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When he was captured, the Romans learned what was happening, and immediately sent a general against him, Marcus Valerius Laevinus, so that, fearing for his home affairs, he would remain in his own country. And so it happened. For Philip advanced as far as 2.262 Corcyra, intending to sail to Italy, but when he learned that Laevinus was already present at Brundisium, he returned home. But when Laevinus had sailed as far as Corcyra, he moved against the allies of the Romans, and he took Oricum, and was besieging Apollonia. But Laevinus marched against him again and recovered Oricum and relieved Apollonia. And from there Philip, having burned the ships he had been using, withdrew home on foot. And those in Rome elected Fabius and Marcellus as consuls. They assigned Hannibal, who was roaming through what is now called Calabria and the regions around it, to Gracchus, who had ruled before them; and he routed Hanno, who met him near Beneventum coming from Bruttium, and from there advancing he both kept watch on Hannibal and ravaged the lands of those who had revolted, and saved some cities; but the consuls themselves turned towards Campania, so that, having subdued it, they would leave no enemy behind, and thus advance against Hannibal. Then, having divided their forces, Fabius overran their lands and those of Samnium, while Marcellus crossed over to Sicily and besieged Syracuse, which had first joined him, and then revolted through the treachery of some men on account of a false message. And he would have captured it in a very short time, attacking the wall by both land and sea at once, if Archimedes had not, with his engines, made them hold out for a very long time. For he would both suspend stones and hoplites with machines and suddenly drop them and then quickly draw them up again. And against the ships and the tower-bearing vessels, throwing others upon them, he both drew them up and, raising them aloft, would suddenly release them, 2.263 so that falling into the water they were sunk by the force. And finally he burned the entire Roman navy in an astonishing way. For by holding up a certain mirror to the sun he received its ray into it, and igniting the air from it by the thickness and smoothness of the mirror he kindled a great flame, and hurled it all against the ships anchored in the path of the fire, and burned them all. Therefore Marcellus, despairing of taking the city because of Archimedes' ingenuity, planned to subdue them by famine through a siege. And this he entrusted to Pulcher, while he himself turned against those who had revolted with them; and to those who changed their minds he granted pardon, but he dealt harshly with those who resisted, and he took many of the cities by force, and some also by treachery. Meanwhile Himilco came from Carthage with an army, and took both Acragas and Heraclea, and coming to Syracuse he was defeated and then gained the upper hand, and when Marcellus suddenly fell upon him he was defeated again. From there Marcellus lay in wait for Syracuse. But Hannibal was spending his time in Calabria. However, the Romans again suffered many and difficult things; for the consuls failed near Capua, and Gracchus perished in Lucania, and the Tarentines and other cities revolted, and Hannibal, who was previously cowering, both remained in Italy and marched on Rome, and both the Scipios perished. Therefore, Hannibal, elated by these events, attempted to help Capua. And he came as far as 2.264 Beneventum; but learning that Claudius had gone away into Lucania from Samnium on account of the death of Gracchus, and fearing that he might usurp some part of it, he advanced no further, but turned against him. And with the death of the Scipios, all of Iberia was in turmoil, and some voluntarily inclined toward the Carthaginians, while others were compelled, even if they later again leaned toward the Romans. But Marcellus, since he was accomplishing nothing by attacking Syracuse, devised something of this sort. There was a certain vulnerable part of the wall for the Syracusans, which they called Galeagra, which previously had gone unnoticed as being such, but was then discovered. So, having watched the

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ἁλόντος εμαθον οἱ ̔Ρωμαῖοι τὸ γινόμενον, καὶ παραχρῆμα στρατηγὸν ἐπ' αὐτὸν Μάρκον Οὐαλέριον Λαουίνιον εστειλαν, οπως περὶ τοῖς οικοι δείσας κατὰ χώραν μείνῃ. καὶ εσχεν ουτως· προῆλθε μὲν γὰρ μέχρι 2.262 τῆς Κερκύρας ὁ Φίλιππος ὡς ἐς τὴν ̓Ιταλίαν πλευσόμενος, μαθὼν δὲ τὸν Λαουίνιον ἐς τὸ Βρεντέσιον ηδη παρόντα οικαδε ἀνεκομίσθη. τοῦ Λαουινίου δὲ μέχρι τῆς Κερκύρας πλεύσαντος, εἰς τοὺς τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων συμμάχους ωρμησε, καὶ ειλεν Ωρικον, ̓Απολλωνίαν τ' ἐπολιόρκει. ἐπιστρατεύσας δ' αυθις αὐτῷ Λαουίνιος καὶ Ωρικον ἀνεκτήσατο καὶ τὴν ̓Απολλωνίαν ἐρρύσατο. κἀντεῦθεν ὁ Φίλιππος τὰς ναῦς αις ἐκέχρητο καταπρήσας πεζῇ ἐπ' οικου ἀνεχώρησεν. Οἱ δ' ἐν τῇ ̔Ρώμῃ ὑπάτους ειλοντο τὸν Φάβιον καὶ τὸν Μάρκελλον. οι τὸν μὲν ̓Αννίβαν τὴν νῦν Καλαβρίαν καλουμένην καὶ τὰ περὶ αὐτὴν περιπορευόμενον τῷ Γράκχῳ τῷ πρὸ αὐτῶν αρξαντι ἐπέταξαν· καὶ ος Αννωνα περὶ Βενεβεντὸν ἀπαντήσαντά οἱ ἐκ Βρεττίων ἐτρέψατο, κἀντεῦθεν προϊὼν τόν τε ̓Αννίβαν παρεφύλαττε καὶ τὰ τῶν ἀφεστηκότων ἐπόρθει, πόλεις τέ τινας ἀνεσώσατο· αὐτοὶ δὲ οἱ υπατοι πρὸς τὴν Καμπανίαν ἐτράποντο, ιν' αὐτὴν χειρωσάμενοι μηδὲν κατόπιν πολέμιον ὑπολίπωσιν, ουτω τε ἐπὶ τὸν ̓Αννίβαν χωρήσωσιν. ειτα διαιρεθέντες Φάβιος μὲν τά τε ἐκείνων τά τε τοῦ Σαυνίου κατέτρεχε, Μάρκελλος δὲ εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν ἐπεραιώθη καὶ τὰς Συρακούσας ἐπολιόρκει, προσχωρησάσας μὲν αὐτῷ, ειτ' ἀποστάσας δόλῳ τινῶν ὑπὸ ψευδοῦς ἀγγελίας. καὶ δι' ἐλαχίστου αν αὐτὰς ἐχειρώσατο καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλασσαν αμα προσβαλὼν τῷ τείχει, εἰ μὴ ὁ ̓Αρχιμήδης μηχαναῖς ἐπὶ πλεῖστον αὐτοὺς ἐποίησεν ἀντισχεῖν. καὶ λίθους γὰρ καὶ ὁπλίτας μηχανήμασιν ἀπαρτῶν καθίει τε ἐξαπιναίως αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀνέσπα δι' ὀλίγου. ταῖς δὲ ναυσὶ καὶ ταῖς πυργοφόροις ἑτέρας ἐπιρρίπτων ἀνεῖλκέ τε αὐτὰς καὶ μετεωρίζων ἀθρόως ἠφίει, 2.263 ωστε ἐμπιπτούσας εἰς τὸ υδωρ ῥύμῃ βαπτίζεσθαι. καὶ τέλος σύμπαν τὸ ναυτικὸν τῶν ̔Ρωμαίων παραδόξως κατέπρησε. κάτοπτρον γάρ τι πρὸς τὸν ηλιον ἀνατείνας τήν τε ἀκτῖνα αὐτοῦ ἐς αὐτὸ εἰσεδέξατο καὶ τὸν ἀέρα ἀπ' αὐτῆς τῇ πυκνότητι καὶ τῇ λειότητι τοῦ κατόπτρου πυρώσας φλόγα τε μεγάλην ἐξέκαυσε καὶ πᾶσαν αὐτὴν ἐς τὰς ναῦς ὑπὸ τὴν τοῦ πυρὸς ὁδὸν ὁρμούσας ἐνέβαλε καὶ πάσας κατέκαυσεν. ἀπογνοὺς ουν ὁ Μάρκελλος τὴν πόλιν αἱρήσειν διὰ τὸ τοῦ ̓Αρχιμήδους εὐμήχανον, λιμῷ αὐτοὺς κατασχεῖν ἐκ προσεδρείας διεμελέτησε. καὶ ταύτας μὲν τῷ Πούλχρῳ ἐπέτρεψεν, αὐτὸς δ' ἐπὶ τοὺς συναποστάντας σφίσιν ἐτράπετο· καὶ τοῖς μὲν γνωσιμαχοῦσι συγγνώμην ενεμε, τοὺς δ' ἀνθισταμένους μετεχειρίζετο χαλεπῶς, καὶ συχνὰς μὲν τῶν πόλεων βίᾳ, τινὰς δὲ καὶ προδοσίᾳ ῃρει. ἐν τούτοις δ' ̔Ιμίλκων ἐκ Καρχηδόνος σὺν στρατῷ ηκε, τὸν ̓Ακράγαντά τε κατέσχε καὶ τὴν ̔Ηράκλειαν, καὶ πρὸς Συρακούσας ἐλθὼν ἡττήθη τε καὶ ἀντεπεκράτησε, καὶ τοῦ Μαρκέλλου ἐξαπίνης αὐτῷ προσπεσόντος αυθις ἐνικήθη. ̓Εντεῦθεν ὁ Μάρκελλος ταῖς Συρακούσαις ἐφήδρευεν. ὁ δ' ̓Αννίβας ἐν τῇ Καλαβρίᾳ διέτριβεν. οἱ μέντοι ̔Ρωμαῖοι πολλὰ αυθις καὶ δυσχερῆ πεπόνθασιν· οι τε γὰρ υπατοι πρὸς τῇ Καπύῃ επταισαν, καὶ ὁ Γράκχος ἐν τῇ Λευκανίᾳ ἀπώλετο, καὶ οἱ Ταραντῖνοι καὶ αλλαι πόλεις ἀπέστησαν, καὶ ὁ ̓Αννίβας κατεπτηχὼς πρότερον ἐν τῇ ̓Ιταλίᾳ τε εμεινε καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ̔Ρώμην ἐστράτευσε, καὶ οἱ Σκιπίωνες αμφω διώλοντο. ἐπαρθεὶς ουν ἐπὶ τούτοις ὁ ̓Αννίβας ἐπεχείρησε τῇ Καπύῃ βοηθῆσαι. καὶ ηλθε μέχρι 2.264 Βενεβεντοῦ· τὸν δὲ Κλαύδιον εἰς τὴν Λευκανίαν ἐκ τοῦ Σαυνίου διὰ τὸν τοῦ Γράκχου θάνατον ἀπεληλυθέναι πυθόμενος, καὶ φοβηθεὶς μή τινα αὐτῆς σφετερίσηται, οὐκέτι περαιτέρω προεχώρησεν, ἐπ' ἐκεῖνον δ' ἐτράπετο. τῶν Σκιπιώνων δὲ θανόντων πᾶσα ἡ ̓Ιβηρία τετάρακτο, καὶ οἱ μὲν ἑκουσίως πρὸς τοὺς Καρχηδονίους ἀπέκλινον, οἱ δὲ καὶ ἀναγκαζόμενοι, εἰ καὶ υστερον αυθις πρὸς τοὺς ̔Ρωμαίους ἀπένευσαν. ̔Ο δὲ Μάρκελλος ἐπεὶ μηδὲν προσβάλλων ταῖς Συρακούσαις ἐπέραινε, τοιοῦτόν τι ἐπενόησεν. ην τι τοῖς Συρακουσίοις τοῦ τείχους ἐπίμαχον ο Γαλεάγραν ὠνόμαζον, ο πρὶν μὲν ἐλάνθανε τοιοῦτον ον, τότε δὲ ἐφωράθη. τηρήσας ουν τοὺς