δόξῃ ἐπιφανὴς καὶ λόγου δεινότητι· ος διὰ ταῦτα φθονούμενος ἐπεβουλεύετο παρὰ τῶν ὁμογενῶν οτι συνεβούλευε καταπαύειν τὸν πόλεμον. διὸ αὐτός τε τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ προσεληλύθει καὶ πολλοὺς τῶν φίλων τε καὶ οἰκείων 2.125 συνέπεσθαί οἱ συνέπεισεν. ους ὁ Ποπλικόλας φιλοφρόνως ἐδέξατο, τῇ βουλῇ τὸν Κλαύδιον προσγραψάμενος. οθεν καὶ ἐμφρόνως πολιτευόμενος ἀνέδραμεν εἰς τὸ πρῶτον ἀξίωμα, καὶ γένος μέγα τὸ Κλαυδίων κατέλιπεν ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἀνθῆσαν καὶ προεληλυθὸς εἰς δόξης ἀκρότητα. οἱ δὲ Σαβῖνοι καὶ τοῦτο τοῦ πολέμου ποιησάμενοι πρόφασιν στρατῷ μεγάλῳ κατὰ τῆς ̔Ρώμης ἐπήλασαν. οις τοὺς ̔Ρωμαίους ὁ Ποπλικόλας ἀντεπαγαγών, καὶ στρατηγήσας ὡς αριστα, μικροῦ πάντας ἀπώλεσε· καὶ τὸν δῆμον ἐκ τῶν λαφύρων καὶ τῶν αἰχμαλώτων ὠφέλησεν. ἀγαγὼν δ' ἐπὶ τῇ νίκῃ θρίαμβον, καὶ τοῖς μετ' αὐτὸν ὑπάτοις παραδοὺς τὴν πόλιν, εὐθὺς ἐτελεύτησε, δημοσίᾳ ταφεὶς καὶ θρηνηθεὶς ἐφ' ολον ἐνιαυτόν. Οἱ μέντοι Σαβῖνοι δι' ὀργὴν ων επαθον οὐδὲ τὸν χειμῶνα ἠρέμησαν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ̔Ρωμαΐδα χώραν κατέδραμον, καὶ τὸν Ποστούμιον ἐκάκωσαν τὸ δεύτερον ὑπατεύοντα· καὶ ειλον αν αὐτὸν πανσυδί, εἰ μὴ Μενήνιος ̓Αγρίππας ὁ συνάρχων αὐτῷ ἐπεκούρησε. προσπεσόντες δὲ αὐτοῖς πολλοὺς εφθειραν, ωστε τοὺς λοιποὺς ἀναχωρῆσαι. μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Σπούριός τε Κάσσιος καὶ ̓Οπιτώριος Οὐεργίνιος ὑπατεύοντες τοῖς Σαβίνοις ἐσπείσαντο. Καμέριον δὲ τὸ αστυ ἑλόντες τοὺς μὲν πλείους ἀπέκτειναν, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς ζωγρήσαντες ἀπέδοντο, καὶ τὴν πόλιν κατέσκαψαν. Ποστούμιος δὲ Κομίνιος καὶ Τίτος Λάρκιος δούλους τινὰς ἐπὶ καταλήψει τοῦ Καπιτωλίου συνωμοσίαν θεμένους συλλαβόντες εφθειραν. Σερούιός τε Σουλπίκιος καὶ Μάρκος Τούλλιος ἑτέραν αυθις συνωμοσίαν δούλων καὶ αλλων δή τινων συστάντων αὐτοῖς προκατέλαβον, ἀγγελθεῖσαν αὐτοῖς πρός τινων τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς μετεχόντων. ους καὶ συσχόντες περι2.126 σταδὸν κατέκοψαν. τοῖς δὲ μηνυταῖς αλλα τε καὶ πολιτεία ἐδόθη. Αυθις δὲ πολέμου παρὰ Λατίνων κατὰ ̔Ρώμης κεκινημένου οὐκ ηθελον οἱ πολλοὶ τὰ οπλα λαβεῖν, ἀποκοπὴν τῶν χρεῶν ἀξιοῦντες γενέσθαι. καὶ διὰ τοῦτο καινήν τινα ἀρχὴν ἐπ' ἀμφοτέροις αὐτοῖς τότε πρῶτον οἱ δυνατοὶ κατεστήσαντο· δικτάτωρ ὁ ταύτης ἠξιωμένος ὠνόμαστο, ἠδύνατο δὲ πάντα ἐξ ισου τοῖς βασιλεῦσι. τὴν μὲν γὰρ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπωνυμίαν διὰ τοὺς Ταρκυνίους ἐμίσησαν, τὴν δ' ἐκ τῆς μοναρχίας ὠφέλειαν θέλοντες, ὡς πολὺ ἰσχυούσης ἐς τὰς τῶν πολέμων καὶ τῶν στάσεων περιστάσεις, ἐν αλλῳ ταύτην ὀνόματι ειλοντο. ην ουν, ὡς ειρηται, ἡ δικτατωρεία κατά γε τὴν ἐξουσίαν τῇ βασιλείᾳ ἰσόρροπος, πλὴν οτι μὴ ἐφ' ιππον ἀναβῆναι ὁ δικτάτωρ ἠδύνατο, εἰ μὴ ἐκστρατεύεσθαι εμελλεν, ουτε ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων χρημάτων ἀναλῶσαί τι ἐξῆν αὐτῷ, εἰ μὴ ἐψηφίσθη· δικάζειν δὲ καὶ ἀποκτείνειν καὶ οικοι καὶ ἐν στρατείαις ἠδύνατο, καὶ οὐ τοὺς τοῦ δήμου μόνους, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἱππέων καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς βουλῆς. καὶ ουτ' ἐγκαλέσαι τις αὐτῷ ουτ' ἐναντίον τι διαπράξασθαι ισχυεν, οὐδὲ οἱ δήμαρχοι, ουτε δίκη ἐφέσιμος ἐγίνετο ἀπ' αὐτοῦ. οὐκ ἐπὶ πλέον δὲ τῶν εξ μηνῶν ἡ τῆς δικτατωρείας ἀρχὴ παρετείνετο, ινα μή τις αὐτῶν ἐν τοσούτῳ κράτει καὶ ἐξουσίᾳ ἀκράτῳ χρονίσας ὑπερφρονήσῃ καὶ πρὸς ερωτα μοναρχίας ἐκκυλισθῇ. οπερ ἐς