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But when the Romans departed from their country, the Sardinians and the Ligurians revolted again. Therefore, Quintus Fabius Maximus was sent against the Ligurians, and Pomponius Manius to Sardinia. Moreover, they declared the Carthaginians enemies, as being responsible for their wars, and sending to them they both demanded money and ordered them to sail out of all the islands, as belonging to them. And making clear their own intention, they sent them a spear and a herald's staff, bidding them choose whichever they wished. But they, not at all intimidated, answered both in other respects more harshly, and said they would choose neither of the things sent to them, but would readily accept whichever they should leave. From this time they hated one another, but they hesitated to begin a war. But when the Sardinians moved against them again, both the consuls campaigned, Marcus Maleolus and Marcus Aemilius. And they took much booty, but it was taken away from them by the Corsicans who had joined them. Therefore, after this, the Romans turned against both. And Marcus Pomponius 2.227 ravaged the Sardinians, and having learned that most of them had gone down into wooded and hard-to-find caves, and being unable to find them, he sent for keen-scented hounds from Italy, and through them, having found the track of both the men and their cattle, he cut off many; while Gaius Papirius drove the Corsicans from the plains, but in forcing his way to the mountains, he lost many men from ambush, and would have lost more from lack of water, if water had not appeared somewhere at a late hour and persuaded the Corsicans to come to terms. About this time Hamilcar, the Carthaginian general, was defeated by the Iberians and died. For when he drew up his army against them, they brought forward wagons full of pine-wood and pitch before the Carthaginian army, and coming near they set them on fire, and urging on the draught animals that were pulling them, they drove them mad. And as a result of this, when the enemy was thrown into confusion and had been broken up and turned to flight, they followed and killed both him and many others. And he who had flourished for a very long time thus came to his end, and when he died, Hasdrubal his son-in-law succeeded him. And he acquired much of Iberia, and founded in it a city, Carthage, named after his fatherland. And since the Boii and the other Gauls were selling many other things, and especially very many captives, the Romans, fearing that they might someday use the money against them, forbade anyone from giving a Gaul either silver or gold. Thereupon the Carthaginians, learning that the consuls Marcus Aemilius and Marcus Junius had de2.228 parted for Liguria, prepared to march on Rome. But when the consuls learned this, and rushed against them all at once, they were astounded and met them as friends. And they for their part pretended that they were not going against them, but through their country to the Ligurians. But the Romans crossed the Ionian Sea and touched the Greek mainland; and the pretext for their voyage was this. Issa is an island lying in the Ionian Gulf. The inhabitants of this island, then, who are called Issaeans, had voluntarily surrendered themselves to the Romans, being vexed with Agron, king of the Sardiaeans, who ruled them, a man of Illyrian race. To him the consuls sent envoys. But when he died, his successor being still a boy, his wife, the boy's stepmother, administered the rule of the Sardiaeans. She gave no moderate reply to the envoys, and when they spoke freely, she imprisoned some and killed others. But when the Romans voted for war against her, she became terrified, and promised to give back the surviving envoys, and said that the dead had been killed by pirates. But when the Romans demanded the surrender of the perpetrators, she said she would give up no one and sent an army against Issa. Then, becoming afraid again, she sent a certain Demetrius to the consuls, saying she was ready to obey them in everything. And a truce was made with the one who was sent, who handed over Corcyra to them. And of the

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ἐπεὶ δ' οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι ἐκ τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν ἀπηλλάγησαν, ἀπέστησαν αυθις οἱ Σαρδόνιοι καὶ οἱ Λίγυες. Κύιντος μὲν ουν Φάβιος Μάξιμος ἐπέμφθη πρὸς Λίγυας, ἐς δέ γε τὴν Σαρδὼ Πομπώνιος Μάνιος. τούς γε μὴν Καρχηδονίους ὡς αἰτίους αὐτοῖς τῶν πολέμων οντας πολεμίους εκριναν, καὶ πέμψαντες πρὸς αὐτοὺς χρήματά τε ἀπῄτουν καὶ ἁπασῶν ἐκπλεῖν τῶν νήσων ἐπέταττον ὡς αὐτοῖς διαφερουσῶν. ἐκφαίνοντες δὲ καὶ τὴν σφετέραν διάνοιαν δόρυ αὐτοῖς ἐπέστειλαν καὶ κηρύκιον, εν ἑλέσθαι κελεύοντες ὁποῖον αν ἐθελήσωσιν. οἱ δὲ μηδὲν ὑποπτήξαντες τά τε αλλα τραχύτερον ἀπεκρίναντο καὶ τῶν πεμφθέντων σφίσιν αἱρεῖσθαι μὲν ειπον οὐδέτερον, δέχεσθαι δ' ἑτοίμως ὁπότερον καταλείψουσιν. ἐντεῦθεν ἐμίσουν μὲν ἀλλήλους, ωκνουν δὲ πολέμου κατάρξασθαι. Κινηθέντων δ' αυθις τῶν Σαρδονίων ἐπ' αὐτοὺς οἱ υπατοι αμφω ἐστρατεύσαντο Μάρκος τε Μαλέολος καὶ Μάρκος Αἰμίλιος. καὶ πολλὰ μὲν λάφυρα ελαβον, παρὰ δὲ τῶν Κυρνίων προσσχόντες αὐτοῖς αὐτὰ ἀφῃρέθησαν. διὸ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐπ' ἀμφοτέρους οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι ἐτράποντο. καὶ Μάρκος μὲν Πομπώνιος 2.227 Σαρδόνας εφερε, καὶ μαθὼν τοὺς πλείονας αὐτῶν ἐς σπήλαια ὑλώδη καὶ δυσεξεύρετα καταδύντας, μὴ δυνάμενός τε αὐτοὺς εὑρεῖν, κύνας ἐκ τῆς ̓Ιταλίας μετεπέμψατο ευρινας, καὶ δι' ἐκείνων τὴν στίβον καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ τῶν βοσκημάτων εὑρὼν πολλὰ ἀπετέμετο· Γάιος δὲ Παπείριος ἐκ μὲν τῶν πεδίων τοὺς Κυρνίους ἀπήλασε, βιαζόμενος δὲ πρὸς τὰ ορη συχνοὺς ἐξ ἐνέδρας ἀπέβαλε, πλείους τε αν υδατος ἀπορίᾳ ἀπώλεσεν, εἰ μή που υδωρ ὀψέ ποτε ἀνεφάνη καὶ επεισε τοὺς Κυρνίους ὁμολογῆσαι. Κατὰ τοῦτον τὸν χρόνον καὶ ̓Αμίλκας ὁ τῶν Καρχηδονίων στρατηγὸς πρὸς ̓Ιβήρων νικηθεὶς εθανεν. ἀντιπαραταξαμένου γὰρ σφίσιν ἁμάξας δᾴδων καὶ πίσσης μεστὰς πρὸ τοῦ στρατοῦ τῶν Καρχηδονίων προήγαγον, καὶ πλησιάσαντες ἀνῆψαν αὐτάς, καὶ τὰ ελκοντα αὐτὰς ὑποζύγια ἐπισπέρχοντες οιστρησαν. κἀκ τούτου συνταραχθέντων τῶν ἐναντίων διασπασθέντων τε καὶ τραπομένων ἑπόμενοι κἀκεῖνον καὶ αλλους πλείστους ἐφόνευσαν. καὶ ὁ μὲν ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἀνθήσας ουτως ἐτελεύτησε, τελευτήσαντα δὲ αὐτὸν ̓Ασδρούβας ὁ γαμβρὸς διεδέξατο. καὶ τῆς ̓Ιβηρίας πολλὰ προσεκτήσατο, πόλιν τε ἐν αὐτῇ Καρχηδόνα ὁμώνυμον τῇ πατρίδι εκτισε. Τῶν δέ γε Βοουίων καὶ τῶν αλλων Γαλατῶν πολλὰ μὲν καὶ αλλα, πλείστους δὲ καὶ αἰχμαλώτους πωλούντων, δείσαντες οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι μήποτε κατ' αὐτῶν τοῖς χρήμασι χρήσονται, ἀπεῖπον μηδένα ἀνδρὶ Γαλάτῃ μήτ' ἀργύριον μήτε χρυσίον διδόναι. ἐντεῦθεν οἱ Καρχηδόνιοι μαθόντες τοὺς ὑπάτους Μάρκον Αἰμίλιον καὶ Μάρκον ̓Ιούνιον εἰς τὴν Λιγυστικὴν ἀπά2.228 ραντας, παρεσκευάζοντο εἰς τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἐλάσαι. γνόντων δὲ τοῦτο τῶν ὑπάτων, καὶ ἐπ' αὐτοὺς ἀθρόον ὡρμηκότων, ἐξεπλάγησαν καὶ ἀπήντησαν αὐτοῖς ὡς φίλιοι. κἀκεῖνοι δὲ ὑπεκρίθησαν οτι οὐκ ἐπ' ἐκείνους ἀπῄεσαν, ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς χώρας αὐτῶν ἐς τοὺς Λίγυας. ̔Ρωμαῖοι δὲ τόν τε ̓Ιόνιον ἐπεραιώθησαν καὶ τῆς ἠπείρου τῆς ̔Ελληνικῆς ηψαντο· πρόφασις δ' αὐτοῖς τοῦ πλοῦ ἐγένετο ηδε. Ισσα νῆσός ἐστιν ἐν τῷ ̓Ιονίῳ κόλπῳ κειμένη. οἱ γοῦν ταύτης κάτοικοι ̓Ισσαῖοι καλούμενοι ἐθελονταὶ τοῖς ̔Ρωμαίοις παραδεδώκασιν ἑαυτούς, τῷ σφῶν κρατοῦντι ἀχθόμενοι ̓Αγρῶνι τῷ τῶν Σαρδιαίων βασιλεῖ, γένους ̓Ιλλυρικοῦ. πρὸς ον οἱ υπατοι πρέσβεις επεμψαν. ἐκείνου δὲ τεθνεῶτος ἐπὶ υἱῷ διαδόχῳ παιδὶ ετι, ἡ ἐκείνου γυνή, τοῦ δὲ παιδὸς μητρυιά, τὴν τῶν Σαρδιαίων διεῖπεν ἀρχήν. η τοῖς πρέσβεσιν οὐδὲν μέτριον ἐχρημάτισε, παρρησιασαμένους δὲ τοὺς μὲν εδησε, τοὺς δὲ ἀπέκτεινε. τῶν δὲ ̔Ρωμαίων πόλεμον ψηφισαμένων αὐτῇ κατέπτηξε, καὶ τούς τε σωζομένους τῶν πρέσβεων ἀποδώσειν ὑπέσχετο καὶ τοὺς θανόντας ελεγεν ὑπὸ λῃστῶν πεφονεῦσθαι. τῶν δὲ ̔Ρωμαίων τοὺς αὐτόχειρας ἐξαιτησαμένων ουτε τινὰ ἐκδώσειν εφη καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν Ισσαν εστειλε στράτευμα. ειτα αυθις δείσασα ∆ημήτριόν τινα πρὸς τοὺς ὑπάτους επεμψεν, ὡς ἑτοίμη πρὸς πᾶν ὑπακοῦσαι αὐτῶν. καὶ σπονδαὶ πρὸς τὸν πεμφθέντα ἐγένοντο, τὴν Κέρκυραν αὐτοῖς παρασχόμενον. τῶν δὲ